Natrium nitroprusida: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: VisualEditor Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
|||
| (6 revisi perantara oleh 3 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Drugbox
| IUPAC_name =
| image = Sodium-nitroprusside-2D.png
| width = 225px
Baris 25:
| metabolism = Oleh hemoglobin diubah menjadi ion sianmetahemoglobin dan sianida
| elimination_half-life = <2 menit (3 hari untuk metabolit tiosianat)
| excretion = [[ginjal]] (100%;
<!-- Identifiers -->
| CAS_number = 13755-38-9
Baris 62:
}}
<!-- Definition and medical uses -->
'''Natrium nitroprusida''' ('''SNP'''), dijual di bawah nama merek '''Nitropress'''
<!-- Side effects and mechanism -->
Efek samping yang umum termasuk [[tekanan darah rendah]] dan [[keracunan sianida]].<!-- <ref name=AHFS2016/> --> Efek samping serius lainnya termasuk [[metahemoglobinemia]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Obat ini biasanya tidak dianjurkan selama [[kehamilan]] karena kekhawatiran efek samping.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitroprusside (Nitropress) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/nitroprusside.html|website=www.drugs.com|accessdate=14
<!-- History, society and culture -->
Natrium nitroprusida ditemukan pada awal tahun 1850 dan terbukti bermanfaat dalam pengobatan pada tahun 1928.<ref name = Hist1995>{{cite journal|title=Sodium Nitroprusside: Twenty Years and Counting|journal=Anesthesia and Analgesia|volume=81|issue=1|pages=152–162|pmid=7598246|date=July 1995|author=Friederich, JA|author2=Butterworth, JF 4th|url=http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Citation/1995/07000/Sodium_Nitroprusside__Twenty_Years_and_Counting.31.aspx|doi=10.1213/00000539-199507000-00031}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nichols|first1=David G.|last2=Greeley|first2=William J.|last3=Lappe|first3=Dorothy G.|last4=Ungerleider|first4=Ross M.|last5= Cameron|first5=Duke E.|last6=Spevak|first6=Philip J.|last7=Wetzel|first7=Randall C.|title=Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children|date=2006|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323070072|page=192|edition=2|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pEpgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA192|language=en}}</ref> Obat ini termasuk dalam [[Daftar Obat Esensial Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]], sebagai obat yang paling efektif dan aman yang dibutuhkan dalam sistem [[kesehatan]].<ref name=WHO19th>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015|language=en}}</ref> Di Amerika Serikat biaya perawatannya kurang dari 25 USD.<ref name=Ric2015>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=146|language=en}}</ref>
== Penggunaan medis ==
Natrium nitroprusida [[infus|secara intravena]] diresapi dalam kasus krisis [[hipertensi]] akut.<ref name = DM/><ref name="BNF">{{cite book | isbn = 978-0-85711-084-8 | title = British National Formulary (BNF) | url = https://archive.org/details/bnf65britishnati0000unse | author = Joint Formulary Committee | year = 2013 | publisher = Pharmaceutical Press | location = London, UK | edition =
Senyawa ini juga telah digunakan sebagai pengobatan untuk [[stenosis|stenosis katup aorta]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hemodynamic effects of nitroprusside on valvular aortic stenosis|date=
== Efek samping ==
Baris 83:
{{colbegin}}
* Denyut jantung rendah
* [[Tekanan darah rendah|Hipotensi]] (tekanan darah rendah)
* Palpitasi
* Denyut jantung tinggi
Baris 124:
* Metahemoglobinemia
* [[Keracunan sianida]]
* Keracunan [[
== Mekanisme aksi ==
Natrium nitroprusida memiliki efek vasodilatasi yang manjur di dalam [[arteriol]] dan [[venula]] (arteriol lebih dari venula, namun selektivitas ini jauh lebih jarang daripada nitrogliserin, yang berperan istimewa pada otot polos vena) akibat dari pemecahannya menjadi
Natrium nitroprusida pecah dalam sirkulasi untuk melepaskan [[
