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Baris 1: {{Short description\|Species of giant tortoise}} '''Kura-kura Galápagos''' atau '''kura-kura raksasa''' '''Galapagos''' (''Chelonoidis nigra'' dan spesies terkait) adalah spesies [[kura-kura]] terbesar yang masih hidup. Kura-kura Galápagos modern beratnya bisa mencapai {{Convert\|417\|kg\|lb\|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Guinness2002">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/60at60/2015/8/2002-largest-tortoise-392870\|title=2002: Largest Tortoise\|last=White Matt\|publisher=Official Guinness World Records\|access-date=2015-11-27}}</ref> Hari ini, kura-kura raksasa hanya ada di dua kepulauan terpencil: [[Kepulauan Galápagos\|Kepulauan Galapagos]] 1000 km ke arah barat dari daratan [[Ekuador]], dan [[Aldabra]] di [[Samudra Hindia]], sekitar 700 km sebelah timur [[Tanzania]]. {{For\|t'Chelonoidis niger kompleks'\|Baning Galapagos}} {{Subspeciesbox \| image = Testudo elephantopus.jpg \| image_caption = Illustration of the shell \| status = EX \| status_system = IUCN3.1 \| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite web \|url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9023/3149101 \|title= Floreana Giant Tortoise \|author= van Dijk, P.P., Rhodin, A.G.J., Cayot, L.J. & Caccone, A. \|date=2017\|website= Red List \|publisher= IUCN \|access-date= 30 June 2021}}</ref> \| extinct = 1850 \| genus = Chelonoidis \| species = niger \| subspecies = niger \| authority = ([[Jean René Constant Quoy\|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard\|Gaimard]], 1824) \| range_map = \| synonyms = * ''Testudo nigra'' <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1824</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus'' <small>Harlan, 1826</small> * ''Testudo californica'' <small>Gray, 1831</small> * ''Testudo planiceps'' <small>Gray, 1854</small> * ''Testudo galapagoensis'' <small>Baur, 1889</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus elephantopus'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus galapagoensis'' <small>Wermuth & Mertens, 1955</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus elephantopus'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus elephantopus'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus'' <small>Ernst & Barbour, 1989</small> * ''Geochelone nigra'' <small>King & Burke, 1989</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra'' <small>David, 1994</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra galapagoensis'' <small>David, 1994</small> * ''Chelonoidis niger'' <small>Olson & David, 2014</small> }} '''Baning Floreana''' ( '''Chelonoidis niger niger''' ), juga dikenal sebagai baning pulau Charles , adalah subspesies [[baning Galápagos]] yang telah punah dan endemik di kepulauan Galápagos di Samudera Pasifik timur khatulistiwa . Julukan khusus niger ('hitam') mungkin mengacu pada pewarnaan spesimen holotipe . Nama spesies sering salah dieja sebagai nigra , sebuah kesalahan yang terjadi pada tahun 1980-an ketika Chelonoidis diangkat ke genus dan secara keliru dianggap sebagai feminin, sebuah kesalahan yang dikenali dan diperbaiki pada tahun 2017. ==Referensi== {{reflist}} <!--==Lihat pula== ''Lihat: [[Spesies kura-kura galápagos]]'' * {{extinct}}''[[Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii\|C. abingdonii]]''<br><small>([[Albert Günther\|Günther]], 1877)<ref name="Gunther 1877 85">{{Harvnb\|Günther\|1877\|p=85}}</ref></small> * ''C. becki''<br><small>([[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild\|Rothschild]], 1901)<ref name='R1901'>{{cite journal \|last=Rothschild \|first=Walter \|authorlink=Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild \|year=1901 \|title=On a new land-tortoise from the Galapagos Islands \|journal= Novitates Zoologicae \|volume=8 \|page=372 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3268176 \|accessdate=2012-01-11 }}</ref></small> * ''C. chathamensis''<br><small>([[John Van Denburgh\|Van Denburgh]], 1907)<ref name='VD1907'>{{cite journal\|last=Van Denburgh\|first =John\|authorlink=John Van Denburgh \|year=1907\|title=Preliminary descriptions of four new races of gigantic land tortoises from the Galapagos Islands\|journal= Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4\|volume= 