Metamfetamina: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Narkoba}}
{{untuk|masakan Jepang dengan nama yang sama|Shabu-shabu}}
{{Infobox drug
| verifiedrevid = 589084691
| INN = none
| IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-''N''-metil-1-fenilpropan-2-amina
| image = Racemic methamphetamine.svg
| alt = Citra rasemat senyawa metamfetamina
| imageL = Methamphetamine,levo.png
| altL = Citra 3d senyawa levo-metamfetamina
| imageR = Methamphetamine,dextro.png
| altR = Citra 3d senyawa dekstro-metamfetamina
<!-- Clinical data -->
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}<br/>({{Respell|METH|am|FET|ə|meen}}), {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|ə|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}<br/>({{Respell|METH|əm|FET|ə|meen}}), {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|ə|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|ə|n}}<br/>({{Respell|METH|əm|FET|ə|mən}})<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry-url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/methamphetamine |entry=methamphetamine |dictionary=Lexico |access-date=22 April 2022 |title=Methamphetamine |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614004641/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/methamphetamine |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| tradename = Desoxyn, Methedrine
| Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}
| pregnancy_AU =
| pregnancy_US = C
| dependency_liability = Physical: None; Psychological: High
| addiction_liability = High
| legal_AU = S8
| legal_BR = A3
| legal_CA = Schedule I
| legal_NZ = Class A
| legal_UK = Class A
| legal_US = Schedule II
| legal_UN = Psychotropic Schedule II
| legal_DE = Anlage II
| licence_US = Methamphetamine
| routes_of_administration= Medis: [[Pemberian oral|oral (pencernaan)]]<br />Rekreasi: [[Pemberian oral|oral]], [[pemberian intravena|intravena]], [[pemberian intramuskular|intramuskular]], [[pemberian subkutan|subkutan]], [[merokok|menghirup uap]], [[Insuflasi (obat)|insuflasi]], [[Supositoria|rektal]], [[pemberian intravagina|vagina]]
<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->
| bioavailability = [[Pemberian oral|Oral]]: 67%<ref name="pmid19426289" /><ref name="Schep" /><ref name="pmid25176528" /><ref name="Bioavailability">{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}</ref><br />[[Pemberian Intranasal|Intranasal]]: 79%<ref name="pmid19426289" /><ref name="Schep" /><br />[[Pemberian inhalasi|Inhalasi]]: 67–90%<ref name="pmid19426289" /><ref name="Schep" /><ref name="pmid25176528">{{cite journal | vauthors = Courtney KE, Ray LA | title = Methamphetamine: an update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature | journal = Drug Alcohol Depend | volume = 143 | issue = | pages = 11–21 | date = Oktober 2014 | pmid = 25176528 | pmc = 4164186 | doi = 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.003 | url = }}</ref><br />[[pemberian intravena|intravena]]: 100%<ref name="pmid19426289" /><ref name="Bioavailability" />
| protein_bound = Secara luas bervariasi<ref name="Pubchem1">{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity }}</ref>
| metabolism = [[CYP2D6]]<ref name="Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review">{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}</ref><ref name="FDA Pharmacokinetics">{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref> dan [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]<ref name="FMO">{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}<br />[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}</ref><ref name="FMO3-Primary">{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = Maret 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}</ref>
| onset = [[Pemberian oral|Oral]]: 3{{nbsp}}jam (puncak)<ref name="pmid19426289" /><br />[[Intranasal]]: <15{{nbsp}}menit<ref name="pmid19426289" /><br />[[Pemberian inhalasi|Inhalasi]]: <18{{nbsp}}menit<ref name="pmid19426289" /><ref name="Schep" /><br />[[Intravena]]: <15{{nbsp}}menit<ref name="pmid19426289" />
