Pengguguran kandungan: Perbedaan antara revisi
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k Turmadan memindahkan halaman Gugur kandungan ke Pengguguran kandungan dengan menimpa pengalihan lama |
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<!-- Terminology -->
'''Pengguguran kandungan''' atau '''
<!-- Methods and safety -->
Dikatakan bahwa aborsi di negara-[[negara maju]], yang mengizinkannya merupakan salah satu prosedur medis yang paling aman dalam bidang kedokteran.<ref name="lancet-grimes">{{Cite journal |last1=Grimes |first1=DA |last2=Benson |first2=J |last3=Singh |first3=S |last4=Romero |first4=M |last5=Ganatra |first5=B |last6=Okonofua |first6=FE
<!-- Epidemiology -->
Sekitar 56 juta aborsi terjadi setiap tahunnya di seluruh dunia,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sedgh|first1=Gilda|last2=Bearak|first2=Jonathan|last3=Singh|first3=Susheela|last4=Bankole|first4=Akinrinola|last5=Popinchalk|first5=Anna|last6=Ganatra|first6=Bela|last7=Rossier|first7=Clémentine|last8=Gerdts|first8=Caitlin|last9=Tunçalp|first9=Özge|last10=Johnson|first10=Brooke Ronald|last11=Johnston|first11=Heidi Bart|last12=Alkema|first12=Leontine|title=Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends|journal=The Lancet|date=May 2016|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30380-4}}</ref> dengan hampir setengahnya dilakukan secara tidak aman.<ref name="Sedgh 2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Sedgh |first1=G. |last2=Singh |first2=S. |last3=Shah |first3=I. H. |last4=Åhman |first4=E. |last5=Henshaw |first5=S. K. |last6=Bankole |first6=A. |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8 |title=Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008 |journal=The Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9816 |pages=625–632 |year=2012 |pmid=22264435 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/Sedgh-Lancet-2012-01.pdf |format=PDF |quote=Because few of the abortion estimates were based on studies of random samples of women, and because we did not use a model-based approach to estimate abortion incidence, it was not possible to compute confidence intervals based on standard errors around the estimates. Drawing on the information available on the accuracy and precision of abortion estimates that were used to develop the subregional, regional, and worldwide rates, we computed intervals of certainty around these rates (webappendix). We computed wider intervals for unsafe abortion rates than for safe abortion rates. The basis for these intervals included published and unpublished assessments of abortion reporting in countries with liberal laws, recently published studies of national unsafe abortion, and high and low estimates of the numbers of unsafe abortion developed by WHO. |access-date=2017-01-10 |archive-date=2012-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206043854/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/Sedgh-Lancet-2012-01.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> Angka atau tingkat aborsi hanya berubah sedikit antara tahun 2003 dan 2008,<ref name="Sedgh 2012" /> setelah sebelumnya mengalami penurunan selama setidaknya dua dasawarsa karena meningkatnya akses atas pengendalian kelahiran dan [[keluarga berencana]].<ref name="worldtrends2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sedgh G, Henshaw SK, Singh S, Bankole A, Drescher J |title=Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends |journal=Int Fam Plan Perspect |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=106–116 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17938093 |doi=10.1363/ifpp.33.106.07 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3310607.html |access-date=2017-01-10 |archive-date=2009-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819122933/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3310607.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Pada tahun 2008, 40% wanita di seluruh dunia memiliki akses untuk melakukan aborsi secara legal tanpa batasan tertentu sebagai alasan.<ref name=IJGO10/> Setiap negara yang mengizinkan aborsi memiliki batasan berbeda mengenai seberapa terlambat aborsi kehamilan diperbolehkan.<ref name=IJGO10>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Culwell KR, Vekemans M, de Silva U, Hurwitz M |title=Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: Contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion |journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics |volume=110 |pages=S13–16 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20451196 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.003}}</ref>
<!-- History, society and culture -->
Sejak zaman kuno, aborsi telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan obat-obatan herbal, benda-benda tajam, dengan [[cedera|paksaan]], atau juga [[ramuan tradisional|metode-metode tradisional]] lainnya.<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1">{{cite book|chapter=1. Abortion and medicine: A sociopolitical history|isbn=978-1-4443-1293-5|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.]]|year=2009|location=[[Oxford, United Kingdom]]|title=Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy|edition=1st|editors=M Paul, ES Lichtenberg, L Borgatta, DA Grimes, PG Stubblefield, MD Creinin
{{TOC limit|3}}
Baris 34:
Tindakan aborsi menurut [[Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana|Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP)]] di Indonesia dikategorikan sebagai tindakan [[kriminal]]. Pasal-pasal KUHP yang mengatur hal ini adalah pasal 299, 341, 342, 343, 346, 347, 348, dan 349. Menurut KUHP, aborsi merupakan:
* Pengeluaran hasil [[konsepsi]] pada setiap [[stadium]] perkembangannya sebelum masa kehamilan yang lengkap tercapai (38-40 minggu).