1\|pages=1–6 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31599075 \|accessdate=2012-01-12}}</ref></small> * ''C. darwini''<br><small>(Van Denburgh, 1907)<ref name='VD1907'/></small> * ''C. duncanensis''<br><small>([[Samuel Garman\|Garman]], 1917)<ref name='Garman'>{{cite journal\|last=Garman\|first=Samuel\|authorlink= Samuel Garman\|year=1917\| title=The Galapagos tortoises\|journal= Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College\|volume=30\|issue= 4\|pages=261–296}}</ref></small> * ''C. hoodensis''<br><small>(Van Denburgh, 1907)<ref name='VD1907'/></small> * {{extinct}}''C. nigra''<br><small>(Quoy & Gaimard, 1824b)<ref name='Quoy b'/></small> * {{extinct}}''C. phantastica''<small><br>(Van Denburgh, 1907)<ref name='VD1907'/></small> * ''C. porteri''<br><small>(Rothschild, 1903)<ref name='R1903'>{{cite journal \|last=Rothschild \|first=Walter \|authorlink=Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild \|year=1903 \|title=Description of a new species of gigantic land tortoise from Indefatigable Island \|journal=Novitates Zoologicae \|volume=10 \|page=119 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15771201 \|accessdate=2012-01-11 }}</ref></small> * ''C. vicina''<br><small>(Günther, 1875)<ref name='G1875'/></small> {{hidden end}} \| synonyms = {{hidden begin\|title=Sinonim spesies<ref name=Pritchard1996P49>{{Harvnb\|Pritchard\|1996\|p=49}}</ref>}} * ''Testudo californiana'' <small><br>[[Jean René Constant Quoy\|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard\|Gaimard]], 1824a<ref name='1824a'>{{cite journal\|last=Quoy\|first= J.R.C. \|author2=Gaimard, J.P. \|year=1824\|title=Description d'une nouvelle espèce de tortue et de trois espèces nouvelles de scinques\|journal= Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Géologie\|volume= 1\|location= Paris\|pages= 90–91\|language=French}}</ref> (''nomen oblitum'')</small> * ''Testudo nigra'' <small><br>[[Jean René Constant Quoy\|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard\|Gaimard]], 1824b<ref name='Quoy b'/> (''nomen novum'')</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus'' <small><br>[[Richard Harlan\|Harlan]], 1827<ref name='Harlan'>{{cite journal\|last=Harlan\|first=Richard\|authorlink=Richard Harlan\|year=1827 \|title=Description of a land tortoise, from the Galápagos Islands, commonly known as the "Elephant Tortoise" \|journal=Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia \|volume=5\|pages=284–292 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24657342 \|accessdate=2012-01-11}}</ref> (''nomen dubium'')</small> * ''Testudo nigrita'' <small><br>[[André Marie Constant Duméril\|Duméril]] dan [[Gabriel Bibron\|Bibron]], 1834<ref name='DB1834'/> (''nomen dubium'')</small> * ''Testudo planiceps'' <small><br>[[John Edward Gray\|Gray]], 1853<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Gray \|first=John Edward \|authorlink=John Edward Gray \|year=1853 \|title=Description of a new species of tortoise (''Testudo planiceps''), from the Galapagos Islands \|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London \|volume=21 \|issue=1 \|pages=12–13 \|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1853.tb07165.x \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30747129 \|accessdate=2012-01-11 }}</ref> (''nomen dubium'')</small> * ''Testudo clivosa'' <small><br>[[Samuel Garman\|Garman]], 1917<ref name='Garman'/> (''nomen dubium'')</small> * ''Testudo typica'' <small><br>[[Samuel Garman\|Garman]], 1917<ref name='Garman'/> (''nomen dubium'')</small> * ''Testudo (Chelonoidis) elephantopus'' <small><br>Williams, 1952<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Williams\|first=Ernest E.