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Istilah '''[[kekaisaran]]''' atau '''[[Imperium]]''' menyiratkan perluasan kedaulatan suatu [[Negara]] atau [[Bangsa]] atas wilayah-wilayah eksternal, yang membawahi banyak negara, [[Kelompok etnik|suku]], dan bangsa untuk membentuk suatu kesatuan politik raya. Di antara kekaisaran-kekaisaran besar dalam sejarah kemanusiaan dapat ditemukan, misalnya, Kerajaan Spanyol pertama kemudian, Kerajaan Inggris , yang pada zamannya disebut "kekaisaran tempat matahari tidak pernah terbenam", karena memiliki wilayah besar (seluruh dunia) di bawah kendali mereka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|volume=7|issue=2|pages=180–196|doi=10.1016/0049-089x(78)90010-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707202816/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref>
 
== Urutan Kekaisaran dan Imperium terbesar ==
Berikut adalah daftar [[imperium]] atau [[kekaisaran]] terbesar dalam sejarah.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Kekaisaran/Imperium
! rowspan="2" |Peta
! colspan="2" |Puncak Wilayah Terluas
! colspan="2" |Puncak Penduduk Terbesar
|-
!Luas Wilayah
(juta km²)
!Tahun
!Jumlah Penduduk
(juta jiwa)
!Tahun
|-
|[[Imperium Britania]]
|[[Berkas:British Empire 1921.png|200x200px]]
|33,4<ref name="Gordon2">Gordon (2005).</ref>
|{{dts|1920}}
|531,3<ref name="Harrison" />
|1938
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Mongolia]]
|[[Berkas:Mongolempire.png|200x200px]]
|33,0<ref name="Gordon2" />
|1270 atau 1309
|110,0
|[[Abad ke 12|Abad ke-12]]
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Rusia]]
|[[Berkas:Map of the Russian Empire at its height in 1866.svg|200x200px]]
|22,8<ref name="Gordon2" />
|1866
|176,4
|1913
|-
|[[Imperium Spanyol]]
|[[Berkas:Spanish Empire-World Map.png|200x200px]]
|20,4
|1740-1790
|68,2
|Abad ke-12
|-
|[[Dinasti Qing]]
|[[Berkas:Qing Dynasty map.png|al=|nirbing|200x200px]]
|14,7
|1790
|432,2
|1851
|-
|[[Imperium kolonial Prancis|Imperium Prancis]]
|[[Berkas:131Etendue de l'Empire Français.png|200x200px]]
|12,9
|1938
|112,9
|1938
|-
|[[Bani Umayyah|Kekhalifahan Umayyah]]
|[[Berkas:Umayyad-Empire.png|al=|200x200px]]
|13,0
|720
|62,0
|Abad ke-7
|-
|[[Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah]]
|[[Berkas:Abbasids850.png|200x200px]]
|11,1
|750
|50
|850
|-
|[[Dinasti Yuan]]
|[[Berkas:Yuan Dynasty 1294.png|200x200px]]
|14,0
|1310
|86,0
|1290
|-
|[[Imperialisme Amerika Serikat|Imperium Amerika Serikat]]
|[[Berkas:American Empire1.PNG|al=|200x200px]]
|10
|1899
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Portugis|Imperium Portugis]]
|[[Berkas:Portugal Império total.png|200x200px]]
|10,4
|1815
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Brasil|Imperium Brasil]]
|[[Berkas:LocationBrazil.png|nirbing|200x200px]]
|8,1
|1880
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Jepang]]
|[[Berkas:ImperioJapones.png|nirbing|200x200px]]
|7,4
|1942
|134,8
|1938
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Akhemenid|Kekaisaran Persia Akhemeniyah]]
|[[Berkas:Achaemenid Empire ~480 BC.png|200x200px]]
|7,5
|480 BC
|
|
|-
|[[Dinasti Ming]]
|[[Berkas:Ming Dynasty 1368 – 1644 (AD).PNG|200x200px]]
|6,5
|1450
|150
|1600
|-
|[[Kekhalifahan Rasyidin]]
|[[Berkas:Mohammad adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG|200x200px]]
|6.4<ref name="Taagepera1997">Taagepera1997</ref>
|655
|40,3
|{{Date table sorting|655}}<ref name="Taagepera1997"/>
|-
|[[Dinasti Han]]
|[[Berkas:Han Dynasty Plain map.PNG|200x200px]]
|6,5
|100
|57
|2
|-
|[[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]
|[[Berkas:Principales ciudades de el imperio otomano (1683).png|200x200px]]
|5,6
|1683
|39
|1600
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Romawi]]
|[[Berkas:Map of the Roman Empire at its height.svg|200x200px]]
|5,6
|117
|56,8
|25 BC
|-
|[[Dinasti Tang]]
|[[Berkas:Tang China 669AD.jpg|200x200px]]
|5,4
|715
|53
|755
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Makedonia]]
|[[Berkas:Diadochi satraps babylon.png|200x200px]]
|5,2
|323 BC
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Maurya]]
|[[Berkas:Mauryans.JPG|200x200px]]
|5
|250 BC
|50
|200 BC
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Meksiko Pertama]]
|[[Berkas:Mexico 1821.PNG|200x200px]]
|4,9
|1822
|
|
|-
|[[Dinasti Timuriyah|Kekaisaran Timuriyah]]
|[[Berkas:Das Reich Timur-i Lenks (1365-1405).GIF|200x200px]]
|4,4
|1045
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Mughal]]
|[[Berkas:Mughal Empire (1700).png|200x200px]]
|4,6
|1690
|175,0
|1700
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Hun]]
|[[Berkas:Huns empire.png|200x200px]]
|4,0
|441
|
|
|-
|[[Kesultanan Seljuk Raya]]
|[[Berkas:Seljuk Empire locator map.svg.png|200x200px]]
|3,9
|1080
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Seleukia]]
|[[Berkas:Seleucid-empire-323BCE.png|200x200px]]
|3,9
|301 BC
|
|
|-
|[[Imperium Italia]]
|[[Berkas:Italian Empire total.png|200x200px]]
|3,8
|1940
|51,9
|1938
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Belanda|Imperium Belanda]]
|[[Berkas:DutchEmpire15.png|200x200px]]
|3,7
|1940
|60,0
|1940
|-
|[[Jerman Nazi]]
|[[Berkas:Greater German Reich (1942).svg|203x203px]]
|3.6
|1942
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Gupta]]
|[[Berkas:GuptaEmpire300-550.png|200x200px]]
|3,5
|400
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Sassania]]
|[[Berkas:SassanidEmpirebiggerbymae.png|200x200px]]
|3,5
|620
|
|
|}
 
