Perang Tiongkok–India: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Bot: Mengganti kategori yang dialihkan Perang melibatkan Tiongkok menjadi Perang yang melibatkan Tiongkok |
k Bot: Mengganti kategori yang dialihkan Perang di Tiongkok menjadi Perang yang melibatkan Tiongkok |
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| (15 revisi perantara oleh 9 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Infobox military conflict
[[Berkas:Aksai Chin Sino-Indian border map.png|thumb|450px|right]]▼
| conflict = Perang Tiongkok-India
'''Perang Tiongkok-India''' adalah konflik bersenjata di perbatasan antara [[Tiongkok]] dan [[India]] pada tahun [[1962]]. Konflik ini pecah hampir bersamaan waktunya dengan [[Konflik Kuba]].▼
| image_size =
| caption = Peta sengeketa perbatasan antara [[Tiongkok]] dan [[India]].
| date = 20 Oktober<ref name="webster_chronological_dates">Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English language: Chronology of Major Dates in History, p. 1686. Dilithium Press Ltd., 1989</ref> – 21 November 1962<br>({{Age in months, weeks and days|year1= 1962|month1= 10|day1= 20|year2= 1962|month2= 11|day2= 21}})
| place = [[Aksai Chin]], [[Agensi Perbatasan Timur Laut]] dan [[Assam]]
| result = Kemenangan Tiongkok<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-lost-war-with-China-but-won-Arunachals-heart/articleshow/17039530.cms India lost war with China but won Arunachal's heart – Times of India] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161130161304/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-lost-war-with-China-but-won-Arunachals-heart/articleshow/17039530.cms |date= 30 November 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Tiongkok]] menguasai wilayah [[Aksai Chin]]<ref>{{Cite web
| title = How China captured Aksai Chin
| author = Prabhash K Dutta
| publisher = India Today
| date = 22 June 2020
| access-date = 18 December 2020
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-china-captured-aksai-chin-1691562-2020-06-22
| quote = through 1950s, China captured Aksai Chin and consolidated its position in 1962 war.
}}</ref>
| combatant1 = {{flag|Tiongkok}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}
| commander1 = [[Mao Zedong]]<br>(Ketua Partai Komunis Tiongkok)<ref name="Chairman Mao">{{cite book |last=Lu |first=Rey-ching |date=2011 |title=Chinese Democracy and Elite Thinking - Mao Zedong's Rule (1949–1976) |location= New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=47-60 |doi=10.1057/9780230117617_4 |isbn=978-0-230-11761-7}}</ref><br>[[Liu Shaoqi]]<br>(Presiden Tiongkok)<ref name="President Liu Shaoqi">{{cite web |url= http://www.executedtoday.com/2013/11/12/1969-liu-shaoqi-dies-under-torture/ |title= 1969: Liu Shaoqi dies under torture | work= ExecutedToday |date= 2013-11-12 |quote= In 1959 Liu succeeded Mao as President of the People’s Republic of China, and led the walkback from the Great Leap's destructive stab at modernization.}}</ref><br>[[Zhou Enlai]]<br>(Perdana Menteri Tiongkok)<br>[[Lin Biao]]<br>(Menteri Pertahanan)<br>[[Luo Ruiqing]]<br>(Kepala Staf [[Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat|PLA]])<ref name=Garver>{{citation |last= Garver |first= John W. |chapter= China's Decision for War with India in 1962 |editor= Robert S. Ross |title= New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DCihrQEdPzAC |chapter-url= http://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/china%20decision%20for%201962%20war%202003.pdf |year= 2006 |publisher= Stanford University Press |isbn= 978-0-8047-5363-0 |pages= 86– }}</ref><br>[[Zhang Guohua]]<br>(Komandan lapangan)<ref name="Garver"/><br>[[Liu Bocheng]]<br>(Marsekal PLA)
| commander2 = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]<br>(Presiden India)<br>[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br>(Perdana Menteri India)<br>[[V. K. Krishna Menon]]<br>(Menteri Pertahanan)<br>[[Pran Nath Thapar|General Pran Nath Thapar]]<br>(Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat India)<br>[[Brij Mohan Kaul]]<br>(Jenderal Angkatan Darat)<br>Letnan Jenderal[[Lionel Protip Sen]]<br>(Komandan lapangan wilayah timur)<br>Mayor-Jenderal [[Anant Singh Pathania]] (Divisi komando lapangan)
| strength1 = {{Flagicon|China}} 80,000<ref>{{cite book|author= Eric S. Margolis|title= War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PLRslDyjJHAC&pg=PA288|year= 2002|publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-0-415-93468-8|page= 288}}</ref>
| strength2 = {{Flagicon|India}} 22,000<ref>{{cite book|author= 刘振起 |title= 毛泽东精神|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qdiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT121|year= 2017|publisher= 中国民主法制出版社|isbn= 978-7516214862|page= 121}}</ref>
| casualties1 = <!-- Chinese -->'''Sumber Tiongkok:'''<ref name=Wortzel/><ref name="Wortzel">{{cite book |last1=Feng |first1=Cheng |last2=Wortzel |first2=Larry M. |chapter=PLA Operational Principles and Limited War |editor=Mark A. Ryan |editor2=David Michael Finkelstein |editor3=Michael A. McDevitt |title=Chinese warfighting: The PLA experience since 1949 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsoDGLNmU30C&pg=PA188 |access-date=14 April 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-1087-4 |pages=188– }}</ref><br/>722 tewas<br/>1,697 luka-luka
| casualties2 = <!-- Indian -->'''Sumber India:'''<ref>{{harvnb|Wortzel|2003|pp=340–341}}. The source says Indian wounded were 1,047 and attributes it to Indian Defence Ministry's 1965 report, but this report also included a lower estimate of killed.</ref><ref name="Kargil from Surprise to Victory">{{Cite book |title=Kargil from Surprise to Victory |last=Malik |first=V. P. |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |year=2010 |isbn=978-9350293133 |edition=paperback |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQqulQ9BvNQC |at=p. 343, note 134}}</ref><br/>1,383 tewas<br/>1,696 hilang<br/>548–1,047 luka-luka <br/>3,968 tertangkap<br/>
'''Sumber Tiongkok:'''<ref name="Wortzel"/><br/>4,897 tewas atau luka-luka<br/>3,968 ditawan
| notes =
| territory =
}}
▲'''Perang Tiongkok-India''' adalah konflik bersenjata di perbatasan antara [[Tiongkok]] dan [[India]] pada tahun [[1962]]. Konflik ini pecah hampir bersamaan waktunya dengan [[Krisis Rudal Kuba|Konflik Kuba]].
