Hawthorne, California: Perbedaan antara revisi

|image_seal = HawthorneSeals CAof Hawthorne, sealCalifornia.jpg

|subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Los Angeles County, California.pngsvg}} [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]

| accessdate = August 25, 2014}}</ref>

|leader_name = [[Wali kota]] [[Alex Vargas (politikus California)|Alex Vargas]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/chris-brown/ | title = City of Hawthorne, CA – Mayor | accessdate = 2014-09-06 | archive-date = 2014-08-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826041136/http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/chris-brown/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> <br/> Haidar Awad<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/olivia-valentine/ | title = City of Hawthorne, CA – Mayor Pro-Tem | accessdate = 2007-01-18 | archive-date = 2014-08-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140811170131/http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/olivia-valentine | dead-url = yes }}</ref> <br/> Angie English<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/alex-vargas/ | title = Council Member Alex Vargas | accessdate = February 27, 2015 | archive-date = 2020-04-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200405075700/http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/alex-vargas | dead-url = yes }}</ref> <br/> Nilo Michelin<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/council-member-nilo-michelin/ | title = Council Member Nilo Michelin | accessdate = February 27, 2015 | archive-date = 2017-05-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170504030203/http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/council-member-nilo-michelin | dead-url = yes }}</ref> <br/> <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/angie-english/ | title = City of Hawthorne, CA – Councilmember | accessdate = 2014-09-06 | archive-date = 2014-09-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030213/http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/angie-english/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref>

|population_footnotes = <ref name=quif>{{Cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0632548.html|title=Hawthorne (city) QuickFacts|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=November 16, 2016|archive-date=2016-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207111156/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0632548.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

|postal_code = 90250 and 90251<ref>{{cite web | url = http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/zcl_1_results.jsp?visited=1&pagenumber=0&state=ca&city=Hawthorne | title = USPS – ZIP Code Lookup – Find a ZIP+ 4 Code By City Results | accessdate = 2007-01-18 | archive-date = 2011-08-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110806185708/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/zcl_1_results.jsp?visited=1&pagenumber=0&state=ca&city=Hawthorne | dead-url = no }}</ref>

|area_code = [[Kode wilayah 310 dan 424|310/424]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nanpa.com/nas/public/npa_city_query_step2.do?method=displayData&cityToNpaModel.stateAbbr=CA&cityToNpaModel.city=Hawthorne | title = Number Administration System – NPA and City/Town Search Results | accessdate = 2007-01-18 | archive-date = 2007-09-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090148/http://www.nanpa.com/nas/public/npa_city_query_step2.do?method=displayData&cityToNpaModel.stateAbbr=CA&cityToNpaModel.city=Hawthorne | dead-url = yes }}</ref> [[Kode wilayah 323|323]]

|leader_name2 = Arnold Shadbehr<ref name=mgr>{{cite web | url = http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/home-citymanager/ | title = City of Hawthorne, CA – City Manager | accessdate = June 1, 2015 | archive-date = 2017-02-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170227105340/http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/home-citymanager | dead-url = yes }}</ref>

|leader_name3 = L. David Patterson<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/david-patterson/ | title = City of Hawthorne, CA - City Treasurer | accessdate = 2015-01-13 | archive-date = 2014-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141029211301/http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/david-patterson/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref>

|leader_name4 = Norb Huber<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/city-clerk-home/ | title = City of Hawthorne, CA – City Clerk | accessdate = 2014-09-06 | archive-date = 2014-08-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826041131/http://www.cityofhawthorne.org/city-clerk-home/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref>

|leader_name5 = Robert Fager<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hawthornepolice.com/about-us/ | title = City of Hawthorne, CA – Police Chief | accessdate = 2014-09-06 | archive-date = 2014-09-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140907010349/http://hawthornepolice.com/about-us/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref>

Hawthorne sempat menjadi pemukiman "khusus orang kulit putih", umumnya disebut [[kota matahari tenggelam]]. Pada 1930an, tanda peringatan Afrika Amerika dicopot dari Hawthorne.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wexler |first=Laura |date=October 23, 2005 |title=Book Review: Darkness on the Edge of Town (A review of ''SUNDOWN TOWNS: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism'' by James W. Loewen) |work=The Washington Post |page=BW03 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102001715.html |accessdate=January 2016 |archive-date=2021-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201210514/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102001715.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* Dixon, Walt, and Jerry Roberts (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qaCZmC905agC ''Hawthorne'']. Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738529714978-0-7385-2971-4. {{oclc|61163282}}.