Kapal selam tipe XXI: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Baris 1:
{{terjemah}}
{| {|{{Infobox ship begin}} style="width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; margin-bottom: 10px;"
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
| colspan="2" id="7" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;" | [[File:U3008.jpg|300x300px]]
{{Infobox ship image
[[Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax|Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax]]
|Ship image=[[Berkas:U3008.jpg|300px]]
<div id="8">[[German submarine U-3008|''U-3008'']] dalam dinas AL AS pada 1948.</div>
|Ship caption={{GS|U-3008||2}} yang bertugas di Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat pada 1948.
|- id="9" style="vertical-align:top;"
}}
! colspan="2" height="30pt" id="10" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;" |Ikhtisar Kelas
{{Infobox ship class overview
|- id="11" style="vertical-align:top;"
|Name='''U-boat Tipe XX'''
| id="12" |Nama:
|Builders=
| id="13" |
|Operators=
'''U-boat Tipe XXI'''
*{{navy|Nazi Germany}}
|- id="14" style="vertical-align:top;"
*''Pasca-perang:''
| id="15" |Operator:
*{{navy|France}}
| id="16" |
*{{navy|West Germany}}
*{{navy|United Kingdom}}
*{{navy|USSR}}
*{{navy|United States|1912}}
|Class before=
|Class after=
|Subclasses=
|Cost=5.750.000 [[Reichsmark]] per kapal{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=84–85}}
|Built range=1943–1945{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=84–85}}
|In service range=
|In commission range=1944–1982
|Total ships building=267{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=84–89}}
|Total ships planned=1170{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=84–89}}
|Total ships completed=118
|Total ships cancelled=785{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=84–89}}
|Total ships active=
|Total ships laid up=
|Total ships lost=
|Total ships retired=
|Total ships preserved=1
}}<!--
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=[[Kapal selam]]
|Ship displacement=
*{{convert|1,621|t|LT|lk=on|abbr=on}} di permukaan
*{{convert|1,819|t|LT|abbr=on}} menyelam{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=84–85}}
|Ship length=
*{{convert|76.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=84–85}}
|Ship beam=
*{{convert|8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=84–85}}
|Ship draught={{convert|6.32|m|ftin|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=84–85}}
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion=
*Diesel/Listrik
*2× [[MAN SE|MAN]] M6V40/46KBB [[mesin diesel]] supercharged 6-silinder, {{convert|4000|PS|shp kW|lk=on|abbr=on}}
*2× [[Siemens-Schuckert|SSW]] GU365/30 motor listrik [[Motor–generator|double-acting]], {{convert|5000|PS|shp kW|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=84–85}}
*2 × SSW GV232/28 motor listrik [[silent running (submarine)|silent running]], {{convert|226|PS|shp kW|abbr=on}}
|ship speed=
*{{convert|15.6|kn}} di permukaan
*{{convert|17.2|kn}} menyelam{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=84–85}}
*{{Convert|6.1|kn}} (silent running motors)
|Ship range=
*{{convert|15,500|nmi|lk=on|abbr=on}} dengan kecepatan {{convert|10|kn}} di permukaan
*{{convert|340|nmi|abbr=on}} dengan kecepatan {{convert|5|kn}} menyelam{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=84–85}}
|Ship test depth=
*{{convert|240|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=84–85}}
|Ship complement=5 perwira, 52 bintara dan tamtama{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=85}}
|Ship armament=
*6 × {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[tabung torpedo]] (haluan)
*23 [[torpedo]] (atau 17 torpedo dan 12 [[ranjau laut]])
* 4 x [[2 cm FlaK 30|{{convert|2|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} C/30]] meriam anti-pesawat {{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=85}}
}}-->
|}
 