Peran NO dalam berbagai gangguan kejiwaan umum termasuk [[skizofrenia]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=The many faces of nitric oxide in schizophrenia. A review|journal=Schizophrenia Research|volume=78|issue=1|pages=69–86|doi=10.1016/j.schres.2005.05.019|pmid=16005189|author1=Bernstein, HG |author2=Bogerts, B |author3=Keilhoff, G |date=Oct 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Genetic analysis of nitric oxide synthase 1 variants in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B|date=October 2010|volume=153B|issue=7|pages=1318–1328|doi=10.1002/ajmg.b.31112|author1=Silberberg, G |author2=Ben-Shachar, D |author3=Navon, R |pmid=20645313}}</ref><ref name = Schiz>{{cite journal|title=Nitric oxide and schizophrenia: present knowledge and emerging concepts of therapy|volume=10|issue=7|pages=792–807|doi=10.2174/187152711798072392|pmid=21999729|date=November 2011|author1=Bernstein, HG |author2=Keilhoff, G |author3=Steiner, J |author4=Dobrowolny, H |author5=Bogerts, B |journal=CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Nitric Oxide and Symptom Reduction in Schizophrenia|journal=JAMA Psychiatry|date=July 2013|volume=70|issue=7|pages=664–665|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.210|author=Coyle, JT|pmid=23699799}}</ref> [[gangguan bipolar]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=The role of the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in the pathogenesis of bipolar affective disorder|journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience|date=February 2004|volume=254|issue=1|pages=43–47|doi=10.1007/s00406-004-0453-x|pmid=14991378|author1=Yanik, M |author2=Vural, H |author3=Tutkun, H |author4=Zoroğlu, SS |author5=Savaş, HA |author6=Herken, H |author7=Koçyiğit, A |author8=Keleş, H |author9=Akyol, O }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Defective Nitric Oxide–Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Signaling in Patients With Bipolar Disorder: A Potential Role for Platelet Dysfunction|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|author1=Fontoura, PC |author2=Pinto, VL |author3=Matsuura, C |author4=Resende Ade, C |author5=de Bem, GF |author6=Ferraz, MR |author7=Cheniaux, E |author8=Brunini, TM |author9=Mendes-Ribeiro, AC |date=October 2012|volume=74|issue=8|pages=873–877|doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182689460|pmid=23023680}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Immunohistochemical evidence for impaired nitric oxide signaling of the locus coeruleus in bipolar disorder|journal=Brain Research|date=June 2012|volume=1459|pages=91–99|doi= 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.022|pmid=22560594|author1=Bielau, H |author2=Brisch, R |author3=Bernard-Mittelstaedt, J |author4=Dobrowolny, H |author5=Gos, T |author6=Baumann, B |author7=Mawrin, C |author8=Bernstein, HG |author9=Bogerts, B |author10=Steiner, J }}</ref> dan [[Gangguan Depresi Mayor|gangguan depresi utama]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Association between inducible and neuronal nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms and recurrent depressive disorder|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|date=March 2011|volume=129|issue=1–3|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.005|pmid=20888049|author1=Gałecki, P |author2=Maes, M |author3=Florkowski, A |author4=Lewiński, A |author5=Gałecka, E |author6=Bieńkiewicz, M |author7=Szemraj, J |pages=175–82}}</ref><ref name = Dep>{{cite journal|title=Nitric oxide and major depression|journal=Nitric Oxide|doi=10.1016/j.niox.2011.02.002|volume=24|issue=3|pages=125–131|pmid=21335097|date=April 2011|author1=Dhir, A |author2=Kulkarni, SK }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Possible role of nitric oxide and adrenomedullin in bipolar affective disorder|journal=Neuropsychobiology|year=2002|volume=45|issue=2|pages=57–61|doi=10.1159/000048677|pmid=11893860|author1=Savaş, HA |author2=Herken, H |author3=Yürekli, M |author4=Uz, E |author5=Tutkun, H |author6=Zoroğlu, SS |author7=Ozen, ME |author8=Cengiz, B |author9=Akyol, O }}</ref> telah diusulkan dan didukung oleh beberapa temuan klinis. Temuan ini mungkin juga melibatkan potensi obat yang mengubah sinyal NO seperti SNP dalam pengobatan mereka.<ref name = Schiz/><ref name = Dep/> Peran tersebut juga didukung oleh temuan percobaan klinis SNP baru-baru ini.<ref name=SZ>{{cite journal|last=Hallak|first=Jaime E. C.|author2=Maia-de-Oliveira, J. P.
== Sejarah ==
Natrium nitroprusida terutama digunakan sebagai vasodilator. Ia pertama kali digunakan dalam pengobatan manusia pada tahun 1928.<ref name = Hist1995/> Pada tahun 1955, data tentang keamanannya selama penggunaan jangka pendek pada orang dengan [[hipertensi]] telah tersedia.<ref name = Hist1995/> Meskipun demikian, karena kesulitan dalam preparasi kimianya, namun pada akhirnya tidak disetujui oleh US [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] Sampai 1974 untuk pengobatan hipertensi berat.
{{clear}}
| |||