== Berdasarkan luas wilayah ==
 
# [[Imperium Britania]] - 33.4 juta km²
== Berdasarkan luas daerah ==
# [[Kekaisaran Mongolia|Imperium Mongolia]] - 24.9 juta km²
[[Berkas:Umayyad-Empire.png|thumb|280px|right|Kekhalifahan Umayyah 750]]
# [[ImperiumKekaisaran BritaniaRusia]] - 3322.48 juta km²<ref name=Gordon>Gordon (2005).</ref>
# [[Kekaisaran MongoliaSpanyol|Imperium MongoliaSpanyol]] - 33.219 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Bani Umayyah|Kekhalifahan Umayyah]] - 11.1 juta km²
# [[Kekaisaran Rusia]] - 22.8 juta km²<ref name=uconn>Adams, Hall and Turchin (2004).</ref>
# [[Kekaisaran SpanyolKedua Prancis|ImperiumKekaisaran SpanyolPrancis]] - 1913.5 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Bani Umayyah|Kesultanan Umayyah]] - 15.0<ref name=Blankinship>{{citation|title=The End of the Jihad State, the Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd-al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads|first=Khalid Yahya|last=Blankinship|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|year=1994|isbn=0-7914-1827-8|page=37}}</ref>
# [[Kekaisaran Perancis]] - 13.5 juta km²
# [[Dinasti Qing]] (sekarang [[Tiongkok]]) - 12 juta km²
# [[Kekaisaran Portugis|Imperium Portugis]] - 10.4 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[KekaisaranImperialisme Amerika Serikat|Imperium Amerika]] (kontroversial) - 10 juta km²
# [[Kekaisaran Brasil|Imperium Brasil]] - 8.1 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Kekaisaran Akhemenid]] (sekarang [[Iran]]) - 7.5 juta km²
Baris 23 ⟶ 271:
# [[Kekaisaran Maurya|Imperium Maurya]] (sekarang [[India]]) - 5 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Meksiko Pertama|Imperium meksiko]] - 4.7 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Dinasti Timuriyah|Kekaisaran Timuriyah]] - 4.4 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Mughal]] (sekarang [[India]]) - 4 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Hun|Imperium Hun]] - 4 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
Baris 33 ⟶ 281:
# [[Kekaisaran Gupta]] (sekarang [[India]]) - 3.5 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Sassania]] (sekarang [[Iran]]) - 3.5 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Ghaznawiyah|Kekaisaran Ghaznavid]] - 3.4 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Pala]] (sekarang [[India]]) - 3.2 juta km²
# [[Kesultanan Delhi]] (sekarang [[India]]) - 3.2 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
Baris 51 ⟶ 299:
# [[Murabitun]] - 1 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kerajaan Khmer]] - 1 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kerajaan Akkadia]] - 650,000 &nbsp;km²<ref name=irows>Chase-Dunn, Álvarez and Pasciuti (2002, p. 8-9).</ref>
# [[Dinasti Nanda|Kerajaan Nanda]] - 600,000 &nbsp;km²
# [[Austria-HongariaHungaria|Kekaisaran Austro-HongariaHungaria]] - 600,000 &nbsp;km²<ref name=WWI>Broadberry and Harrison (2005).</ref>
# [[Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru|Kerajaan Kaldea]] - 500,000 &nbsp;km²<ref name=irows />
# [[Kekaisaran Vijayanagara|Kerajaan Vijayanagar]] - 360,000 &nbsp;km²<ref name=Sinopoli>Sinopoli (2003, p. 82)</ref>
# Kekaisaran Aceh - 350.000 km²
 