'''[[U-Boot|U-boat]] Tipe XXI''', dikenal juga sebagai "''Elektroboote''" (bahasa Jerman: "kapal listrik"), adalah kelas kapal selam diesel-listrik Jerman yang dirancang selama [[Perang Dunia II|Perang Dunia Kedua]]. Kapal selam diproduksi secara prematur, dan semua yang dibuat memiliki cacat yang signifikan. Akibatnya, hanya empat kapal selam yang bisa diselesaikan selama perang, dan hanya dua yang dikirim untuk patroli tempur. Keduanya tidak digunakan dalam pertempuran.
* <span class="flagicon">[[File:War_Ensign_of_Germany_1938-1945.svg|pra=|al=|tepi|22x22px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Kriegsmarine]]
* ''Pascaperang:''
* <span class="flagicon">[[File:Civil_and_Naval_Ensign_of_France.svg|pra=|al=|tepi|22x22px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Angkatan Laut Perancis]]
* <span class="flagicon">[[File:Naval_Ensign_of_Germany.svg|pra=|al=|22x22px| ]]&nbsp;</span>[[German Navy|Angkatan Laut Jerman]]
* <span class="flagicon">[[File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|pra=|al=|tepi|22x22px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Angkatan Laut Britania Raya]]
* <span class="flagicon">[[File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|pra=|al=|tepi|22x22px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Angkatan Laut Uni Soviet]]
* <span class="flagicon">[[File:U.S._flag,_48_stars.svg|pra=|al=|tepi|22x22px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat]]
|- id="25" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="26" |Biaya:
| id="27" |
5.750.000 [[Reichsmark]] per kapal<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–85">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], p.&nbsp;84–85.</ref>
|- id="28" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="29" |Tahun pembuatan:
| id="30" |
1943–1945<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–85">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], p.&nbsp;84–85.</ref>
|- id="31" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="32" |
<span class="nowrap">Berdinas:</span>
| id="33" |
1944–1982
|- id="34" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="35" |Dibuat:
| id="36" |
267<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–89">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], pp.&nbsp;84–89.</ref>
|- id="37" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="38" |Direncanakan:
| id="39" |
1170<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–89">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], pp.&nbsp;84–89.</ref>
|- id="40" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="41" |Diselesaikan:
| id="42" |
118
|- id="43" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="44" |Dibatalkan:
| id="45" |
785<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–89">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], pp.&nbsp;84–89.</ref>
|- id="46" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="47" |Dilestarikan:
| id="48" |
1
|- id="49"
! colspan="2" height="30" id="50" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;" |Karakteristik umum
|- id="51" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="52" |Kelas dan tipe:
| id="53" |[[Kapal selam]]
|- id="54" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="55" |Berat benaman:
| id="56" |
 
* 1.621&nbsp;[[Ton|t]] (1.595 [[ton panjang]]) di permukaan
* 1.819&nbsp;t (1.790 ton panjang) menyelam<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–85">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], p.&nbsp;84–85.</ref>
|- id="60" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="61" |Panjang:
| id="62" |
76,70&nbsp;m (251&nbsp;ft 8&nbsp;in)<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–85">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], p.&nbsp;84–85.</ref>
|- id="63" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="64" |Lebar:
| id="65" |
8&nbsp;m (26&nbsp;ft 3&nbsp;in)<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–85">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], p.&nbsp;84–85.</ref>
|- id="66" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="67" |Draught:
| id="68" |
6.32&nbsp;m (20&nbsp;ft 9&nbsp;in)<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–85">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], p.&nbsp;84–85.</ref>
|- id="69" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="70" |Propulsi:
| id="71" |
 
* Diesel/Listrik
* 2× [[motor bakar diesel]] supercharged 6-silinder MAN M6V40/46KBB, 4.000&nbsp;[[Daya kuda|PS]] (3.900&nbsp;[[Daya kuda|shp]]; 2.900&nbsp;[[Watt|kW]])
* 2× [[Motor–generator|motor listrik double-acting]] SSW GU365/30, 5.000&nbsp;PS (4.900&nbsp;shp; 3.700&nbsp;kW)<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–85">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], p.&nbsp;84–85.</ref>
* 2 × motor listrik [[Silent running (submarine)|silent running]] SSW GV232/28, 226&nbsp;PS (223&nbsp;shp; 166&nbsp;kW)
|- id="77" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="78" |Jarak tempuh:
| id="79" |
 
* 15.500&nbsp;[[Mil laut|nmi]] (28.700&nbsp;[[Kilometer|km]]; 17.800&nbsp;[[Mil|mi]]) pada kecepatan 10 knot (19&nbsp;km/h; 12&nbsp;mph) di permukaan
* 340&nbsp;nmi (630&nbsp;km; 390&nbsp;mi) pada kecepatan 5 knot (9,3&nbsp;km/h; 5,8&nbsp;mph) menyelam<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–85">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], p.&nbsp;84–85.</ref>
|- id="83" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="84" |Kedalaman uji:
| id="85" |
240&nbsp;m (787&nbsp;ft)<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199184–85">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], p.&nbsp;84–85.</ref>
|- id="86" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="87" |Personel:
| id="88" |
5 perwira, 52 bintara dan tamtama<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199185">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], p.&nbsp;85.</ref>
|- id="89" style="vertical-align:top;"
| id="90" |Persenjataan:
| id="91" |
 
* 6 × [[Torpedo tube|tabung torpedo]] (haluan) 53,3 cm (21 in)
* 23 [[torpedo]] (atau 17 torpedo dan 12 [[ranjau laut]])
* 4 x meriam anti-pesawat [[2 cm FlaK 30|2&nbsp;cm (0,79&nbsp;in) C/30]]<ref name="FOOTNOTEGröner199185">[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine%23CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 Gröner 1991], p.&nbsp;85.</ref>
|}
'''[[U-Boot|U-boat]] Tipe XXI''', dikenal juga sebagai "''Elektroboote''" (bahasa Jerman: "kapal listrik"), adalah kelas kapal selam diesel-listrik Jerman yang dirancang selama [[Perang Dunia II|Perang Dunia Kedua]]. Kapal selam diproduksi secara prematur, dan semua yang dibuat memiliki cacat yang signifikan. Akibatnya, hanya empat kapal selam yang bisa diselesaikan selama perang, dan hanya dua yang dikirim untuk patroli tempur. Keduanya tidak digunakan dalam pertempuran.
 