* Pengeluaran hasil konsepsi sebelum janin dapat hidup di luar kandungan (berat kurang dari 500 gram atau kurang dari 20 minggu).<ref>{{cite book|last=Astari|first=Rika|last2=Triana|first2=Winda|date=2018|url=http://eprints.uad.ac.id/19039/1/Kamus%20Kesehatan_11Nop18.pdf|title=Kamus Kesehatan Indonesia-Arab|place=[[Sleman]], [[Yogyakarta]]|publisher=Trussmedia Grafika|isbn=978-602-5747-22-9|edition=|pages=3|language=|coauthors=|access-date=2022-02-02|archive-date=2022-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528040907/http://eprints.uad.ac.id/19039/1/Kamus%20Kesehatan_11Nop18.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dari segi [[medikolegal]] maka istilah abortus, keguguran, dan kelahiran prematur mempunyai arti yang sama dan menunjukkan pengeluaran janin sebelum usia kehamilan yang cukup.
== Klasifikasi Abortus ==
Baris 50:
A. Pengertian
[[Abortus imminen]] adalah perdarahan bercak yang menunjukkan ancaman terhadap kelangsungan sauatu kehamilan. Dalam kondisi seperti ini kehamilan masih mungkin berlanjut atau dipertahankan. (Syaifudin. Bari Abdul, 2000)
Abortus imminen adalah perdarahan pervaginam pada kehamilan kurang dari 20 minggu, tanpa tanda-tanda dilatasi serviks yang meningkat ( Mansjoer, Arif M, 1999)
Abortus imminen adalah pengeluaran secret pervaginam yang tampak pada paruh pertama kehamilan ( William Obstetri, 1990)
Baris 112:
:DX II: Mengurangi atau menghilangkan rasa sakit
:DX III: Mencegah terjadinya defisit cairan
:DX IV: Mengurangi atau meminimalkan rasa kehilangan atau
:DX V: Klien dapat melakukan aktivitas sesuai dengan toleransinya
Baris 146:
:- Tidak melakukan hubungan seksual
* ''[[Abortus insipiens]]'', Peristiwa [[perdarahan]] [[uterus]] pada kehamilan sebelum 20 minggu dengan adanya dilatasi serviks [[uteri]] yang meningkat, tetapi hasil konsepsi masih dalam uterus.
* ''[[Abortus inkompletus]]'', Pengeluaran sebagian hasil konsepsi pada kehamilan sebelum 20 minggu dengan masih ada sisa tertinggal dalam uterus.
* ''[[Abortus kompletus]]'', semua hasil konsepsi sudah dikeluarkan.
