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{{Irak infobox}}
'''Irak''',{{Efn|{{lang-ar|الْعِرَاق|translit=al-ʿIrāq}}; {{lang-ku|عێراق|translit=Êraq}}, {{lang-arc|ܥܝܪܐܩ}}}} dengan nama resmi '''Republik Irak''',{{Efn|{{lang-ar|جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق}} ''{{transliteration|ar|{{Audio|Ar-Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq.oga|Jumhūrīyat al-ʿIrāq|help=no}}}}''; {{lang-ku|کۆماری عێراق|translit=Komarî Êraq}}}} adalah sebuah negara di Timur Tengah atau Asia Barat Daya, yang meliputi sebagian terbesar daerah [[Mesopotamia]] serta ujung barat laut dari [[Pegunungan Zagros]] dan bagian timur dari [[Gurun Suriah]]. Negara ini berbatasan dengan [[Kuwait]] dan [[Arab Saudi]] di selatan, [[Yordania]] di barat, [[Suriah]] di barat laut, [[Türkiye]] di utara, dan [[Iran]] di timur. Irak mempunyai bagian yang sangat sempit dari garis pantai di [[Umm Qashr]] di [[Teluk Persia]].
Irak mempunyai sejarah yang kaya. Kini Irak termasuk [[negara berkembang]] di tengah-tengah [[Perang saudara Irak|perang saudara]].
==
Ada beberapa pendapat tentang asal
Di bawah [[
== Sejarah ==
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=== Sejarah kuno ===
{{main|Sumeria}}
[[Berkas:Milkau Oberer Teil der Stele mit dem Text von Hammurapis Gesetzescode 369-2.jpg|
Secara historis Irak dikenal sebagai [[Mesopotamia]], yang secara harafiah berarti "di antara
Pada [[abad ke-6 SM]], wilayah ini menjadi bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Persia]] di bawah [[Koresy Agung]] selama hampir 4 abad, sebelum ditaklukkan oleh [[Alexander Agung]] dan tetap berada di bawah kekuasaan [[
Di awal [[abad ke-7]], [[Islam]] menyebar ke daerah yang sekarang bernama Irak. Sepupu sekaligus menantu [[Nabi Muhammad]], yaitu [[Ali bin Abi Thalib]] memindahkan
[[Baghdad]],
===
{{utama|Kesultanan
Pada tahun 1258, Baghdad dihancurkan oleh [[bangsa Mongol]].
<!--
====World War One====
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===British Mandate of Mesopotamia===
{{Main|British Mandate of Mesopotamia}}
At the end of World War I, the [[League of Nations]] granted the area to the United Kingdom as a [[League of Nations Mandate|mandate]]. It was formed out of three former [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ''[[vilayet]]s'' (regions): [[Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire|Mosul]], [[Baghdad Province, Ottoman Empire|Baghdad]], and [[Basra Province, Ottoman Empire|Basra]].
For three out of four centuries of [[Ottomans|Ottoman]] rule, the vilayets of Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra were administered from Baghdad. During the [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia|British mandate]], the country was ruled by British colonial administrators who used the British armed forces to put down rebellions against the government. They selected the [[Hashemite]] king, Faisal, who had been forced out of [[Syria]] by the French, to be their client ruler.Also, the government and ministries' officers were likewise appointed by the British authorities.They were selected according to belonging to the Sunni Arab elite in the region<ref>Tripp,Charles:''A History of Iraq'',Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000</ref>.
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===Republic of Iraq===
The reinstalled [[Hashemite]] monarchy lasted until 1958, when it was overthrown through a [[coup d'etat]] by the [[Iraqi Army]], known as the [[14 July Revolution]]. The coup brought [[Brigadier General]] [[Abdul Karim Qassim]] to power. He withdrew from the [[Baghdad Pact]] and established friendly relations with the [[Soviet Union]] but his government lasted only until 1963, when it was overthrown by [[Colonel]] [[Abdul Salam Arif]]. Salam Arif died in 1966 and his brother, [[Abdul Rahman Arif]], assumed the presidency. In 1968, Rahman Arif was overthrown by the Arab Socialist [[Baath Party]]. This movement gradually came under the control of [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam Hussein al-Majid al Tikriti]] who acceded to the presidency and control of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), then Iraq's supreme executive body, in July 1979, killing off many of his opponents in the process. Many feel that all or at least some of these changes in the government beginning in [[1958]] were at least partially orchestrated by Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] as part of his goal to draw Iraq into the [[United Arab Republic]].