Ini adalah  [[kapal selam]]  pertama yang dirancang untuk beroperasi terutama menyelam, dan bukan menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya sebagai [[Surface ship|kapal permukaan]] yang bisa menyelam untuk periode singkat sebagai sarana untuk melarikan diri dari deteksi atau untuk menyerang. Kapal selam ini menggunakan baterai dalam  jumlah yang sangat besar untuk meningkatkan waktu yang bisa dihabiskan di dalam air, hingga beberapa hari, dan hanya perlu naik ke permukaan ke kedalaman periskop untuk pengisian melalui [[Submarine snorkel|snorkel]]. Desainnya juga termasuk banyak perbaikan umum; kecepatan di dalam air yang jauh lebih tinggi melalui peningkatan desain lambung, waktu menyelam yang jauh lebih lama, pemuatan ulang torpedo dengan bantuan daya, dan peningkatan akomodasi awak kapal.
 
Setelah perang, sejumlah angkatan laut memperoleh beberapa XXI dan mengoperasikannya selama puluhan tahun di berbagai peran. Hampir semua angkatan laut membuat desain kapal selam baru yang didasarkan padanya. Ini termasuk  [[kapal selam kelas Whiskey]] dari [[Angkatan Laut Uni Soviet|Uni Soviet]], [[Tang-class submarine|kapal selam kelas Tang]] dari [[Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat|AS]], dan  [[British Porpoise-class submarine|kapal selam kelas Porpoise]] dari [[Angkatan Laut Britania Raya|Inggris]], yang semuanya berbasis desain XXI sampai batas tertentu. Desainnya tetap menjadi dasar untuk kapal selam diesel-listrik.
 
== Deskripsi ==
Baris 117 ⟶ 79:
Desain lambung Tipe XXI yang streamline memungkinkan kecepatan saat menyelam yang lebih tinggi. Kemampuan untuk berlayar lebih cepat daripada banyak kapal permukaan sambil menyelam, dikombinasikan dengan waktu menyelam yang lebih baik (juga hasil dari bentuk lambung yang baru), membuatnya jauh lebih sulit untuk dikejar dan dihancurkan. Hal ini juga memberi 'kemampuan berlari cepat' kepada kapal selam ketika memosisikan diri untuk menyerang. Kapal selam kelas sebelumnya harus muncul ke permukaan untuk berlari cepat ke posisi. Hal ini sering mengungkap lokasi kapal selam, terutama setelah pesawat terbang menjadi tersedia untuk pengawalan konvoi.
 
Tipe XXI juga memiliki sistem muat ulang  [[torpedo]]  elektrik  yang memungkinkan untuk mengisi ulang ke-enam tabung torpedo haluan dalam waktu lebih cepat daripada kecepatan Tipe VIIC mengisi ulang satu tabung.{{Sfn|Breyer}} Tipe XXI bisa menembakkan 18 torpedo dalam waktu kurang dari 20 menit. Kelas ini juga memiliki [[sonar]]  pasif yang sangat sensitif untuk masa itu, yang ditempatkan di "dagu" lambung.
 
Tipe XXI juga memiliki fasilitas yang lebih baik daripada U-boat kelas sebelumnya, dengan akomodasi awak kapal yang lebih luas dan [[kulkas]]  untuk makanan segar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6NTiAAAAMAAJ|title=Torpedo Technology|last=Gerken|first=Louis|date=1989|publisher=Pennsylvania State University|isbn=0961716320|edition=Illustrated|location=United States|page=57|access-date=30 June 2017}} CS1 maint: Extra text ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Extra text|link]])
</ref>
[[Kategori:CS1 maint: Extra text]]</ref>
 