=== Abortus provokatus / Induced ===
'''[[Abortus provokatus]]''' merupakan jenis abortus yang sengaja dibuat/dilakukan, yaitu dengan cara menghentikan kehamilan sebelum janin dapat hidup di luar tubuh ibu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ristica|first=Octa Dwienda|last2=Juliarti|first2=Widya|date=2015|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Prinsip_Etika_dan_Moralitas_dalam_Pelaya/4WvkCAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Abortus+provocatus+merupakan+jenis+abortus+yang+sengaja+dibuat/dilakukan,&pg=PA100&printsec=frontcover|title=Prinsip Etika dan Moralitas dalam Pelayanan Kebidanan|publisher=Deepublish|isbn=9786022806745|pages=100|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-02|archive-date=2023-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810100949/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Prinsip_Etika_dan_Moralitas_dalam_Pelaya/4WvkCAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Abortus+provocatus+merupakan+jenis+abortus+yang+sengaja+dibuat/dilakukan,&pg=PA100&printsec=frontcover|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada umumnya bayi dianggap belum dapat hidup di luar [[kandungan]] apabila usia kehamilan belum mencapai 28 minggu, atau [[berat badan]] bayi kurang dari 1000 gram, walaupun terdapat beberapa kasus bayi dengan berat dibawah 1000 gram dapat terus hidup. Pengelompokan Abortus provokatus secara lebih spesifik:
* Abortus Provokatus Medisinalis/Artificialis/Therapeuticus, abortus yang dilakukan dengan disertai [[indikasi medik]]. Di Indonesia yang dimaksud dengan [[indikasi medik]] adalah demi menyelamatkan nyawa ibu. Syarat-syaratnya:
Baris 167:
'''Karakteristik ibu hamil dengan abortus yaitu:'''
:1. Umur
Dalam kurun reproduksi sehat dikenal bahwa usia aman untuk kehamilan dan persalinan adalah 20-30 tahun. Kematian maternal pada wanita hamil dan melahirkan pada usia di bawah 20 tahun ternyata 2-5 kali lebih tinggi daripada kematian maternal yang terjadi pada usia 20-29 tahun. Kematian maternal meningkat kembali sesudah usia 30-35 tahun. Ibu-ibu yang terlalu muda
Keguguran sebagian dilakukan dengan sengaja untuk menghilangkan kehamilan remaja yang tidak dikehendaki. Keguguran sengaja yang dilakukan oleh tenaga nonprofesional dapat menimbulkan akibat samping yang serius seperti tingginya angka kematian dan infeksi alat reproduksi yang pada akhirnya dapat menimbulkan kemandulan. Abortus yang terjadi pada remaja terjadi karena mereka belum ''matured'' dan mereka belum memiliki sistem transfer plasenta seefisien wanita dewasa.
Baris 213:
* [[Mola hidatidosa]].
* [[Penyakit plasenta]] dan [[desidua]], misalnya [[inflamasi]] dan [[degenerasi]].
'''Tanda-tanda Abortus'''
beberapa gejala spontan abortus, diantaranya:
# panggul terasanya nyeri dan kram
# semburan cairan atau abortus spontan, cairan ketuban pecah
# serviks yang melebar dan aborsu tidak dapat dihindari
# pendarahan uterus
# keluarnya jaringan
== Alasan untuk melakukan tindakan Abortus Provokatus ==
Baris 232 ⟶ 241:
'''Abortus Provokatus Kriminalis'''
Abortus provokatus kriminalis sering terjadi pada [[kehamilan]] yang tidak dikehendaki. Ada beberapa alasan wanita tidak menginginkan kehamilannya. Alasan-alasan ini hanya menunjukkan ketidakpedulian seorang wanita, yang hanya memikirkan kepentingan dirinya sendiri:
* Alasan [[psikososial]], di mana ibu sendiri sudah enggan/tidak mau untuk punya anak lagi.
* Kehamilan
* Masalah [[ekonomi]], khawatir menambah anak
* Masalah [[
* Masalah [[sosial]], misalnya khawatir adanya penyakit turunan, janin cacat, takut dikucilkan, malu,dan gengsi.
* Kehamilan yang terjadi akibat [[perkosaan]] atau akibat [[incest]] (hubungan antar keluarga).
* Selain itu tidak bisa dilupakan juga bahwa kegagalan [[kontrasepsi]] juga termasuk tindakan kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan.
Baris 266 ⟶ 275:
'''Lain-lain...'''
:Komplikasi yang dapat timbul dengan segera pada pemberian NaCl hipertonik adalah apabila larutan garam masuk ke dalam rongga peritoneum atau ke dalam pembuluh darah dan menimbulkan gejala-gejala konvulsi, penghentian kerja jantung, penghentian pernapasan, atau hipofibrinogenemia. Sedangkan komplikasi yang dapat ditimbulkan pada pemberian prostaglandin antara lain panas, rasa enek, muntah, dan diare.