====Saddam Hussein====
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{{main|Iraq War}}
Iraq was [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded]] in March 2003 by a United States-organized coalition with the stated reasons that Iraq had not abandoned its nuclear and chemical weapons development program according to [[United Nations]] '''resolution 687'''. When Iraq invaded Kuwait, United Nations Security Council, under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, adopted '''resolution 678, authorizing armed action against Iraq'''. Resolution 678 contained vague language authorizing U.N. member states to use "all necessary means" to "restore international peace and security in the area." After Iraq was expelled from Kuwait, the United Nations passed a cease-fire resolution 687. The agreement included provisions obligating Iraq to discontinue its nuclear weapons program. United States asserted that because Iraq was in "material breach" of resolution 687, the armed forces authorization of resolution 678 was revived.
[[
The public justifications given for invasion included purported Iraqi government links to [[Al Qaeda]], claims that Iraq had [[weapons of mass destruction]], the opportunity to remove an oppressive dictator from power, and the bringing of democracy to Iraq.In his State of Union Address on January 29, 2002, the American President George W. Bush declares Iraq as being a member of the "axis of evil".Like North Korea and Iran, Iraq's attempt to aquire weapons of mass destruction gave credentials to claim that the Iraqi government causes a serious threat to America's national security."Iraq continues to flaunt its hostilities toward America and to support terror.The Iraqi regime has plotted to develop anthrax, and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for over a decade...This is a regime that agreed to international inspections--then kicked out inspectors.This a regime that has something to hide from the civilized world...By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes[Iran,Iraq and Norht Korea] pose a grave and growig danger.They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred."<ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html,The President State of Union Address, January 29,2002,Washington,D.C.</ref>
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The Iraqi diaspora is the dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries. There have been many large-scale waves of emigration from Iraq, beginning early in the regime of Saddam Hussein and continuing through 2007. The [[UN High Commission for Refugees]] has estimated that nearly two million Iraqis have fled the country in recent years, mostly to Jordan and Syria. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6286129.stm] Although some expatriates returned to Iraq after the 2003 invasion, the flow had virtually stopped by 2006. [http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/456320748.pdf]
-->
{{main|Geografi Irak}}
Irak terletak di antara garis lintang 29° dan 38° N, dan garis bujur 39° dan 49° E. Wilayahnya memiliki luas 437.072 km2 (168.754 sq mi), menjadikannya sebagai negara ke-58 terbesar di dunia. Luasnya sebanding dengan ukuran negara bagian AS [[California]], dan agak lebih besar dari [[Paraguay]].
Wilayah Irak sebagian besar terdiri dari padang pasir, namun di sekitar [[Sungai Eufrat]] dan [[Sungai Tigris|Tigris]] terdapat daratan aluvial yang subur. Bagian utara negara tersebut sebagian besar terdiri dari pegunungan; titik tertinggi negara ini berada di [[Gunung Cheekha Dar|Chekha Dar]] dengan ketinggian 3.611 m (11.847 ft). Irak memiliki garis pantai kecil berukuran 58 km (36 mil) di sepanjang [[Teluk Persia]]. Dekat dengan pantai dan sepanjang [[Shatt al-Arab]] (dikenal sebagai arvandrūd: اروندرود antara [[Iran]]) dahulu pernah ada rawa, tetapi banyak yang dikeringkan pada 1990-an.