\|author2=Anthony, Harold Elmer \|author3=Goodwin, George Gilbert \|year=1952 \|title=A new fossil tortoise from Mona Island West Indies and a tentative arrangement of the tortoises of the world \|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History \|volume=99 \|issue=9 \|pages=541–560 \|hdl=2246/418}}</ref></small> * ''Geochelone (Chelonoidis) elephantopus'' <small><br>[[Peter Pritchard\|Pritchard]], 1967<ref name='P1967'>{{cite book \|last=Pritchard \|first=Peter Charles Howard \|authorlink=Peter Pritchard \|year=1967 \|title=Living turtles of the world \|publisher=TFH Publications \|location=New Jersey \|page=156}}</ref></small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus'' <small><br>Bour, 1980<ref name='B1980'>{{cite journal \|last=Bour \|first= R. \|year=1980 \|title=Essai sur la taxinomie des Testudinidae actuels (Reptilia, Chelonii) \|language=French \|journal=[[Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle]] \|location=Paris \|volume=4 \|issue=2 \|page=546 }}</ref></small> {{hidden end}} {{hidden begin\|title=Sinonim subspesies (rangkuman)<ref name='R2010'/>}} ''C. n. nigra'' ([[Subspesies\|Subspesies nominat]]) * ''Testudo californiana'' <small><br>[[Jean René Constant Quoy\|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard\|Gaimard]], 1824a<ref name='1824a'/> (''nomen oblitum'')</small> * ''Testudo nigra'' <small><br>[[Jean René Constant\|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard\|Gaimard]], 1824b<ref name='Quoy b'/> (''nomen novum'')</small> * ''Testudo galapagoensis'' <small><br>[[Georg Baur (paleontologist)\|Baur]] 1889<ref name='B1889'/></small> ''C. n. abingdoni'' * ''Testudo ephippium''<br /><small>[[Albert Günther\|Günther]], 1875<ref name='G1875'/> (partim, misidentified type specimen once erroneously attributed to what is now ''C. n. duncanensis'')</small> * ''Testudo abingdoni''<small><br>[[Albert Günther\|Günther]], 1877<ref name="Gunther 1877 85"/></small> ''C. n. becki'' * ''Testudo becki''<small><br>[[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild\|Rothschild]], 1901<ref name='R1901'/></small> ''C. n. chathamensis'' * ''Testudo wallacei''<small><br/>[[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild\|Rothschild]] 1902<ref name='R1902'>{{cite journal \|last=Rothschild \|first=Walter \|authorlink=Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild \|year=1902 \|title=Description of a new species of gigantic land tortoise from the Galápagos Islands \|journal=Novitates Zoologicae\|volume=9\|page=619 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3269130 \|accessdate=2012-01-11 }}</ref> (''partim'', ''nomen dubium'')</small> * ''Testudo chathamensis''<small><br>[[John Van Denburgh\|Van Denburgh]], 1907<ref name='VD1907'/></small> ''C. n. darwini'' * ''Testudo wallacei''<small><br/>[[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild\|Rothschild]] 1902<ref name='R1902'/> (''partim'', ''nomen dubium'')</small> * ''Testudo darwini''<small><br>[[John Van Denburgh\|Van Denburgh]], 1907<ref name='VD1907'/></small> ''C. n. duncanensis'' * ''Testudo ephippium''<br /><small>[[Albert Günther\|Günther]], 1875<ref name='G1875'/> (''partim'', misidentified type)</small> * ''Geochelone nigra duncanensis''<small><br>[[Samuel Garman\|Garman]], 1917<ref name='Garman'/> in [[Peter Pritchard\|Pritchard]], 1996<ref name=Pritchard1996P49/>(''nomen nudum'')</small> ''C. n. hoodensis'' * ''Testudo hoodensis''<small><br>[[John Van Denburgh\|Van Denburgh]], 1907<ref name='VD1907'/></small> ''C. n. phantastica'' * ''Testudo phantasticus''<small><br>[[John Van Denburgh\|Van Denburgh]], 1907<ref name='VD1907'/></small> ''C. n. porteri'' * ''Testudo nigrita'' <small><br>[[André Marie Constant Duméril\|Duméril]] dan [[Gabriel Bibron\|Bibron]], 1834<ref name='DB1834'/> (''nomen dubium'')</small> * ''Testudo porteri''<small><br>[[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild\|Rothschild]], 1903<ref name='R1903'/></small> ''C. n. vicina'' * ''Testudo microphyes''<br /><small>[[Albert Günther\|Günther]], 1875<ref name='G1875'>{{cite journal \|last=Günther\|first=Albert\|authorlink=Albert Günther\|year=1875\|title=Description of the living and extinct races of gigantic land-tortoises. parts I. and II. introduction, and the tortoises of the Galapagos Islands\|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]]\|volume=165\|pages=251–284 \|bibcode=1875RSPT..165..251G \|doi=10.1098/rstl.1875.0007 \|jstor=109147}}</ref></small> * ''Testudo vicina''<small><br>[[Albert Günther\|Günther]], 1875<ref name='G1875'/></small> * ''Testudo güntheri''<br><small>[[Georg Baur (paleontologist)\|Baur]], 1889<ref name='B1889'>{{cite journal\|url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Articles/Baur_1889b.pdf \|last=Baur\|first=G.