''' Resiko psikologis mental '''
:Proses aborsi bukan saja suatu proses yang memiliki resiko tinggi dari segi kesehatan dan keselamatan seorang wanita secara fisik, tetapi juga memiliki dampak yang sangat hebat terhadap keadaan mental seorang wanita. Gejala ini dikenal dalam dunia psikologi sebagai “[[Post-Abortion Syndrome]]” ([[Sindrom Paska-Aborsi]]) atau PAS.
'''Komplikasi yang dapat timbul pada Janin:'''
Baris 288 ⟶ 300:
:d. Tekanan/trauma pada abdomen
Wanita cemas akan kehilangan kehamilannya karena
'''2. Lokal.'''
Baris 379 ⟶ 391:
* Hukum yang tanpa pengecualian melarang abortus, seperti di Belanda.
* Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus demi keselamatan kehidupan penderita (ibu), seperti di
* Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus atas indikasi medik, seperti di Kanada, Muangthai dan Swiss.
* Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus atas indikasi sosio-medik, seperti di Eslandia, Swedia, Inggris,
* Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus atas indikasi sosial, seperti di Jepang, Polandia, dan Yugoslavia.
* Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus atas permintaan tanpa memperhatikan indikasi-indikasi lainnya (Abortion on requst atau Abortion on demand), seperti di Bulgaris,
* Hukum yang memperbolehkan abortus atas indikasi eugenistis (aborsi boleh dilakukan bila fetus yang akan lahir menderita cacat yang serius) misalnya di India
* Hukum yang memperbolehkan aborsi atas indikasi humanitarian (misalnya bila hamil akibat perkosaan) seperti di Jepang,
Baris 397 ⟶ 409:
Di Indonesia, baik menurut pandangan agama, Undang-Undang Negara, maupun Etik Kedokteran, seorang dokter tidak diperbolehkan untuk melakukan tindakan pengguguran kandungan (abortus provokatus). Bahkan sejak awal seseorang yang akan menjalani profesi dokter secara resmi disumpah dengan Sumpah Dokter Indonesia yang didasarkan atas Deklarasi Jenewa yang isinya menyempurnakan Sumpah Hippokrates, di mana ia akan menyatakan diri untuk menghormati setiap hidup insani mulai dari saat pembuahan.
Dari aspek etika, Ikatan Dokter Indonesia telah merumuskannya dalam Kode Etik Kedokteran Indonesia mengenai kewajiban umum, pasal 7d:
'''Ditinjau dari aspek hukum, pelarangan abortus justru tidak bersifat mutlak. Abortus buatan atau abortus provokatus dapat digolongkan ke dalam dua golongan yakni:'''
Baris 420 ⟶ 432:
* Butir a: Indikasi medis adalah suatu kondisi yang benar-benar mengharuskan diambil tindakan medis tertentu sebab tanpa tindakan medis tertentu itu, ibu hamil dan janinnya terancam bahaya maut.
* Butir b: Tenaga kesehatan yang dapat melakukan tindakan medis tertentu adalah tenaga yang memiliki keahlian dan wewenang untuk melakukannya yaitu seorang dokter ahli kandungan seorang dokter ahli kebidanan dan penyakit kandungan.
* Butir c: Hak utama untuk memberikan persetujuan ada ibu hamil yang bersangkutan kecuali dalam keadaan tidak sadar atau tidak dapat memberikan persetujuannya
* Butir d: Sarana kesehatan tertentu adalah sarana kesehatan yang memiliki tenaga dan peralatan yang memadai untuk tindakan tersebut dan ditunjuk oleh pemerintah.
:Ayat (3): Dalam Peraturan Pemerintah sebagai pelaksanan dari pasal ini dijabarkan antara lain mengenal keadaan darurat dalam menyelamatkan jiwa ibu hamil atau janinnya,tenaga kesehatan mempunyai keahlian dan wewenang bentuk persetujuan, sarana kesehatan yang ditunjuk.