=== Iklim ===
{{main|Iklim Irak}}
Sebagian besar wilayah Irak memiliki iklim yang kering dengan pengaruh subtropis. Suhu musim panas rata-rata di atas 40 °C (104 °F) di sebagian besar wilayah dan sering melebihi 48 °C (118,4 °F). Suhu musim dingin jarang melebihi 21 °C (69,8 °F) dengan suhu maksimal sekitar 15 sampai 19 °C (59,0-66,2 °F) dan pada waktu malam suhu antara 2 sampai 5 °C (35,6-41,0 °F). Biasanya curah hujan rendah; sebagian besar tempat memiliki curah hujan 250 mm (9,8 in) per tahun, dengan curah hujan maksimum terjadi selama bulan-bulan musim dingin. Hujan selama musim panas sangat jarang, kecuali di ujung utara negara itu. Daerah pegunungan utara memiliki musim dingin dengan salju dalam jumlah besar yang kadang-kadang menyebabkan banjir besar.
== Politik ==
[[Berkas:Iraq-CIA WFB Map.png|jmpl|ka|200px|Peta Irak]]
{{utama|Politik di Irak}}<!--
Iraq was under [[Baath Party]] rule from 1968 to 2003; in 1979 [[Saddam Hussein]] took control and remained president until 2003 after which he was unseated by a US-led [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invasion]].
On [[October 15]], [[2005]], more than 63% of eligible Iraqis came out across the country to vote on whether to accept or reject the new [[Constitution of Iraq|constitution]]. On October 25, the vote was certified and the constitution passed with a 78% overall majority, with the percentage of support varying widely between the country's territories.<ref>Wagner, Thomas, (October 25, 2005), [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677 <u>"Iraq's Constitution Adopted by Voters"<u>], ''ABC News'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> The new constitution had overwhelming backing among the Shia and Ķurdish communities, but was overwhelmingly rejected by Arab Sunnis. Three majority Arab Sunni provinces rejected it ([[Salah ad Din]] with 82% against, [[Ninawa]] with 55% against, and [[Al Anbar]] with 97% against).
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Iraqi politicians have been under significant threat by the various factions that have promoted violence as a political weapon. The ongoing violence in Iraq has been incited by an amalgam of religious extremists that believe an Islamic [[Caliphate]] should rule, old sectarian regime members that had ruled under Saddam that want back the power they had, and Iraqi nationalists that are fighting the U.S. military presence.
-->
{{utama|Kebijakan minoritas di Irak}}<!--
There are a number of ethnic minority groups in Iraq: [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Mandeans]], [[Iraqi Turkmen]], [[Shabak people|Shabaks]] and [[Roma people|Roma]]. These groups have not enjoyed equal status with the majority Arab populations throughout Iraq's eighty-five year history. Since the establishment of the "no-fly zones" following the [[Gulf War]] of 1990-1991, the situation of the Kurds has changed as they have established their own autonomous region. The remainder of these ethnic groups continue to suffer discrimination on religious or ethnic grounds.-->
=== Pembagian
{{
:''Lihat pula: [[Distrik di Irak]]''
Irak dibagi ke dalam 18 [[
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|
# [[Governorat Baghdad|Baghdad]]
# [[Governorat Salah ad Din|Salah ad Din]]
# [[Governorat Diyala|Diyala]]
# [[Governorat Wasit|Wasit]]
# [[Governorat Maysan|Maysan]]
# [[Governorat Basra|Al Basrah]]
# [[Governorat Dhi Qar|Dhi Qar]]
# [[Governorat Al Muthanna|Al Muthanna]]
# [[Governorat Al-Qādisiyyah|Al-Qādisiyyah]]
||
<ol start="10">
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<li>[[Governorat At-Ta'mim|At Ta'mim]] (Kirkuk)
<li>[[Governorat As Sulaymaniyah|As Sulaymaniyah]]
||[[Berkas:IraqNumberedRegions.png|200px|
|}
{{utama|Federalisme di Irak}}
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[[Konstitusi Irak]] yang baru mempersiapkan pembentukan sejumlah region dengan menggabungkan 1 governorat atau lebih. Sekarang baru ada 1 region - [[Kurdistan Irak]] - dan ada usulan agar lebih banyak lagi region yang dibentuk di selatan.