== Konstruksi ==
Antara tahun 1943 dan 1945, 118 kapal selam dirakit oleh [[Blohm & Voss]] di [[Hamburg]], [[AG Weser]] di [[Bremen (kota)|Bremen]], dan [[Schichau-Werke]] di [[Gdańsk|Danzig]]. Masing-masing lambung dibuat dari delapan bagian prefabrikasi dengan perakitan akhir di galangan kapal. Metode baru ini menghasilkan waktu konstruksi kurang dari enam bulan per kapal, tetapi dalam praktiknya semua U-boat yang dirakit terganggu oleh masalah kualitas parah yang memerlukan kerja pasca-produksi skala besar untuk memperbaikinya. Salah satu alasan untuk kekurangan ini adalah bagian-bagian tersebut dibuat oleh perusahaan yang memiliki sedikit pengalaman dalam pembuatan kapal, karena keputusan  [[Albert Speer]]. Akibatnya, dari 118 Tipe XXI yang dibuat, hanya empat yang layak untuk bertempur sebelum Perang Dunia II berakhir di Eropa. Dari jumlah tersebut, hanya dua yang melakukan patroli tempur dan keduanya tidak menenggelamkan satu pun kapal Sekutu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=[[The Wages of Destruction]]|last=Tooze|first=Adam|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-14-100348-1|location=London|pages=616–618[https://archive.org/details/wagesofdestructi0000tooz_k9m3/page/616 616]–618|author-link=Adam Tooze}}</ref>
 
Direncanakan bahwa perakitan akhir kapal selam Tipe XXI akan dilakukan di pangkalan kapal selam Valentin, yaitu bungker beton sangat besar tahan bom yang dibangun di pelabuhan kecil [[Farge]], dekat Bremen.<ref name="flower350">{{Cite book|title=Barnes Wallis' Bombs|last=Flower|first=Stephen|publisher=Tempus|year=2004|isbn=0-7524-2987-6|page=350}}</ref> Pembangunan pangkalan dilakukan antara tahun 1943 dan 1945, menggunakan sekitar 10.000 tahanan kamp konsentrasi dan tawanan perang sebagai pekerja paksa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007390|title=Neuengamme / Bremen-Farge|last=Marc Buggeln|website=Holocaust Encyclopedia|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> Fasilitas itu 90% selesai ketika, pada bulan Maret 1945, mengalami kerusakan parah akibat pengeboman Sekutu yang menggunakan bom "gempa bumi"  [[Grand Slam bomb|Grand Slam]]  dan ditinggalkan. Beberapa minggu kemudian, daerah tersebut direbut oleh Tentara Inggris.<ref name="flower351">{{Cite book|title=Barnes Wallis' Bombs|last=Flower|first=Stephen|publisher=Tempus|year=2004|isbn=0-7524-2987-6|page=351}}</ref>
[[Berkas:SRH025-p40.jpg|ka|jmpl|Diagram kapal selam Tipe XXI dari Angkatan Laut AS. Perhatikan fairing berbentuk tetesan air mata untuk susunan hidrofon[[hidropon]] besar di bawah haluan dan lambung tekanan berbentuk angka delapan. Susunan sonar besar dan rumahnya tidak memperlambat kapal selam, tapi penempatan dan ukurannya memungkinkan pemasangan sistem yang sangat sensitif, dan memberikannya cakupan hampir-360 derajat di sekitar kapal selam.]]
 
== Sensor ==
 
=== Detektor radar ===
Detektor radar FuMB Semut 3 ''Bali  ''dan antenanya terletak di atas kepala  [[Submarine snorkel|snorkel]].
 
=== Pemancar Radar ===
Baris 146 ⟶ 108:
Pada tahun 1957, {{GS|U-2540|3=2}}, yang telah [[Scuttling|ditenggelamkan]] pada akhir perang, diangkat dan diperlengkapi kembali sebagai [[kapal riset]] ''Wilhelm Bauer'' dari ''[[Bundesmarine]]''. Kapal selam ini dioperasikan oleh awak kapal militer dan sipil untuk tujuan penelitian sampai tahun 1982. Pada tahun 1984, kapal selam tersebut dipersiapkan untuk ditampilkan ke publik oleh ''[[Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum]]'' (Museum Maritim Jerman) di [[Bremerhaven]], Jerman.
 
=== PerancisPrancis ===
{{GS|U-2518|3=2}} menjadi [[Roland Morillot (S613)|kapal selam PerancisPrancis ''Roland Morillot'']]. Kapal selam ini digunakan untuk dinas aktif selama [[Krisis Suez]] pada tahun 1956, dan tetap berdinas sampai tahun 1967. Akhirnya, kapal selam ini dibesituakan pada tahun 1969.
 