Baris 467 ⟶ 479:
== Daftar pustaka ==
Apuranto, H dan Hoediyanto. 2006. Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik Dan Medikolegal. Surabaya: Bag. Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik dan Medikolegal Fakultas Kedokteran UNAIR▼
▲* Apuranto, H dan Hoediyanto. 2006. Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik Dan Medikolegal. Surabaya: Bag. Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik dan Medikolegal Fakultas Kedokteran UNAIR
Chadha, P. Vijay.1995.▼
▲* Chadha, P. Vijay.1995.
:Catatan kuliah ilmu forensic & toksikologi (Hand book of forensic medicine & toxicology Medical jurisprudence). Jakarta: Widya Medika
* Dewi, Made Heny Urmila. 1997.
:Aborsi Pro dan Kontra di Kalangan Petugas Kesehatan. Jogjakarta: Pusat Penelitian Kependudukan UGM
* Prawirohardjo, Sarwono. 2002.
:Ilmu Kebidanan. Jakarta: Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo
* Pradono, Julianty et al.
:Pengguguran yang Tidak Aman di Indonesia, SDKI 1997. Jurnal Epidemiologi Indonesia. Volume 5 Edisi I-2001. hal. 14-19.
* Safe Motherhood Newsletter.
:Unsafe Abortion – A Worldwide Problem. Issue 28, 2000 (1).
* Utomo, Budi et al.
:Incidence and Social-Psychological Aspects of Abortion in Indonesia: A Community-Based Survey in 10 Major Cities and 6 Districts, Year 2000. Jakarta: Center for Health Research University of Indonesia, 2001.
* World Health Organization.
:Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of Incidence of and Mortality due to Unsafe Abortion with a Listing of Available Country Data. Third Edition. Geneva: Division of Reproductive Health (Technical Support) WHO, 1998.
Baris 498 ⟶ 511:
{{Reflist|group="note"|
refs=
<ref name="definition" group="note">Terdapat variasi [[definisi aborsi]], seperti halnya dengan banyak kata, pada setiap sumber. Bahasa yang digunakan untuk mendefinisikan aborsi
|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756797/obo-9780199756797-0090.xml?rskey=tygpVh&result=1
|title=Abortion
Baris 508 ⟶ 521:
;Major OB/GYN textbooks
* The [[National Center for Health Statistics]] defines an "abortus" as "[a] fetus or embryo removed or expelled from the uterus during the first half of gestation—20 weeks or less, or in the absence of accurate dating criteria, born weighing < 500 g." They also define "birth" as "[t]he complete expulsion or extraction from the mother of a fetus after 20 weeks' gestation. ... in the absence of accurate dating criteria, fetuses weighing <500 g are usually not considered as births, but rather are termed abortuses for purposes of vital statistics." {{cite book|editor1-last=Cunningham|editor1-first=FG|editor2-last=Leveno|editor2-first=KJ|editor3-last=Bloom|editor3-first=SL|editor4-last=Hauth|editor4-first=JC|editor5-last=Rouse|editor5-first=DJ|editor6-last=Spong |editor6-first=CY|displayeditors=3|chapter=1. Overview of Obstetrics|title=Williams Obstetrics|edition=23|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Medical]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-07-149701-5}}
* "[T]he standard medical definition of abortion [is] termination of a pregnancy when the fetus is not viable". {{cite book|editor1-last=Gabbe|editor1-first=Steven G.|editor1-link=Steven Gabbe|editor2-last=Niebyl|editor2-first=Jennifer R.|editor3-last=Simpson|editor3-first=Joe Leigh|year=2007|title=Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies|url=https://archive.org/details/obstetricsnormal0000unse_z6w5|edition=5|publisher=[[Churchill Livingstone]]|chapter=51. Legal and Ethical Issues in Obstetric Practice|isbn=978-0-443-06930-7|last1=Annas|first1=George J.|authorlink1=George Annas|last2=Elias|first2=Sherman}}
* "Termination of a pregnancy, whether spontaneous or induced." {{cite book|first1=Melissa J.|last1=Kottke|first2=Mimi|last2=Zieman|chapter=33. Management of Abortion|editor1-first=John A.|editor1-last=Rock|editor2-first=Howard W.|editor2-last=Jones III|year=2008|edition=10|publisher=[[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]]|isbn=978-0-7817-7234-1|title=TeLinde's Operative Gynecology}}
;Other OB/GYN textbooks
* "Termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks' gestation calculated from date of onset of last [[menses]]. An alternative definition is delivery of a fetus with a weight of less than 500 g. If abortion occurs before 12 weeks' gestation, it is called early; from 12 to 20 weeks it is called late." {{cite book|last=Katz|first=Vern L.|publisher=[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]]|year=2007|edition=5|title=Katz: Comprehensive Gynecology|editor1-last=Katz|editor1-first=Vern L.|editor2-last=Lentz|editor2-first=Gretchen M.|editor3-last=Lobo|editor3-first=Rogerio A.|editor4-last=Gershenson|editor4-first=David M.|displayeditors=3|chapter=16. Spontaneous and Recurrent Abortion – Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment|isbn=978-0-323-02951-3}}