{{Meso Labelled Map|float=right}}
<!--
==Geography==
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At 168,743 sq.mi (437,072 km²), Iraq is the 58th-largest country in the world, after [[Morocco]]. It is comparable in size to the US state of [[California]], and somewhat larger than [[Paraguay]].
Large parts of Iraq consist of [[desert]], but the area between the two major rivers ([[Euphrates]] and [[Tigris]]) is fertile, with the rivers carrying about 60 million cubic metres (78 million [[cubic yard|cu. yd]]) of [[silt]] annually to the [[River delta|delta]]. The north of the country is largely mountainous, with the highest point being a 3,611 metres (11,847 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) point, unnamed on the map opposite, but known locally as [[Cheekah Dar]] (black tent). Iraq has a small coastline with the [[Persian Gulf]]. Close to the coast and along the [[Shatt al-Arab]] (known as ''arvandrūd'': اروندرود among Iranians) there used to be marshlands, but many of these were drained in the 1990s.
The local [[climate]] is mostly [[desert]] with mild to cool winters and dry, hot, cloudless summers. The northern mountainous regions experience cold winters with occasional heavy snows, sometimes causing extensive flooding. The capital of [[Baghdad]] is situated in the centre of the country, on the banks of the Tigris. Other major cities include [[Basra]] in the south and [[Mosul]] in the north.
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==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Iraq}}
[[
Iraq's economy is dominated by the [[Petroleum|oil]] sector, which has traditionally provided about 95 percent of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the [[Iran-Iraq War|eight-year war]] with [[Iran]] and damage to oil export facilities by Iran led the government to implement austerity measures, borrow heavily, and later reschedule foreign debt payments. Iraq suffered economic losses from the war of at least [[US dollar|US$]]100 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]. After hostilities ended in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. A combination of low oil prices, repayment of war debts (estimated at around [[US dollar|US$]]3 billion a year) and the costs of reconstruction resulted in a serious financial crisis which was the main short term motivation for the [[Gulf War|invasion of Kuwait]].
[[
On [[November 20]] [[2004]], the [[Paris Club]] of creditor nations agreed to write off 80% ($33 billion) of Iraq's $42 billion debt to Club members. Iraq's total external debt was around $120 billion at the time of the 2003 invasion, and had grown by $5 billion by 2004. The debt relief will be implemented in three stages: two of 30% each and one of 20%.<ref>Bohsem, Guido & Somerville, Glen, (November 20, 2004), [http://web.archive.org/web/20041121210518/http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=6874713 <u>"G7, Paris Club Agree on Iraq Debt Relief"<u>], ''Reuters'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> <!--This needs to be updated: "By the end of 2005, some $75 billion of Iraq's debt should have been cancelled." -->
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Reconstruction of Iraq has been difficult mainly due to the amount of damage done to Iraq's basic infrastructure, the influx of the US invasion and strife among factions within the native populace. Large-scale reconstruction efforts have had, at best, limited success.