=== Uni Soviet ===
Empat U-boat Tipe XXI diberikan kepada Uni Soviet sesuai dengan  [[Perjanjian Potsdam]]; ini adalah {{GS|U-3515|3=2}}, {{GS|U-2529|3=2}}, {{GS|U-3035|3=2}}, dan {{GS|U-3041|3=2}}, yang ditugaskan dalam  [[Angkatan Laut Uni Soviet]] masing-masing sebagai B-27, B-28, B-29, dan B-30 (nantinya  ''B-100''). Namun, intelijen Barat percaya Soviet telah memperoleh beberapa U-boat Tipe XXI lainnya; tinjauan oleh Komite Intelijen Gabungan untuk Kepala Staf Gabungan  AS selama Januari 1948 memperkirakan Angkatan Laut Uni Soviet saat itu memiliki 15 U-boat Tipe XXI yang operasional, bisa menyelesaikan pembangunan 6 kapal selam lainnya dalam waktu 2 bulan, dan bisa membangun 39 kapal selam lainnya dalam waktu satu tahun enam bulan dari bagian prefabrikasi, karena beberapa pabrik yang memproduksi komponen Tipe XXI dan lapangan perakitan di Danzig telah direbut oleh Uni Soviet pada akhir Perang Dunia II. ''U 3538'' — ''U 3557'' (masing-masing ''TS-5'' – ''TS-19'' dan ''TS-32'' – ''TS-38'') tetap tidak lengkap di Danzig dan dibesituakan atau ditenggelamkan pada tahun 1947. Empat kapal selam yang diberikan menurut Perjanjian Potsdam digunakan dalam uji coba dan tes sampai tahun 1955, kemudian ditenggelamkan atau digunakan untuk pengujian senjata antara tahun 1958 dan 1973. Desain Tipe XXI menjadi dasar untuk beberapa proyek desain Uni Soviet, yaitu Proyek 611, 613, 614, 633, dan 644. Ini menjadi kelas kapal selam yang dikenal melalui kode NATO-nya seperti [[Zulu-class submarine|Zulu]], [[Kapal selam kelas Whiskey|Whiskey]], dan [[Romeo-class submarine|Romeo]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines|url=https://archive.org/details/coldwarsubmarine0000polm|last=Polmar|first=Norman|last2=Kenneth J. Moore|publisher=Brassey's|year=2004|isbn=1-57488-594-4|pages=23–24[https://archive.org/details/coldwarsubmarine0000polm/page/23 23]–24}}</ref>
 
=== Britania Raya ===
[[Berkas:German_submarine_U_3008.jpg|ka|jmpl|Kapal selam Jerman U-3008 di, Galangan Kapal Angkatan Laut Portsmouth, Ogunquit, Maine.]]
{{GS|U-3017|3=2}} dimasukkan dalam dinas  [[Angkatan Laut Britania Raya]]  sebagai HMS&#x20; ''N41''. Kapal selam ini digunakan untuk tes sampai dibesituakan pada bulan November 1949.
 
=== Amerika Serikat ===
Angkatan laut Amerika Serikat memperoleh {{GS|U-2513|3=2}} dan {{GS|U-3008|3=2}}, dan mengoperasikan keduanya di Samudera Atlantik. Selama November 1946 Presiden [[Harry S. Truman]] mengunjungi ''U-2513.''  Kapal selam ini lalu menyelam ke kedalaman  {{Convert|440|ft|m}} dengan Presiden di atas kapal.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p1kbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1EwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3101,1930838&dq=truman+sub&hl=en "Truman Dives 440 Feet In German Sub"], ''The Pittsburgh Press'', November 21, 1946, p9</ref> ''U-2513''  ditenggelamkan sebagai target pada tahun 1951; ''U-3008'' dibesituakan pada tahun 1956.
 
== Kapal Selam yang Selamat ==
[[Berkas:U-Boot_Typ_XXI_U-2540_("Wilhelm_Bauer")_(9447881765).jpg|jmpl|''Wilhelm Bauer'' (''U-2540''), dilestarikan sebagai museum kapal di Bremerhaven, Jerman (2013).]]
Satu-satunya kapal selam yang selamat secara utuh adalah {{GS|Wilhelm Bauer|3=2}} (eks-''U-2540''). Bangkai kapal selam Tipe XXI lainnya diketahui ada. Pada tahun 1985, ditemukan bahwa sisa-sisa {{GS|U-2505|3=2}}, {{GS|U-3004|3=2}}, dan {{GS|U-3506|3=2}}  yang dibesituakan sebagian masih ada dalam bungker U-boat "Elbe II" yang hancur sebagian di [[Hamburg]]. Sejak itu, bungker telah diisi dengan kerikil, walaupun hal itu tidak menghalangi banyak pemburu suvenir yang mengukur posisi pintu palka terbuka dan menggali turun kesana sehingga mereka bisa mengambil artefak.<ref>''Hitler's U-boat Bases'' (2002), Jak P Mallmann Showell, Sutton Publishing {{ISBN|0-7509-2606-6}}</ref> Bangkai kapal lainnya kini berada di bawah tempat parkir mobil, membuatnya tidak dapat diakses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uboat.net/history/hamburg_elbe2.htm|title=3 Type XXI boats in the Elbe II in Hamburg|publisher=uboat.net}}</ref>
 