* "Abortion is the spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before fetal viability. Because popular use of the word abortion implies a deliberate pregnancy termination, some prefer the word miscarriage to refer to spontaneous fetal loss before viability ... The National Center for Health Statistics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) define abortion as pregnancy termination prior to 20 weeks' gestation or a fetus born weighing less than 500 g. Despite this, definitions vary widely according to state laws." {{cite book|editor1-last=Schorge|editor1-first=John O.|editor2-first=Joseph I.|editor2-last=Schaffer|editor3-first=Lisa M.|editor3-last=Halvorson|editor4-first=Barbara L.|editor4-last=Hoffman|editor5-first=Karen D.|editor5-last=Bradshaw|editor6-first=F. Gary|editor6-last=Cunningham|year=2008|title=Williams Gynecology|url=https://archive.org/details/williamsgynecolo0000unse_u2n9|edition=1|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|isbn=978-0-07-147257-9|chapter=6. First-Trimester Abortion}}
;Major [[medical dictionaries]]
* "The spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the fetus reaches a viable age." {{cite web
|url=http://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/ub/view/Tabers/143003/37/abortion
|title=Taber's Medical Dictionary: abortion
Baris 522 ⟶ 535:
|work=[[Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary]]
|accessdate=14 June 2011
|archiveurl=
|archivedate=
|deadurl=no
|df=dmy
}}
* "Expulsion from the uterus an embryo or fetus prior to the stage of viability (20 weeks' gestation or fetal weight <500g). A distinction made between [abortion] and premature birth: premature infants are those born after the stage of viability but prior to 37 weeks." {{cite book|title=[[Stedman's Medical Dictionary]]|publisher=[[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]]|edition=27|isbn=0-683-40008-8}}
* "[P]remature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception, either the embryo or a nonviable fetus." {{cite book|title=[[Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary]]|publisher=[[Saunders (publisher)|Saunders]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4160-2364-7|edition=31}}
;Other medical dictionaries
* "[T]he termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus". {{cite web
|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/abortion
|title=Medical Dictionary
Baris 538 ⟶ 551:
|work=Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
|accessdate=15 June 2011
|archiveurl=
|archivedate=
|deadurl=no
|df=dmy
}}
* "Induced termination of pregnancy, involving destruction of the embryo or fetus." "abortion." {{cite book |title=The American Heritage Science Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618455041 |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-618-45504-1 }}
* "Interruption of pregnancy before the fetus has attained a stage of viability, usually before the 24th gestational week." "abortion." {{cite book |title=Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00mail |location=Cambridge; New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |oclc=54374716 }}
* "[A] spontaneous or deliberate ending of pregnancy before the fetus can be expected to survive." "abortion." {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health | publisher=W. B. Saunders | accessdate=10 April 2016 | author=Miller-Keane | editor=Marie T. O'Toole | year=2005 | edition=Seventh | location=United States of America | pages=2304}}{{cite book|title=Mosby's Emergency Dictionary |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=1998 |oclc=37553784}}{{Verify source|date=October 2011}}
* "[A] situation where a fetus leaves the uterus before it is fully developed, especially during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy, or a procedure which causes this to happen ... [T]o have an abortion to have an operation to make a fetus leave the uterus during the first period of pregnancy." {{cite book |contribution="abortion" |title=Dictionary of Medical Terms |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmedi0000unse_b9y1 |location=London |publisher=A & C Black |year=2005 |oclc=55634250 }}
* "1. Induced termination of a pregnancy with destruction of the fetus or embryo; therapeutic abortion. 2. Spontaneous abortion." {{cite book |title=The American Heritage Medical Dictionary |isbn=0-618-94725-6|publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2008 |edition=reprint |page=2 |oclc=608212441}}