-->
== Demografi ==
{{Historical populations
|source = <ref name="Issawi1988">{{cite book|author=Charles Philip Issawi|title=The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: A Documentary Economic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PA17|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-504951-0|page=17|accessdate=2016-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population Census|url=http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/test.htm|publisher=Central Organization for Statistics|accessdate=30 Oktober 2017|archive-date=2016-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629144853/http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/test.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population Of Iraq For The Years 1977 – 2011 (000)|url=http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm|publisher=Central Organization for Statistics|accessdate=2016-08-17|archive-date=2016-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629144714/http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|title = Sejarah populasi dalam jutaan
|percentages = pagr
|1878 |2.0
|1947 |4.8
|1957 |6.3
|1977 |12.0
|1987 |16.3
|1997 |22.0
|2009 |31.6
|2015 | 37
}}
{{main|Demografi Irak}}
Perkiraan 2016 dari total penduduk Irak adalah 37.202.527. Populasi Irak diperkirakan 2 juta pada tahun 1878. Pada 2013, populasi Irak mencapai 35 juta jiwa di tengah ledakan populasi pasca perang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.aswataliraq.info/(S(s0hfzsnuvqwhq445fuqqwg55))/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1 |title=Iraqi population reaches about 35 million |publisher=Aswat Al Iraq |date=2013-04-27 |accessdate=2013-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114203319/http://en.aswataliraq.info/%28S%28j2xgdq450hsdyz455nf0n125%29%29/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1 |archivedate=January 14, 2015 |df= }}</ref>
75-80% penduduk Irak adalah [[bangsa Arab]]; kelompok etnis utama lainnya adalah [[orang Kurdi|Kurdi]] (15-20%), [[orang Asiria|Asiria]], [[Orang Turkmen Irak|Turkmen Irak]] dll (5%), yang kebanyakan tinggal di utara dan timur laut negeri. Kelompok lainnya adalah [[orang Persia]] dan [[orang Armenia|Armenia]] (kemungkinan keturunan budaya Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 [[Arab Rawa-Rawa|orang Arab
=== Bahasa ===
[[Bahasa Arab]] dan [[bahasa Kurdi|Kurdi]] adalah bahasa resmi. [[Bahasa Neo-Aram Assyria|Bahasa Asiria]] dan [[bahasa Turkmen|Turkmen]] adalah bahasa resmi di daerah-daerah yang berturut-turut ditinggali oleh orang Asiria dan Turkmen. [[Bahasa Armenia]] dan [[bahasa Persia|Persia]] juga dituturkan namun jarang. [[Bahasa Inggris]] adalah bahasa Barat yang umum dituturkan.
=== Kelompok Etnis dan Agama ===
Diperkirakan 75-80% penduduk Irak adalah [[bangsa Arab]]; kelompok etnis utama lainnya adalah [[orang Kurdi|Kurdi]] (15-20%), [[orang Asiria|Asiria]], [[Orang Turkmen Irak|Turkmen Irak]] dll (5%), yang kebanyakan tinggal di utara dan timur laut negeri. Kelompok lainnya adalah [[orang Persia]] dan [[orang Armenia|Armenia]] (kemungkinan keturunan budaya Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 [[Arab Rawa-Rawa|orang Arab Rawa-Rawa]] tinggal di selatan Irak.
Komposisi etnis:
* Kelompok etnis: [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], 75–80%; [[suku Kurdi]], 15-20%; Turkoman, Assyria atau lainnya 5%.
* Agama: Islam, 97%; Kristen atau lainnya, 3%.
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Sumber: [[Britannica]]: Syi'ah 60%, Sunni 40%
Sumber: [[CIA World Fact Book]]: Syi'ah 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%
* [[Syi'ah]]: umumnya [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] dengan sebagian [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] dan [[Kurdi Faili]] hampir semuanya adalah pengikut aliran [[Dua Belas Imam]]
* [[Sunni]]: terdiri dari orang-orang [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] yang menganut [[Mazhab Hanafi]] dan orang-orang [[Kurdi]] yang memeluk [[Mazhab Syafi'i]]
Menurut kebanyakan sumber-sumber barat, mayoritas bangsa Irak adalah orang Arab [[Muslim]] [[Syi'ah]] (sekitar 60%), dan [[Sunni]] yang mewakili sekitar 40% dari seluruh populasi yang terdiri dari suku [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Kurdi]] dan [[Turkmen]]. Orang-orang Sunni menyangkal keras angka-angka ini, termasuk seorang bekas duta besar Irak
== Budaya ==
{{main|Kebudayaan Irak}}
[[Berkas:Iraqi girl smiles.jpg|
Dalam milenium yang paling mutakhir, Irak telah dibagi menjadi lima daerah budaya: Kurdi di utara yang berpusat di [[Arbil]], Arab Islam Sunni di tengah sekitar Baghdad, Arab Islam Syi'ah di selatan yang berpusat di Basra, Assyria, sekelompok orang Kristen, yang tinggal di berbagaikota di utara, dan Arab Rawa, sekelompok orang yang berpindah-pindah, yang tinggal di daerah berawa-rawa di sungai tengah. Pasar dan barter adalah bentung perdagangan yang lazim mereka lakukan.