''[[U-2513]]'' terbaring di kedalaman air  {{Convert|213|ft|m}}  {{Convert|70|nmi|km}}  sebelah barat  [[Key West]], Florida. Kapal selam ini telah dikunjungi oleh penyelam, tetapi kedalamannya membuat penyelaman ini sangat sulit dan situs ini dianggap hanya cocok untuk penyelam tingkat lanjut. Empat kapal lain terbaring di lepas pantai Irlandia Utara, tempat keempatnya ditenggelamkan pada 1946 sebagai bagian dari [[Operasi Deadlight]].  {{GS|U-2511|3=2}} dan juga  {{GS|U-2506|3=2}} ditemukan oleh arkeolog bahari  [[Innes McCartney]] selama ekspedisi  ''Operasi Deadlight''  antara tahun 2001 dan 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/gallery/DivingE/|title=Uboat.net Operation Deadlight dives 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/gallery/DivingF/|title=Uboat.net Operation Deadlight dives 2002}}</ref> Keduanya ditemukan dalam kondisi sangat baik.
 
== Pengaruh ==
Desain Tipe XXI secara langsung memengaruhi kapal selam pasca-perang, yaitu peningkatan Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program ([[Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program|GUPPY]]) terhadap kapal-kapal selam  [[Amerika Serikat]]  kelas  [[Gato class submarine|''Gato'']], [[Balao class submarine|''Balao'']], dan [[Tench class submarine|''Tench'']]  serta proyek-proyek kapal selam  [[Uni Soviet]]  yang oleh  [[Kode NATO|NATO diberi kode]]  sebagai kelas  [[Kapal selam kelas Whiskey|Whiskey]], [[Zulu-class submarine|Zulu]],<ref>Fitzsimons, Bernard, general editor. ''The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare'' (London: Phoebus Publishing Company, 1978), Volume 24, p.2594, "'Whiskey'", and p.2620, "'Zulu'".</ref> dan [[Romeo-classkapal submarineselam kelas Romeo|Romeo]]. Kapal selam kelas  Romeo yang dibuat oleh Tiongkok didasarkan pada desain yang disediakan oleh Uni Soviet. Kelas berikutnya yaitu  [[Mingkapal classselam kelas Ming|kelas Ming]], yang beberapa di antaranya masih beroperasi pada tahun 2013, didasarkan pada Romeo.
 
== Lihat juga ==
* [[List of Type XXI Submarines|Daftar Kapal Selam Tipe XXI]]
* [[British R-class submarine|Kapal selam Inggris kelas-R]]
* [[I-201-class submarine|Kapal selam kelas I-201]]
 
== Catatan ==
Baris 177 ⟶ 139:
 