| elimination_half-life = 9–12{{nbsp}}jam (rentang 5–30{{nbsp}}jam) (terlepas dari rute yang digunakan)<ref name="pmid19426289">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cruickshank CC, Dyer KR | title = A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine | journal = Addiction | volume = 104 | issue = 7 | pages = 1085–99 | date = Juli 2009 | pmid = 19426289 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x | s2cid = 37079117 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-addiction_2009-07_104_7/page/1085}}</ref><ref name="Schep">{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = Agustus 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}</ref>
| duration_of_action = 8–12{{nbsp}}jam<ref name="pmid25176528" />
| excretion = Utamanya [[ginjal]]
<!-- Identifiers -->
| index2_label = (dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number=537-46-2
| CAS_number2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number2 = 300-42-5
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 44RAL3456C
| UNII2_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII2 = 24GNZ56D62
| ATC_prefix=N06
| ATC_suffix=BA03
| ATC_supplemental=
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 6809
| IUPHAR_ligand = 4803
| PDB_ligand = B40
| PubChem=1206
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank=DB01577
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 1169
| NIAID_ChemDB =
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D08187
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1201201
| synonyms = {{nowrap|''N''-[[metilamfetamina]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimetilfenetilamina]]}}, desoksiefedrina
<!-- Chemical data -->
| C=10 | H=15 | N=1
| chirality = [[Campuran rasemat]]
| SMILES = CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
<!-- Physical data -->
| boiling_point = 212
| boiling_notes = pada 760 [[Tekanan|mmHg]]<ref name="Pubchem2">{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties }}</ref>
| melting_point = 170
| melting_notes = <ref name="Pubchem2"/>}}<!--
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'''Metamfetamina''' ('''metil[[amfetamina]]''' atau '''desoksiefedrin'''), disingkat '''meth''', dan dikenal di [[Asia Tenggara]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Jepang]] dan [[Arab Saudi]] sebagai '''sabu-sabu''' atau '''shabu-shabu''',<ref>{{cite news
|last =Harsanto
|first =Damar
Baris 14 ⟶ 97:
|publisher =The Jakarta Post
|date =
|accessdate = }}</ref><ref>{{
|first =Jodhi
|coauthors =
|title =Upacara "Spiritual" Kaum Penipu
|work =[[Kompas.com]]
|pages =
|language =
Baris 26 ⟶ 108:
|date =
|url =http://www.kompas.com/gayahidup/news/0207/15/162748.htm
|accessdate = }}</ref> adalah obat psikostimulansia dan [[simpatomimetik]].
== Sejarah ==
[[Berkas:Méthamphétamine pure.jpg|ka|jmpl|''Crystal meth'', yang dikenal juga dengan sabu-sabu (''shabu-shabu'')]]
Amfetamina, ditemukan sebelum metamfetamina, pertama kali disintesis pada tahun 1887 di Jerman oleh ahli kimia Rumania [[Lazăr Edeleanu]] yang menamainya ''fenilisopropilamina''.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rassool GH |title = Alcohol and Drug Misuse: A Handbook for Students and Health Professionals | url = https://archive.org/details/alcoholdrugmisus0000rass |year = 2009 |publisher = Routledge |location = London |isbn = 978-0-203-87117-1 |page = [https://archive.org/details/alcoholdrugmisus0000rass/page/113 113] }}</ref><ref name="Vermont">{{cite web |url = http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx |title = Historical overview of methamphetamine |website = Vermont Department of Health |publisher = Government of Vermont |access-date = 29 Januari 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120620083221/http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx |archive-date = 20 Juni 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> Tak lama kemudian, metamfetamina disintesis dari [[efedrina]] pada tahun 1893 oleh [[kimia]]wan [[Nagai Nagayoshi]] dari Jepang.<ref name="Grobler et al 2011">{{cite journal |vauthors = Grobler SR, Chikte U, Westraat J |title = The pH Levels of Different Methamphetamine Drug Samples on the Street Market in Cape Town |journal = ISRN Dentistry |volume = 2011 |pages = 1–4 |year = 2011 |pmid = 21991491 |pmc = 3189445 |doi = 10.5402/2011/974768 }}</ref> Tiga dekade kemudian, pada tahun 1919, metamfetamina hidroklorida disintesis oleh farmakolog [[Akira Ogata]] melalui [[redoks|reduksi]] efedrina menggunakan [[fosfor]] merah dan [[iodin]].