\|year=1889 \|title=The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands \|journal=The American Naturalist\|volume=23\|issue=276\|pages=1039–1057\|format=PDF\|doi=10.1086/275045 \|accessdate=2012-01-11}}</ref></small> * ''Testudo macrophyes''<br /><small>[[Samuel Garman\|Garman]], 1917<ref name='Garman'/></small> * ''Testudo vandenburghi''<small><br>De Sola, R. 1930<ref name='DS1930'>{{cite journal\|last=DeSola\|first=Ralph\|year=1930\|title=The liebespiel of ''Testudo vandenburghi'', a new name for the mid-Albemarle Island Galápagos tortoise\|journal=Copeia\|volume=1930\|issue=3\|pages=79–80\|jstor=1437060\|doi=10.2307/1437060}}</ref> (''nomen nudum'')</small> {{hidden end}} {{Hidden begin\|title=Sinonim subspesies (lengkap)<ref name='Fritz 2007'/>}} ; [[Chelonoidis nigra nigra]] * ''Testudo nigra'' <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1824</small> * ''Testudo californiana'' <small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1824</small> * ''Testudo galapagoensis'' <small>Baur, 1889</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus galapagoensis'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus galapagoensis'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Chelonoidis galapagoensis'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra'' <small>Bour, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus galapagoensis'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Geochelone nigra'' <small>Pritchard, 1986</small> * ''Geochelone nigra nigra'' <small>Stubbs, 1989</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra galapagoensis'' <small>David, 1994</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra nigra'' <small>David, 1994</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus nigra'' <small>Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996</small> * ''Testudo california'' <small>Paull, 1998</small> ''([[ex errore]])'' * ''Testudo californianana'' <small>Paull, 1999</small> ''(ex errore)'' ; [[Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii]] * ''Testudo ephippium'' <small>Günther, 1875</small> * ''Testudo abingdonii'' <small>Günther, 1877</small> * ''Testudo abingdoni'' <small>Van Denburgh, 1914</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Testudo elephantopus abingdonii'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus ephippium'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Geochelone abingdonii'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus abingdoni'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus ephippium'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone ephippium'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Chelonoidis abingdonii'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Chelonoidis ephippium'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus abingdonii'' <small>Groombridge, 1982</small> * ''Geochelone abingdoni'' <small>Fritts, 1983</small> * ''Geochelone epphipium'' <small>Fritts, 1983</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis nigra ephippium'' <small>Pritchard, 1984</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus abingdoni'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus ephippium'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Geochelone nigra abingdoni'' <small>Stubbs, 1989</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii'' <small>David, 1994</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus abingdonii'' <small>Rogner, 1996</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii'' <small>Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra abdingdonii'' <small>Obst, 1996</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone abdingdonii'' <small>Obst, 1996</small> * ''Geochelone nigra abdingdoni'' <small>Obst, 1996</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone nigra ephyppium'' <small>Caccone, Gibbs, Ketmaier, Suatoni & Powell, 1999</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis nigra ahingdonii'' <small>Artner, 2003</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis abingdoni'' <small>Joseph-Ouni, 2004</small> ; [[Chelonoidis nigra becki]] * ''Testudo becki'' <small>Rothschild, 1901</small> * ''Testudo bedsi'' <small>Heller, 1903</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone becki'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus becki'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Chelonoidis