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{{main|Musik Irak|Musik Kurdi|Musik Assyria}}
Irak dikenal terutama karena alat musik yang disebut ''[[oud]]'' (mirip dengan [[lute]]) dan ''[[rebab]]''; bintang-bintangnya termasuk [[Ahmed Mukhtar]] dan [[Munir Bashir]], seorang Assyria. Hingga kejatuhan Saddam Hussein, stasiun radio yang paling populer adalah Suara Pemuda. Stasiun ini memainkan campuran musik [[rock]] barat, [[hip hop]] dan [[musik pop]], yang semuanya harus diimpor lewat [[Yordania]] karena adanya sanksi ekonomi internasional. Irak juga memproduksi seorang bintang pop
pan-Arab penting yang hidup di pengasingan yaitu [[Kazem al Saher]], yang lagu-lagunya mencakup ''Ladghat E-Hayya,'' yang dilarang karena kata-katanya yang terlalu keras.
==
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== Lihat pula ==
* [[Pembangunan kembali Irak]]
* [[Pembangunan kembali Irak#Usul Rancangan Renaisanse Baghdad|Rancangan Renaisanse Baghdad]]
* Ekonomi: [[Bursa Saham Irak]], [[Dinar Irak]], [[Ekonomi Irak]]
* Kejadian: [[2005 di Irak]], [[2004 di Irak]], [[Invasi Irak 2003]], [[Irak pasca-invasi, 2003–sekarang]], [[Pemberontakan di Irak]], [[Perang Irak]]
* Geografi: [[Daftar tempat di Irak]], [[Komunikasi di Irak]], [[Transportasi di Irak]]
* Kelompok:
* Politik: [[Politik Irak]], [[Irak dan Demokrasi]], [[Tentara Irak Baru]], [[Hubungan luar negeri Irak]], [[Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Irak]], [[Pemberontakan di Irak]], [[Perang saudara di Irak]], M. Ismail Marcinkowski, ''Religion and Politik in Iraq. Shiite Clerics between Quietism dan Resistance'', dengan pengantar oleh Profesor Hamid Algar of the University of California at Berkeley. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2004 (ISBN 9971-77-513-1)
* Sejarah: [[Daftar raja Irak]], [[Daftar presiden Irak]], [[Daftar perdana menteri Irak]], [[Mandat Britania atas Irak]], [[Sejarah Yahudi di Irak]], [[Perang Iran-Irak]], [[Sejarah astrologi]], [[Bulan sabit subur]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Babilonia]]
* Literatur:
* Lainnya: [[Perangko dan sejarah pos di Irak]], [[Hak kaum homoseksual di Irak]], [[Mitologi Mesopotamia]]
* [[Kuburan massal#Irak|Kuburan massal di Irak]]
== Catatan ==
{{Notelist}}
==
<div class="references-small">
{{reflist}}
</div>
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* Wawancara dengan Sean Garcia dari Refugees International, tentang penderitaan ratusan ribu pengungsi Irak [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2262] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313185923/http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2262 |date=2007-03-13 }}
* Shadid, Anthony 2005. ''Night Draws Near''. Henry Holt and Co., [[New York]], [[
* Hanna Batatu, "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq", Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978
* Irak adalah salah satu setting utama untuk novel fiksi ilmiah John J. Rust "Epsilon"
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/ A Dweller in Mesopotamia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ds49x2xm465d/ |date=2005-05-25 }}, petualangan seorang seniman resmi di Taman Eden, oleh Donald Maxwell, 1921. ''(faksimili yang dapat dicari di Perpustakaan Universitas Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906055955/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf |date=2005-09-06 }} format)''
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ By Desert Ways to Baghdad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ |date=2005-04-02 }}, oleh Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) Dengan ilustrasi dan peta, 1908 (edisi 1909). ''(faksimili yang dapat dicari di Perpustakaan Universitas Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906060015/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf |date=2005-09-06 }} format)''
== Pranala luar ==
{{sisterlinks|Iraq}}
=== Pemerintah ===
{{commons
{{
* {{ar}} {{en}} [http://www.iraqigovernment.org/ Situs resmi]
* {{en}} [http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Situs Otoritas Sementara Koalisi] (arsip)
* {{en}} [http://www.iraqanalysis.org/ Iraq Analysis Group]
* {{en}} [http://dev.epic-usa.org/files/EPIC/IRAQ_Government.pdf Struktur pemerintahan baru Irak (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815210023/http://dev.epic-usa.org/files/EPIC/IRAQ_Government.pdf |date=2006-08-15 }} (sejak 17 Juli 2006)