<ref name="history">{{cite web |url = http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx |title = Historical overview of methamphetamine |publisher = Vermont Department of Health |access-date = 15 Januari 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120620083221/http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx |archive-date = 20 Juni 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref>
Sejak tahun 1938, metamfetamina dipasarkan secara besar-besaran di Jerman sebagai obat bebas dengan merek dagang ''Pervitin'', diproduksi oleh perusahaan farmasi [[Temmler]] yang berbasis di Berlin.<ref name="CISP">{{Citation|title=Pervitin|url=http://www.chemie.de/lexikon/Pervitin.html|publisher=CHEMIE.DE Information Service GmbH|location=Berlin|language=de|access-date= 16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Freye E |title= Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs | url = https://archive.org/details/pharmacologyabus0000frey |year=2009 |publisher=Springer |location=University Düsseldorf, Germany |isbn=978-90-481-2447-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pharmacologyabus0000frey/page/110 110] }}</ref> Senyawa ini digunakan oleh semua cabang gabungan [[Wehrmacht|angkatan bersenjata]] dari [[Reich Ketiga]], untuk efek stimulannya dan kemampuannya untuk terjaga dalam waktu lama.<ref>{{Cite news |title = The Nazi Death Machine: Hitler's Drugged Soldiers |url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-nazi-death-machine-hitler-s-drugged-soldiers-a-354606.html |publisher = Der Spiegel, 6 May 2005 |newspaper = Spiegel Online |date = 6 Mei 2005 | vauthors = Ulrich A |access-date = 12 August 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171219062055/http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-nazi-death-machine-hitler-s-drugged-soldiers-a-354606.html |archive-date = 19 December 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="pmid22849208">{{cite journal |vauthors = Defalque RJ, Wright AJ |title = Methamphetamine for Hitler's Germany: 1937 to 1945 |journal = Bull. Anesth. Hist. |volume = 29 |issue = 2 |pages = 21–24, 32 |date = April 2011 |pmid = 22849208 |doi = 10.1016/s1522-8649(11)50016-2 }}</ref> Pervitin menjadi bahasa sehari-hari dikenal di kalangan pasukan Jerman sebagai "[[Stuka]]-Tablets" (''Stuka-Tabletten'') dan "[[Hermann Göring|Herman-Göring]]-Pills" (''Hermann-Göring-Pillen''), sebagai sindiran sinis terhadap kecanduan Göring yang terkenal terhadap obat-obatan. Namun, efek sampingnya, terutama gejala [[putus obat]], begitu serius sehingga tentara secara tajam mengurangi penggunaannya pada tahun 1940.<ref name="shooting up">{{cite book | vauthors = Kamieński Ł |title = Shooting Up: A Short History of Drugs and War |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NAVCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |year = 2016 |publisher = Oxford University Press |pages = 111–13 |isbn = 9780190263478 |access-date = 23 Oktober 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170323182238/https://books.google.com/books?id=NAVCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |archive-date = 23 Maret 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Pada tahun 1941, penggunaannya dibatasi hanya dengan resep dokter, dan militer mengontrol dengan ketat distribusinya. Prajurit hanya akan menerima beberapa tablet sekaligus, dan tidak disarankan untuk menggunakannya dalam pertempuran. kata sejarawan Łukasz Kamieński, {{blockquote|"Seorang prajurit yang akan berperang di Pervitin biasanya mendapati dirinya tidak dapat bekerja secara efektif untuk satu atau dua hari berikutnya. Menderita mabuk narkoba dan lebih terlihat seperti zombie daripada pejuang hebat, dia harus pulih dari efek samping."}} Beberapa tentara berubah menjadi lebih kejam, melakukan kejahatan perang terhadap warga sipil; yang lain menyerang petugas mereka sendiri.<ref name="shooting up" /> Di akhir perang, senyawa ini digunakan sebagai bagian dari obat baru: [[D-IX]].