becki'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus becki'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra beckii'' <small>David, 1994</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus beckii'' <small>Rogner, 1996</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra becki'' <small>Obst, 1996</small> ; [[Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis]] * ''Testudo wallacei'' <small>Rothschild, 1902</small> * ''Testudo chathamensis'' <small>Van Denburgh, 1907</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus chathamensis'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus wallacei'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Testudo chatamensis'' <small>Slevin & Leviton, 1956</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone chathamensis'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus chathamensis'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus wallacei'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone wallacei'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Chelonoidis chathamensis'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus chathamensis'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus wallacei'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus chatamensis'' <small>Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis'' <small>David, 1994</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra wallacei'' <small>Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996</small> * ''Geochelone cathamensis'' <small>Obst, 1996</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone elephantopus chatamensis'' <small>Paull, 1996</small> * ''Testudo chathamensis chathamensis'' <small>Pritchard, 1998</small> * ''Cherlonoidis nigra wallacei'' <small>Wilms, 1999</small> * ''Geochelone nigra chatamensis'' <small>Caccone, Gibbs, Ketmaier, Suatoni & Powell, 1999</small> * ''Geochelone nigra wallacei'' <small>Chambers, 2004</small> [[Chelonoidis nigra darwini]] * ''Testudo wallacei'' <small>Rothschild, 1902</small> * ''Testudo darwini'' <small>Van Denburgh, 1907</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus darwini'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus wallacei'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Geochelone darwini'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus darwini'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus wallacei'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone wallacei'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Chelonoidis darwini'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus darwini'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus wallacei'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra darwinii'' <small>David, 1994</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus darwinii'' <small>Rogner, 1996</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra darwini'' <small>Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra wallacei'' <small>Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996</small> * ''Cherlonoidis nigra wallacei'' <small>Wilms, 1999</small> * ''Geochelone nigra darwinii'' <small>Ferri, 2002</small> * ''Geochelone nigra wallacei'' <small>Chambers, 2004</small> ; [[Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis]] * ''Testudo duncanensis'' <small>Garman, 1917</small> ''([[nomen nudum]])'' * ''Geochelone nigra duncanensis'' <small>Stubbs, 1989</small> * ''Geochelone nigra duncanensis'' <small>Garman, 1996</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis'' <small>Artner, 2003</small> * ''Chelonoidis duncanensis'' <small>Joseph-Ouni, 2004</small> ; [[Chelonoidis nigra hoodensis]] * ''Testudo hoodensis'' <small>Van Denburgh, 1907</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus hoodensis'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus hoodensis'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone hoodensis'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Chelonoidis hoodensis'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus hoodensis'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra hoodensis'' <small>David, 1994</small> ; [[Chelonoidis nigra phantastica]] * ''Testudo phantasticus'' <small>Van Denburgh, 