== Referensi ==
* {{cite book
* Breyer, Siegfried (1999). ''German U-Boat Type XXI''. Diterjemahkan oleh Force, Ed. Atglen: Schiffer. [[ISBN]] 0-7643-0787-8.
|last=Breyer
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-title-" style="position: relative;">German U-Boat Type XXI</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-last-" style="position: relative;">Breyer</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-first-" style="position: relative;">Siegfried</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-publisher-" style="position: relative;">Schiffer</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-year-" style="position: relative;">1999</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-isbn-" style="position: relative;">0-7643-0787-8</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Location of publication</span><span data-key="location" title="Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-location-" style="position: relative;">Atglen</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator last name</span><span data-key="translator-last" title="The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-last" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-translator-last-" style="position: relative;">Force</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator first name</span><span data-key="translator-first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-first" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-translator-first-" style="position: relative;">Ed</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ref" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Ref</span><span data-key="ref" title="An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ref" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-ref-" style="position: relative;">harv</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, &quot;lastn&quot; to &quot;firstn&quot; are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-authors-" style="position: relative;">Breyer</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-title-" style="position: relative;">German U-Boat Type XXI</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-last-" style="position: relative;">Breyer</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-first-" style="position: relative;">Siegfried</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-publisher-" style="position: relative;">Schiffer</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-year-" style="position: relative;">1999</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-isbn-" style="position: relative;">0-7643-0787-8</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Location of publication</span><span data-key="location" title="Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-location-" style="position: relative;">Atglen</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator last name</span><span data-key="translator-last" title="The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-last" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-translator-last-" style="position: relative;">Force</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator first name</span><span data-key="translator-first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-first" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-translator-first-" style="position: relative;">Ed</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ref" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Ref</span><span data-key="ref" title="An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ref" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-ref-" style="position: relative;">harv</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, &quot;lastn&quot; to &quot;firstn&quot; are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-authors-" style="position: relative;">Breyer</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-title-" style="position: relative;">German U-Boat Type XXI</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-last-" style="position: relative;">Breyer</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-first-" style="position: relative;">Siegfried</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-publisher-" style="position: relative;">Schiffer</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-year-" style="position: relative;">1999</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-isbn-" style="position: relative;">0-7643-0787-8</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Location of publication</span><span data-key="location" title="Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-location-" style="position: relative;">Atglen</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator last name</span><span data-key="translator-last" title="The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-last" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-translator-last-" style="position: relative;">Force</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator first name</span><span data-key="translator-first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-first" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-translator-first-" style="position: relative;">Ed</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ref" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Ref</span><span data-key="ref" title="An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ref" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-ref-" style="position: relative;">harv</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, &quot;lastn&quot; to &quot;firstn&quot; are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" id="CITEREFBreyer1999-authors-" style="position: relative;">Breyer</div></div></div></div>
|first=Siegfried
* Fitzsimons, Bernard, editor umum. ''The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare'' (London: Phoebus Publishing Company, 1978), Volume 24, p. 2594, "'Whiskey'", dan p. 2620, "'Zulu'".
|title=German U-Boat Type XXI
* Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991).'' U-boats and mine warfare vessels. German Warships 1815–1945''. '''2'''. Diterjemahkan oleh Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. [[ISBN]] 0-85177-593-4.
|url=https://archive.org/details/germanuboattypex0000brey
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-title-" style="position: relative;">U-boats and mine warfare vessels</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-last-" style="position: relative;">Gröner</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-first-" style="position: relative;">Erich</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 2</span><span data-key="last2" title="The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink2'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-last2-" style="position: relative;">Jung</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 2</span><span data-key="first2" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-first2-" style="position: relative;">Dieter</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 3</span><span data-key="last3" title="The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink3'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last3" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-last3-" style="position: relative;">Maass</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 3</span><span data-key="first3" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first3" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-first3-" style="position: relative;">Martin</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="work" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Work</span><span data-key="work" title="Name of the work in which the cited book text is found" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="work" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-work-" style="position: relative;">German Warships 1815–1945</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-publisher-" style="position: relative;">Conway Maritime Press</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-year-" style="position: relative;">1991</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-isbn-" style="position: relative;">0-85177-593-4</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="volume" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Volume</span><span data-key="volume" title="For one publication published in several volumes" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="volume" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-volume-" style="position: relative;">2</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Location of publication</span><span data-key="location" title="Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-location-" style="position: relative;">London</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator last name</span><span data-key="translator-last" title="The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-last" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-last-" style="position: relative;">Thomas</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator first name</span><span data-key="translator-first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-first" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-first-" style="position: relative;">Keith</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ref" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Ref</span><span data-key="ref" title="An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ref" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-ref-" style="position: relative;">harv</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator last name 2</span><span data-key="translator-last2" title="The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-last2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-last2-" style="position: relative;">Magowan</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-first2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator first name 2</span><span data-key="translator-first2" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-first2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-first2-" style="position: relative;">Rachel</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param" style=""><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, &quot;lastn&quot; to &quot;firstn&quot; are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-authors-" style="position: relative;">Gröner</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-title-" style="position: relative;">U-boats and mine warfare vessels</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-last-" style="position: relative;">Gröner</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-first-" style="position: relative;">Erich</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 2</span><span data-key="last2" title="The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink2'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-last2-" style="position: relative;">Jung</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 2</span><span data-key="first2" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-first2-" style="position: relative;">Dieter</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 3</span><span data-key="last3" title="The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink3'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last3" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-last3-" style="position: relative;">Maass</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 