== Berdasarkan jumlah penduduk ==
Baris 64 ⟶ 311:
# [[Dinasti Ming]] - 160 juta (pada 1600)<ref name=Maddison />
# [[Kekaisaran Rusia]] - 176.4 juta (pada 1913)
# [[KekaisaranImperialisme Amerika Serikat|Imperium Amerika]] - 146.4 juta (pada 1942)<ref name=Harrison />
# [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] - 134.8 juta (pada 1938)<ref name=Harrison />
# [[Kekaisaran PerancisKedua Prancis|Kekaisaran Prancis]] - 112.9 juta (pada 1938)<ref name=Harrison />
# [[Kekaisaran Mongolia|Imperium Mongolia]] - 110 juta
# [[Jerman Nazi]] - 75.4 juta (pada 1938)<ref name=Harrison />
Baris 74 ⟶ 321:
# [[Dinasti Song]] - 59 juta (pada 1000)<ref name=Maddison />
# [[Kekaisaran Italia|Imperium Italia]] - 51.9 juta (pada 1938)<ref name=Harrison />
# [[Austria-HongariaHungaria|Kekaisaran Austro-Hungarian]] - 50.6 juta (pada 1913)
# [[Kekaisaran Maurya]] - 50 juta
# [[Kekaisaran Akhemenid]] - 42 juta
Baris 85 ⟶ 332:
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=108–127|doi=10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}
* Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and [[Peter Turchin]] (2004). [http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/turchin/PDF/Latitude.pdf ''East-West Orientation of Historical Empires.''] [[University of Connecticut]].
* {{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=111|doi=10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}
* Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and [[Peter Turchin]] (2004). [http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/turchin/PDF/Latitude.pdf ''East-West Orientation of Historical Empires.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527235437/http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/turchin/PDF/Latitude.pdf |date=2008-05-27 }} [[University of Connecticut]].
* J. Beloch (1886), ''Die Bevölkerung der griechisch–römischen Welt'', Duncker and Humblot, Leipzig.
* Jean-Noël Biraben (2003). "The rising numbers of humankind", ''Populations & Societies'' '''394'''.
* Roger Boesche (2003). "Kautilya’s Arthashastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India", ''The Journal of Military History'' '''67''' (p. &nbsp;9–38).
* Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison (2005). ''The Economics of World War I''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. ISBN 0-521-85212-9.
* Christopher Chase-Dunn, Alexis Álvarez, and Daniel Pasciuti (2002). [http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=irows ''Power and Size: Urbanization and Empire Formation in World-Systems Since the Bronze Age''.] [[University of California, Riverside]].
* Raymond W. Goldsmith (1984), "An estimate of the size and structure of the national product of the Early Roman Empire", ''Journal of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth'' '''30'''
* Bruce R. Gordon (2005). [http://ellone-loire.net/obsidian/earthrul.html ''To Rule the Earth...''] ([http://web.archive.org/web/20020321105432/http://ellone-loire.net/obsidian/earthrul.html cached]) (See [http://www.hostkingdom.net/Bibliography.html Bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701103740/http://www.hostkingdom.net/Bibliography.html |date=2007-07-01 }} for sources used.)
* Mark Harrison (1998). ''The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison''.
* [[Angus Maddison]] (2001). ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]''. [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], Paris.
* Angus Maddison (2006). ''The Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD''. [[Oxford University Press]].
* Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones (1978), "Atlas of World Population History", ''Facts on File'' (p. &nbsp;342-351). New York.
* Sevket Pamuk (2005), "The Ottoman Empire in World War I". In Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison (2005), ''The Economics of World War I'', p. &nbsp;112-136. [[Cambridge University Press]]. ISBN 0-521-85212-9.
* Donald Quataert (2005). ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922''.
* Walter Scheidel (2005). [http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/110505.pdf The monetary systems of the Han and Roman empires] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712074105/http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/110505.pdf |date=2007-07-12 }}. [[Stanford University]].
* Walter Scheidel (2006). [http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/120601.pdf Imperial state formation in Rome and China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712074104/http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/120601.pdf |date=2007-07-12 }}. [[Stanford University]].
* Carla M. Sinopoli (2003). ''The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, C. 1350-1650''.
* Ralph Thomlinson (1975), ''Demographic Problems, Controversy Over Population Control'', Second Edition.
* Dr Frances Wood (2006). [http://static.royalacademy.org.uk/files/china-student-guide-6.pdf ''China: The Three Emperors''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511222410/http://static.royalacademy.org.uk/files/china-student-guide-6.pdf |date=2013-05-11 }} [[Royal Academy]].
* H. Yoon (1985). "An early Chinese idea of a dynamic environmental cycle", ''[[GeoJournal]]'' '''10''' (2), p. &nbsp;211-212.
 
== Lihat pula ==
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