1907</small> * ''Testudo phantastica'' <small>Siebenrock, 1909</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus phantastica'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus phantastica'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone phantastica'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Chelonoidis phantastica'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Geochelone phantasticus'' <small>Crumly, 1984</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus phantastica'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra phantastica'' <small>David, 1994</small> ; [[Chelonoidis nigra porteri]] * ''Testudo nigrita'' <small>Duméril & Bibron, 1835</small> * ''Testudo porteri'' <small>Rothschild, 1903</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus nigrita'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus porteri'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone nigrita'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigrita'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus nigrita'' <small>Honegger, 1980</small> * ''Geochelone porteri'' <small>Fritts, 1983</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus nigrita'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Geochelone nigra porteri'' <small>Stubbs, 1989</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus porteri'' <small>Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra nigrita'' <small>David, 1994</small> * ''Geochelone nigra perteri'' <small>Müller & Schmidt, 1995</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis nigra porteri'' <small>Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996</small> ; [[Chelonoidis nigra vicina]] * ''Testudo elephantopus'' <small>Harlan, 1827</small> * ''Testudo microphyes'' <small>Günther, 1875</small> * ''Testudo vicina'' <small>Günther, 1875</small> * ''Testudo macrophyes'' <small>Garman, 1917</small> * ''Testudo vandenburghi de'' <small>Sola, 1930</small> * ''Testudo elephantopus elephantopus'' <small>Mertens & Wermuth, 1955</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus'' <small>Williams, 1960</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus elephantopus'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus guentheri'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus guntheri'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone elephantopus microphyes'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus vandenburgi'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone guntheri'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone microphyes'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone vandenburghi'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone vicina'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus microphys'' <small>Arnold, 1979</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone elephantopus vandenburghi'' <small>Pritchard, 1979</small> * ''Chelonoides elephantopus'' <small>Obst, 1980</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Chelonoidis guentheri'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Chelonoidis microphyes'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Chelonoidis vandenburghi'' <small>Bour, 1980</small> * ''Geochelone guentheri'' <small>Fritts, 1983</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus elephantopus'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus guentheri'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus microphyes'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus vandenburghi'' <small>Obst, 1985</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus vicina'' <small>Swingland, 1989</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus vicini'' <small>Swingland, 1989</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus guntheri'' <small>Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra guentheri'' <small>David, 1994</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra microphyes'' <small>David, 1994</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra vandenburghi'' <small>David, 1994</small> * ''Geochelone nigra elephantopus'' <small>Müller & Schmidt, 1995</small> * ''Chelonoidis elephantopus vicina'' <small>Rogner, 1996</small> * ''Geochelone elephantopus vandenburghii'' <small>Obst, 