3</span><span data-key="first3" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first3" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-first3-" style="position: relative;">Martin</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="work" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Work</span><span data-key="work" title="Name of the work in which the cited book text is found" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="work" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-work-" style="position: relative;">German Warships 1815–1945</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-publisher-" style="position: relative;">Conway Maritime Press</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-year-" style="position: relative;">1991</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-isbn-" style="position: relative;">0-85177-593-4</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="volume" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Volume</span><span data-key="volume" title="For one publication published in several volumes" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="volume" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-volume-" style="position: relative;">2</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Location of publication</span><span data-key="location" title="Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-location-" style="position: relative;">London</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator last name</span><span data-key="translator-last" title="The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-last" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-last-" style="position: relative;">Thomas</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator first name</span><span data-key="translator-first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-first" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-first-" style="position: relative;">Keith</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ref" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Ref</span><span data-key="ref" title="An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ref" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-ref-" style="position: relative;">harv</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator last name 2</span><span data-key="translator-last2" title="The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-last2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-last2-" style="position: relative;">Magowan</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-first2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator first name 2</span><span data-key="translator-first2" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-first2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-first2-" style="position: relative;">Rachel</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, &quot;lastn&quot; to &quot;firstn&quot; are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-authors-" style="position: relative;">Gröner</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-title-" style="position: relative;">U-boats and mine warfare vessels</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-last-" style="position: relative;">Gröner</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-first-" style="position: relative;">Erich</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 2</span><span data-key="last2" title="The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink2'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-last2-" style="position: relative;">Jung</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 2</span><span data-key="first2" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-first2-" style="position: relative;">Dieter</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 3</span><span data-key="last3" title="The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink3'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last3" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-last3-" style="position: relative;">Maass</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first3" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name 3</span><span data-key="first3" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first3" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-first3-" style="position: relative;">Martin</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="work" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Work</span><span data-key="work" title="Name of the work in which the cited book text is found" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="work" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-work-" style="position: relative;">German Warships 1815–1945</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-publisher-" style="position: relative;">Conway Maritime Press</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-year-" style="position: relative;">1991</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-isbn-" style="position: relative;">0-85177-593-4</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="volume" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Volume</span><span data-key="volume" title="For one publication published in several volumes" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="volume" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-volume-" style="position: relative;">2</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Location of publication</span><span data-key="location" title="Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-location-" style="position: relative;">London</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator last name</span><span data-key="translator-last" title="The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-last" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-last-" style="position: relative;">Thomas</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator first name</span><span data-key="translator-first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-first" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-first-" style="position: relative;">Keith</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ref" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Ref</span><span data-key="ref" title="An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ref" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-ref-" style="position: relative;">harv</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator last name 2</span><span data-key="translator-last2" title="The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-last2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-last2-" style="position: relative;">Magowan</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="translator-first2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Translator first name 2</span><span data-key="translator-first2" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="translator-first2" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-translator-first2-" style="position: relative;">Rachel</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, &quot;lastn&quot; to &quot;firstn&quot; are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" id="CITEREFGr.C3.B6nerJungMaass1991-authors-" style="position: relative;">Gröner</div></div></div></div>
|translator-last=Force
* Kohl, Fritz; Eberhard Rossler (1991). ''The Type XXI U-boat''. Conway Maritime. [[ISBN]] 1-55750-829-1.
|translator-first=Ed
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">The Type XXI U-boat</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Kohl</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;">Fritz</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 2</span><span data-key="last2" title="The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink2'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last2" style="position: relative;">Eberhard Rossler</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">Conway Maritime</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;">1991</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;">1-55750-829-1</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, &quot;lastn&quot; to &quot;firstn&quot; are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" style="position: relative;">Kohl</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">The Type XXI U-boat</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Kohl</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;">Fritz</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 2</span><span data-key="last2" title="The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink2'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last2" style="position: relative;">Eberhard Rossler</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">Conway Maritime</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;">1991</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;">1-55750-829-1</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, &quot;lastn&quot; to &quot;firstn&quot; are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" style="position: relative;">Kohl</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">The Type XXI U-boat</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Kohl</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;">Fritz</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name 2</span><span data-key="last2" title="The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink2'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last2" style="position: relative;">Eberhard Rossler</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">Conway Maritime</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;">1991</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;">1-55750-829-1</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, &quot;lastn&quot; to &quot;firstn&quot; are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" style="position: relative;">Kohl</div></div></div></div>
|publisher=Schiffer
|location=Atglen
|year=1999
|isbn=0-7643-0787-8
|ref=harv
}}
* Fitzsimons, Bernard, general editor. ''The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare'' (London: Phoebus Publishing Company, 1978), Volume 24, p.&nbsp;2594, "'Whiskey'", and p.&nbsp;2620, "'Zulu'".
* {{cite book
|last1=Gröner
|first1=Erich
|author-link1=
|author-mask1=
|last2=Jung
|first2=Dieter
|display-authors=
|last-author-amp=
|last3=Maass
|first3=Martin
|translator-last1=Thomas
|translator-first1=Keith
|translator-last2=Magowan
|translator-first2=Rachel
|year=1991
|title=U-boats and mine warfare vessels
|volume=2
|work=German Warships 1815–1945
|location=London
|publisher=Conway Maritime Press
|isbn=0-85177-593-4
|ref=harv
}}
* {{cite book | last = Kohl | first = Fritz | authorlink = | author2 = Eberhard Rossler | title = The Type XXI U-boat | publisher = Conway Maritime | year = 1991 | location = | nopp = | page = | url = | isbn = 1-55750-829-1 }}
 
== LinkPranala eksternalluar ==
* [http://ipmsstockholm.org/magazine/2003/11/detail_uboot_xxi.htm U-Boot Type XXI in Detail]  {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927034240/http://ipmsstockholm.org/magazine/2003/11/detail_uboot_xxi.htm |date=2007-09-27 }} dengan foto.
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/types/xxi.htm|title=Type XXI|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|access-date=20 April 2015}}
* [http://www.uboataces.com/uboat-type-xxi.shtml TipeType XXI] di www.uboataces.com
{{Kapal selam tipe XXI}}
[[Kategori:Kelas kapal selam]]