== Latar belakang ==
Perbatasan India dan Tiongkok hampir sepanjang 2000 km, terbagi atas perbatasan sebelah barat, tengah dan timur. Tahun [[1951]], India menguasai secara sepihak daerah di dalam [[garis McMahon]] yang ditentukan sepihak oleh [[
Usaha-usaha diplomatik yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah [[Beijing]] tidak mendapat tanggapan dari pihak [[Delhi]].
=== Pandangan Beijing ===
Beijing merasa bahwa garis McMahon adalah ketetapan sepihak dari
=== Pandangan Delhi ===
Delhi merasa, sejak [[kemerdekaan India|kemerdekaannya]] dari
=== Hasil ===
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
Baris 24 ⟶ 52:
|authorlink =
|date=April 1984 |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CJB.htm |title =The China-India Border War |publisher =GlobalSecurity.org |accessdate =2006-06-14 }}
* {{Cite book|last = Lamb|first = Alastair|title = The China-India Border: The Origins of the Disputed Boundaries|url = https://archive.org/details/chinaindiaborder0000unse|publisher = Oxford University Press|series = L|year = 1964 }}
* Neville Maxwell's ''India's China War'', [[Pantheon Books]], USA, 1971
* [[Gunnar Myrdal]]. ''Asian Drama; An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations.'' New York: Random House, 1968
Baris 30 ⟶ 58:
* Allen S. Whiting. ''The Chinese Calculus of Deterrence: India and Indochina.''
* ''The Sino-Indian Boundary Question'' [Enlarged Edition], Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1962
* {{cite book|last=Woodman|first=Dorothy|title=Himalayan Frontiers|url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanfrontie0000doro|year=1969|publisher=Barrie & Rockliff, The Cresset Press|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last1=Okoth|first1=Pontian Godfrey|title=USA, India, Africa During and After the Cold War|date=2015|publisher=University of Nairobi Press|page=98|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-_wBCQAAQBAJ|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923185408/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-_wBCQAAQBAJ|archivedate=23 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.foia.cia.gov/CPE/POLO/polo-09.pdf Sino-Indian Border Dispute (Top Secret CIA report, 1964, Declassified 2007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042636/http://www.foia.cia.gov/CPE/POLO/polo-09.pdf |date=2007-07-01 }}
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CJB.htm Sino-Indian War (1962)]
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/indochin.htm Remembering a War: The 1962 India-China Conflict] — Rediff.com.
* [http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm Neville Maxwell: Henderson Brooks Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822215146/http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm |date=2008-08-22 }}
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_284247,001300370003.htm 1962 Sino-Indian War, ''Hindustan Times''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113183540/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_284247,001300370003.htm |date=2005-01-13 }}
* [http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/showcolumns.aspx?id=COLEN20070022560 Why India lost the 1962 border war? – Tejas Patel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015152447/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/showcolumns.aspx?id=COLEN20070022560 |date=2009-10-15 }}
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1962War/ War in the Himalayas: 1962 Indo-Sino Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507113230/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1962War/ |date=2005-05-07 }} (includes official war history) from History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India
* [http://www.bcasnet.org/login/viewarticle.php?pid=100&disp=1 Critical Asian Studies Article: Sino Indian War 1962] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304003142/http://www.bcasnet.org/login/viewarticle.php?pid=100&disp=1 |date=2007-03-04 }}
* [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-12/16/content_3928187.htm India, China to speed up border dispute talks: 2005 Xinhuanet]
* [http://ia.rediff.com/news/2002/nov/15chin.htm The Rediff Special/Claude Arpi]
* [http://www.casas-pkucis.org.cn/English/Journals/nyyj/bak/0202-1.htm 1962 War and Its Implications For Sino-India Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928101820/http://www.casas-pkucis.org.cn/English/Journals/nyyj/bak/0202-1.htm |date=2007-09-28 }}
* [http://www.fyjs.cn/bbs/read.php?tid=13872&fpage=1 Historical maps of the Sino-Indian border] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530193456/http://www.fyjs.cn/bbs/read.php?tid=13872&fpage=1 |date=2006-05-30 }} {{cn icon}}
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA; [[University of California, Berkeley] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list]
* [http://journal.frontierindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=7&Itemid=53 Frontier India India-China Section] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215144429/http://journal.frontierindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=7&Itemid=53 |date=2007-02-15 }}
* [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1101845 China, India, and the fruits of Nehru's folly] by Venkatesan Vembu, [[Daily News & Analysis]], 6 June 2007
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[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Tiongkok]]
[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan India]]
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