1996</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone vandenburghii'' <small>Obst, 1996</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra microphyies'' <small>Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone elephantopus microphytes'' <small>Paull, 1996</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Geochelone elephantopus vandenbergi'' <small>Paull, 1996</small> ''(ex errore)'' * ''Testudo elephantopus guntheri'' <small>Paull, 1999</small> * ''Chelonoidis nigra vicina'' <small>Artner, 2003</small> * ''Chelonoidis vicina'' <small>Joseph-Ouni, 2004</small> * ''Geochelone nigra guentheri'' <small>Chambers, 2004</small> \| synonyms_ref=<ref name="Fritz 2007">{{Cite journal\|journal=Vertebrate Zoology \|title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World \|year=2007 \|author=Fritz Uwe \|author2=Peter Havaš \|volume=57 \|issue=2 \|pages=271–276 \|issn=1864-5755 \|url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf \|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5v20ztMND?url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf \|archivedate=17 December 2010 \|accessdate=29 May 2012 \|deadurl=yes \|df=dmy }}</ref> {{Hidden end}} }}--> Kura-kura Galapagos adalah hewan asli di tujuh [[Kepulauan Galápagos\|Kepulauan Galapagos]], suatu [[kepulauan]] vulkanik sekitar {{Convert\|1000\|km\|mi\|-1\|abbr=on}} di sebelah barat daratan Ekuador. Dengan usia harapan hidup di alam liar lebih dari 100 tahun, ini adalah salah satu [[vertebrata]] yang paling lama masa hidupnya. Individu yang tertangkap hidup setidaknya 170 tahun. Para penjelajah Spanyol, yang menemukan kepulauan ini pada abad ke-16, menamai mereka setelah dengan ''galápago'', bahasa Spanyol yang berarti "kura-kura".<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.galapagos.to/TEXTS/GALAPAGO.HTM\|title=On the Origin of <s>Species</s> 'Galápago'\|last=Woram\|first=John\|date=n.d.\|website=Las Encantadas: Human and Cartographic History of the Galápagos Islands\|publisher=Rockville Press, Inc.\|access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref> Ukuran dan bentuk [[tempurung]] bervariasi antara populasi. Di pulau-pulau dengan dataran tinggi yang lembab, kura-kura lebih besar, dengan tempuruh berbentuk kubah dan leher pendek; di pulau-pulau dengan dataran rendah kering, kura-kura yang lebih kecil, dengan tempurung "saddleback" dan leher yang panjang. Pengamatan [[Charles Darwin]] atas perbedaan-perbedaan ini pada pelayaran ''Beagle'' ke dua pada tahun 1835, memberikan kontribusi terhadap [[Evolusi\|perkembangan teori evolusinya]]. Populasi kura-kura ini menurun dari semula lebih dari 250.000 di abad ke-16 menjadi sangat kecil sekitar 3.000 di tahun 1970-an. Penurunan ini disebabkan oleh [[Overeksploitasi\|eksploitasi berlebihan]] dari spesies untuk daging dan minyak, [[Pengrusakan habitat\|diizinkannya habitat]] untuk pertanian, dan pengenalan hewan-hewan non-pribumi ke kepulauan, seperti tikus, kambing, dan babi. Kepunahan kebanyakan keturunan kura-kura raksasa ini diduga juga disebabkan oleh pemangsaan oleh manusia atau nenek moyang manusia, karena kura-kura sendiri tidak memiliki predator alami. Populasi kura-kura pada setidaknya tiga pulau yang telah punah di zaman sejarah karena kegiatan manusia. Spesimen dari taksa yang punah ini ada di beberapa museum, dan juga menjadi sasaran analisis DNA. Sepuluh spesies dari semula 15 bertahan hidup di alam liar; spesies ke-11 (''[[Kura-kura pulau pinta\|Chelonoidis abingdonii]]'') hanya punya satu ekor yang diketahui hidup, disimpan di penangkaran dan dijuluki George Lonesome sampai kematiannya pada bulan Juni 2012. Upaya-upaya konservasi, dimulai pada abad ke-20, telah menghasilkan ribuan remaja yang dibiakkan di penangkaran yang telah dilepas ke kepulauan rumah leluhur mereka, dan jumlah total spesies ini diperkirakan telah melebihi 19,000 pada awal abad ke-21. Walaupun ada kebangkitan kembali ini, spesies secara keseluruhan adalah diklasifikasikan sebagai "rentan" oleh [[Uni Internasional untuk Konservasi Alam\|Serikat Internasional untuk Konservasi Alam]]. ~~== Taksonomi ==~~ ~~=== Klasifikasi awal ===~~ Kepulauan Galapagos ditemukan pada tahun 1535, tapi pertama kali muncul di peta, dari [[Gerardus Mercator]] dan Abraham Ortelius, sekitar tahun 1570.