* {{en}} [http://www.krg.org/ Pemerintahan Regional Kurdistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506173827/http://www.krg.org/ |date=2016-05-06 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.industry.gov.iq/ Departemen Perindustrian dan Mineral]
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar negara-negara di dunia]]
* [[Daftar tokoh Irak]]
* [[Saddam Hussein]]
=== Tinjauan ===
* [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567303/Iraq.html ''Encarta Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028042959/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567303/Iraq.html |date=2009-10-28 }}
* [http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/iraq.htm al-Bab - ''Iraq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610185602/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/iraq.htm |date=2016-06-10 }}
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Iraq Encyclopaedia Britannica ''Iraq'' Country Page]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791014.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Iraq'']
* [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/iz.html CIA World Factbook - ''Iraq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314143019/https://www.cia.gov/cia//publications/factbook/geos/iz.html |date=2007-03-14 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020216031159/http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c3212.htm US State Department - ''Iraq''] termasuk Catatan Latar belakang, Studi negara, dan laporan-laporan penting
* [http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=iraq&search_crit=subject&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Laporan Congressional Research Service (CRS) tentang Irak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502204638/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=iraq&search_crit=subject&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form |date=2008-05-02 }}
* [http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/countryprofiles/216595.htm Iraq Country Profile] dari Reuters AlertNet
* [http://www.economist.com/countries/Iraq/ Country Briefing: Iraq] dari [[The Economist]]
=== Berita ===
* [http://electroniciraq.net Iraq News and Iraqi views] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204038/http://electroniciraq.net/ |date=2018-02-18 }} from Electronic Iraq
* [http://news.ft.com/indepth/iraq News in Depth] from the Financial Times
* [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Iraq Diplomacy Monitor-Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415113230/http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Iraq |date=2013-04-15 }}
* [http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/iraq/index.asp IPS Inter Press Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610182557/http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/iraq/index.asp |date=2008-06-10 }} Independent news about Iraq
* [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html
=== Lainnya ===
* [http://www.juancole.com Juan Cole], a leading scholar and public intellectual
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 The Ground Truth Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926182404/http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 |date=2006-09-26
* {{
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/ Education for Peace in Iraq Center (EPIC)]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060103215437/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE140082001?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIESIRAQ Amnesty International Report on Iraq]
* [http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Coalition Provisional Authority] Now-defunct occupation authority; site is archived
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/iraq.htm Iraq Law] from the University of Pittsburgh’s Jurist project
* [http://www.libcom.org/history/articles/iraq-1900-2000/ 1900 - 2000 a history of Iraq]
* [http://baghdad.usembassy.gov/ US Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820055028/http://baghdad.usembassy.gov/ |date=2008-08-20 }}
* [http://fieldsupport.lingnet.org/iraqi/fam_ir_slide/iraq.pdf Iraqi Familiarization Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201010110/http://fieldsupport.lingnet.org/Iraqi/fam_ir_slide/Iraq.pdf |date=2007-12-01 }} - ''(546 kilobyte PDF file)''
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[[Kategori:Irak| ]]
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