[[Obetrol]], dipatenkan oleh Obetrol Pharmaceuticals pada tahun 1950-an dan diindikasikan untuk pengobatan [[obesitas]], adalah salah satu merek pertama produk metamfetamina farmasi.<ref name="Real_Obetrol_Ad">{{cite book | vauthors = Rasmussen N |title = On Speed: The Many Lives of Amphetamine | url = https://archive.org/details/onspeedmanylives0000rasm_b4u7 |date = Maret 2008 |publisher = New York University Press |edition = 1 |isbn = 978-0-8147-7601-8 |page = [https://archive.org/details/onspeedmanylives0000rasm_b4u7/page/148 148] }}</ref> Karena efek psikologis dan stimulan metamfetamina, Obetrol menjadi pil diet yang populer di Amerika pada 1950-an dan 1960-an.<ref name="Real_Obetrol_Ad" /> Akhirnya, ketika sifat adiktif obat tersebut diketahui, pemerintah mulai mengatur secara ketat produksi dan distribusi metamfetamina.<ref name="Vermont" />
Saat ini, metamfetamina dijual dengan nama dagang "Desoxyn", dengan [[merek dagang]] dipegang oleh perusahaan farmasi Denmark [[Lundbeck]].<ref name="Desoxyn (Lundbeck)">{{cite web |url = http://www.lundbeck.com/us/products/cns-products/desoxyn |title = Desoxyn |publisher = Lundbeck: Desoxyn |access-date = 15 Desember 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121130095007/http://www.lundbeck.com/us/products/cns-products/desoxyn |archive-date = 30 November 2012 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Pada Januari 2013, merek dagang Desoxyn telah dijual ke perusahaan farmasi Italia, Recordati.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.recordatirarediseases.com/products/us-product/desoxyn%C2%AE-cii-methamphetamine-hydrochloride-tablets-usp |title = Recordati: Desoxyn |publisher = Recordati SP |access-date = 15 Mei 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130707013757/http://www.recordatirarediseases.com/products/us-product/desoxyn%C2%AE-cii-methamphetamine-hydrochloride-tablets-usp |archive-date = 7 Juli 2013 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
== Status hukum ==
Produksi, distribusi, penjualan, dan kepemilikan metamfetamina dibatasi atau ilegal di banyak [[yurisdiksi]].<ref>{{cite book |author = United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |title = Preventing Amphetamine-type Stimulant Use Among Young People: A Policy and Programming Guide |publisher = United Nations |location = New York |year = 2007 |isbn = 978-92-1-148223-2 |url = http://www.unodc.org/pdf/youthnet/ATS.pdf |access-date = 11 November 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131016082310/http://www.unodc.org/pdf/youthnet/ATS.pdf |archive-date = 16 Oktober 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="incb">{{cite web |title = List of psychotropic substances under international control |website = International Narcotics Control Board |publisher = United Nations |url = http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |access-date = 19 November 2005 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051205125434/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date = 5 December 2005 |date = August 2003 }}</ref> Metamfetamin telah ditempatkan dalam schedule II perjanjian [[Konvensi tentang Zat Psikotropika]] [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]].<ref name=incb />
== Penelitian ==
Berdasarkan penelitian pada hewan, disarankan bahwa kalsitriol, suatu metabolit aktif [[vitamin D]], dapat memberikan perlindungan yang signifikan terhadap efek penipisan DA- dan 5-HT dari dosis neurotoksik metamfetamina.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Cass WA, Smith MP, Peters LE |title = Calcitriol protects against the dopamine- and serotonin-depleting effects of neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine |journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume = 1074 |issue = 1|pages = 261–71 |year = 2006 |pmid = 17105922 |doi = 10.1196/annals.1369.023 |bibcode = 2006NYASA1074..261C |s2cid = 8537458 }}</ref>
== Referensi ==
{{
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* {{cite news| vauthors = Szalavitz M |title=Why the Myth of the Meth-Damaged Brain May Hinder Recovery|url=http://healthland.time.com/2011/11/21/why-the-myth-of-the-meth-damaged-brain-may-hinder-recovery/|work=Time.com|publisher=Time USA, LLC}}
* {{cite journal|vauthors=Hart CL, Marvin CB, Silver R, Smith EE|title=Is cognitive functioning impaired in methamphetamine users? A critical review|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology|date=Februari 2012|volume=37|issue=3|pages=586–608|doi=10.1038/npp.2011.276|pmid=22089317|issn=0893-133X|pmc=3260986}}
**{{cite magazine | vauthors = Szalavitz M |date=21 November 2011 |title=Why the Myth of the Meth-Damaged Brain May Hinder Recovery |magazine=Time |url=http://healthland.time.com/2011/11/21/why-the-myth-of-the-meth-damaged-brain-may-hinder-recovery/}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+537-46-2 Methamphetamine Toxnet entry]
* [http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim334.htm Methamphetamine Poison Information Monograph]
* [https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/aryan-brotherhood-methamphetamine-operation-dismantled Drug Trafficking: Aryan Brotherhood Methamphetamine Operation Dismantled], [[FBI]]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148451 Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse]
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Narkotika]]
[[Kategori:Amfetamina tersubstitusi]]
[[Kategori:Penghambat transpor monoamina vesikular]]
[[Kategori:Anorektik]]
[[Kategori:Antiobesitas]]
[[Kategori:aktivator anhidrase karbonat]]
[[Kategori:Afrodisiak]]
[[Kategori:Stimulan jantung]]
[[Kategori:Euforian]]
[[Kategori:Fenetilamina]]
[[Kategori:Agonis sigma]]
[[Kategori:Agonis TAAR1]]
[[Kategori:Simpatomimetik]]
[[Kategori:Pelepas norepinefrin-dopamin]]
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