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Galápagos: the islands that changed the world\|last=Stewart\|first=P.D.\|publisher=Yale University Press\|year=2006\|isbn=978-0-300-12230-5\|location=New Haven\|page=43}}</ref> Kepulauan itu dinamai "Insulae de los Galopegos" (Pulau Kura-kura) mengacu kepada kura-kura raksasa yang ditemukan di sana.<ref name="Pritchard1996P17">{{Harvard citation no brackets}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|title=Galápagos, a natural history\|last=Jackson\|first=Michael Hume\|publisher=University of Calgary Press\|year=1993\|isbn=1-895176-07-7\|location=Calgary\|page=1}}</ref><ref group="nb">The first navigation chart showing the individual islands was drawn up by the pirate [//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Ambrose_Cowley Ambrose Cowley] in 1684. He named them after fellow pirates or English noblemen. More recently, the Ecuadorian government gave most of the islands Spanish names. While the Spanish names are official, many researchers continue to use the older English names, particularly as those were the names used when Darwin visited. This article uses the Spanish island names.</ref> Awalnya, kura-kura raksasa dari Samudra Hindia dan yang dari Galapagos dianggap spesies yang sama. Naturalis berpikir bahwa para pelaut telah mengangkut kura-kura ke sana.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets}}</ref> Pada tahun 1676, otoritas pra-Linnaeus Claude Perrault mengacu ke kedua spesies sebagai ''Tortue des Indes''.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Perrault\|first=Claude\|author-link=Claude Perrault\|year=1676\|title=Suite des memoires pour servir a l'histoire naturelle des animaux\|language=French\|location=Paris\|publisher=Académie de Sciences\|pages=92–205}}CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language\|link]]) </ref> Pada tahun 1783, Johann Gottlob Schneider mengklasifikasikan semua kura-kura raksasa sebagai ''Testudo indica'' ("India kura-kura").<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wl5HAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA355\|title=Allgemeine Naturgeschischte der Schildkröten nebs einem systematischen Verzeichnisse der einzelnen Arten und zwey Kupfen\|last=Schneider\|first=Johann Gottlob\|year=1783\|location=Leipzig\|pages=355–356\|language=German\|author-link=Johann Gottlob Schneider\|access-date=2012-01-11}}CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language\|link]]) </ref> Pada tahun 1812, August Friedrich Schweigger menamai mereka ''Testudo gigantea'' ("kura-kura raksasa").<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Schweigger\|first=August Friedrich\|author-link=August Friedrich Schweigger\|year=1812\|title=Prodromi monographiae chelonorum sectio prima\|journal=Archivfur Naturwissenschaft und Mathematik\|language=Latin\|location=Köningsberg\|volume=1\|pages=271–368; 406–462}}</ref> Pada tahun 1834, [[André Marie Constant Duméril]] dan Gabriel Bibron mengklasifikasikan kura-kura Galapagos sebagai spesies yang terpisah, yang mereka namakan ''Testudo nigrita'' ("kura-kura hitam").<ref name="DB1834">{{Cite journal\|last=Duméril\|first=André Marie Constant\|author-link=André Marie Constant Duméril\|last2=Bibron, Gabriel\|author-link2=Gabriel Bibron\|year=1834\|title=Erpétologie générale; ou, histoire naturelle complète des reptiles\|url=https://archive.org/details/erptologiegnral00bibrgoog\|language=French\|location=France\|publisher=Librarie Encyclopédique de Roret}}CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language\|link]]) ~~</ref>~~ [[Berkas:RothschildTortoise.png\|al=Black and white photograph of Walter Rothschild straddling an adult Galápagos tortoise: Rothschild is a Victorian gentleman sporting a beard and top hat.\|jmpl\|Walter Rothschild, pembuat katalog dari dua spesies kura-kura Galápagos]] ~~== Catatan ==~~ ~~{{Reflist\|group="nb"}}~~ ~~== Referensi ==~~ ~~{{Reflist\|30em}}~~ ~~{{Commonscat\|Geochelone nigra}}~~ ~~[[Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language]]~~ ~~[[Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language]]~~ ~~[[Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language]]~~ [[Kategori:Spesies yang telah punah]] [[Kategori:Kura-kura]] [[Kategori:Kepulauan Galápagos]] [[Kategori:Fauna Ekuador]]