Makuria: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Pada akhir abad ke-6, kerajaan ini menjadi kerajaan Kristen, tetapi pada abad ke-7 Mesir ditaklukan oleh pasukan [[Muslim]], sehingga wilayah Nubia terpisah dari kerajaan-kerajaan Kristen lainnya. Pada tahun 651, pasukan [[Arab]] menyerbu kerajaan ini, tetapi pasukan Makuria berhasil mengusir mereka, sehingga ditandatanganilah sebuah perjanjian yang memelihara perdamaian hingga abad ke-13. Makuria memperluas wilayahnya dengan menaklukkan wilayah tetangganya di utara, [[Nobatia]]. Penaklukan ini dimulai setelah [[penaklukan Mesir oleh Sassaniyah]] dan baru diselesaikan pada masa kekuasaan Raja [[Merkurios]]. Negara ini juga membina hubungan dinasti yang erat dengan [[Alodia]].

 

== Daftar pustaka ==

* {{cite book |last=Adams |first=William Y. |title=Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam |chapter=The United Kingdom of Makouria and Nobadia: A Medieval Nubian Anomaly |editor=W.V. Davies |date=1991 |location=London |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=978-0-7141-0962-6 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book| last=al-Suriany |first=Bigoul |year=2013 |chapter=Identification of the Monastery of the Nubians in Wadi al-Natrun |title=Christianity and Monasticism in Aswan and Nubia |publisher=Saint Mark Foundation |pages=257–264 |editors=Gawdat Gabra, Hany N. Takla |isbn=9774167643 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Beckingham |first=C.F. |last2=Huntingford |first2=G.W.B. |year=1961 |title=The Prester John of the Indies |location=Cambridge |publisher=Hakluyt Society |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Godlewski |first=Wlodzimierz |chapter=The Birth of Nubian Art: Some Remarks |title=Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam |editor=W.V. Davies |location=London |publisher=British Museum |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-7141-0962-6 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Hesse |first=Gerhard |title=Die Jallaba und die Nuba Nordkordofans. Händler, Soziale Distinktion und Sudanisierung |year=2002 |publisher=Lit |isbn=3825858901 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Jakobielski |first=S |year=1992 |chapter=Christian Nubia at the Height of its Civilization |title=UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume III |publisher=University of California |isbn=978-0-520-06698-4 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Lajtar |first=Adam |chapter=Qasr Ibrim's last land sale, AD 1463 (EA 90225) |title=Nubian Voices. Studies in Christian Nubian Culture |year=2011 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5857688/Qasr_Ibrim_s_last_land_sale_AD_1463_EA_90225_ |ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal |last=Martens-Czarnecka |first=Malgorzata |year=2015 |title=The Christian Nubia and the Arabs |url=http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.hdl_11089_18404 |journal=Studia Ceranea |volume=5 |pages=249–265 |issn=2084-140X |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Michalowski |first=K. |year=1990 |chapter=The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia |title=UNESCO General History of Africa'', Volume II |publisher=University of California |isbn=978-0-520-06697-7 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Ochala |first=Grzegorz |title=Nubian Voices. Studies in Christian Nubian Culture |chapter=A King of Makuria in Kordofan |year=2011 |editor=Adam Lajtar, Jacques van der Vliet |pp=149–156 |publisher=Journal of Juristic Papyrology |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last1=O'Fahey |first1=R. S. |first2=Jay |last2=Spaulding |title=Kingdoms of Sudan |year=1974 |publisher=Methuen Young Books |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Ruffini|first=Giovanni R. |year=2012 |title=Medieval Nubia. A Social and Economic History |publisher=Oxford University |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Shinnie |first=P.L. |title=The Cambridge History of Africa. Volume 2 |chapter=Christian Nubia. |editor=J.D. Fage |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University |year=1978 |pages=556–588 |isbn=978-0-521-21592-3 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal |last=Shinnie |first=P.L. |title=New Light on Medieval Nubia |journal=Journal of African History |volume=VI, 3 |year=1965 |ref=harv}}

<!--*Vantini 2017 "Dotawo" in "African Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations"-->

* {{cite book |last=Vantini |first=Giovanni |title=The Excavations at Faras |year=1970 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Werner |first=Roland |year=2013 |title=Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche |publisher=Lit |ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal |last=Zabkar |first=Louis |title=The Eparch of Nobatia as King |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |year=1963 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Zurawski |first=Bogdan |title=Kings and Pilgrims. St. Raphael Church II at Banganarti, mid-eleventh to mid-eighteenth century |year=2014 |publisher=IKSiO |isbn=978-83-7543-371-5 |ref=harv}}

 

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