* "Although the term abortion is generic and implies a premature termination of pregnancy for any reason, the lay public better understands the word 'miscarriage' for involuntary fetal loss or fetal wastage." {{cite book |title=The Dictionary of Modern Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode0000sege_e9e7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode0000sege_e9e7/page/3 3] |year=1992 |publisher=Parthenon Publishing |isbn=1-85070-321-3 }}
* "The termination of pregnancy or premature expulsion of the products of conception by any means, usually before fetal viability." {{cite book
;Bibliographies
* "An abortion refers to the termination of a pregnancy. It can be ''induced'' (see Definitions, Terminology, and Reference Resources) through a pharmacological or a surgical procedure, or it may be spontaneous (also called miscarriage)." "Definitions of abortion vary across and within countries as well as among different institutions. Language used to refer to abortion often also reflects societal and political opinions and not only scientific knowledge (Grimes and Gretchen 2010). Popular use of the word abortion implies a deliberate pregnancy termination, whereas a miscarriage is used to refer to spontaneous fetal loss when the fetus is not viable (i.e., not yet unable to survive independently outside the womb)." {{cite web
|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756797/obo-9780199756797-0090.xml?rskey=tygpVh&result=1
|title=Abortion
Baris 558 ⟶ 571:
|accessdate=9 April 2014
|author=Kulczycki, Andrzej
|archive-date=2014-04-13
}}▼
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132203/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756797/obo-9780199756797-0090.xml?rskey=tygpVh&result=1
|dead-url=no
▲ }}
;[[English dictionary#Major English dictionaries|Major English dictionaries]] (general-purpose)
* "1. a. The expulsion or removal from the womb of a developing embryo or fetus, spec. (Med.) in the period before it is capable of independent survival, occurring as a result either of natural causes (more fully spontaneous abortion) or of a deliberate act (more fully induced abortion); the early or premature termination of pregnancy with loss of the fetus; an instance of this." {{cite book |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |chapter=
* "[A]n operation or other procedure to terminate pregnancy before the fetus is viable" or "[T]he premature termination of pregnancy by spontaneous or induced expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the uterus". {{cite web
|title=abortion
|publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers]]
Baris 568 ⟶ 584:
|accessdate=7 October 2012
|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/abortion
|archive-date=2012-10-23
}}▼
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023220614/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/abortion
* "[T]he removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy" or "[A]ny of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy, especially during the first six months." {{cite web▼
|dead-url=no
▲ }}
▲* "[T]he removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy" or "[A]ny of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy, especially during the first six months." {{cite web
|title=abortion
|work=[[Dictionary.com]] Unabridged
Baris 575 ⟶ 594:
|date=27 June 2011
|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abortion
|access-date=2017-01-10
}}▼
|archive-date=2013-10-29
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210140/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abortion
|dead-url=no
▲ }}
* "1. ''medicine'' the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is sufficiently developed to survive independently, deliberately induced by the use of drugs or by surgical procedures. Also called termination or induced abortion. 2. ''medicine'' the spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is sufficiently developed to survive independently. Also called miscarriage, spontaneous abortion." ''Chambers 21st Century Dictionary''. London: Chambers Harrap, 2001.
* "a medical operation to end a pregnancy so that the baby is not born alive". ''[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]]'', [http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/abortion online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029224903/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/abortion |date=2013-10-29 }}.
;Other dictionaries
* "The deliberate termination of a pregnancy, usually before the embryo or fetus is capable of independent life." {{cite book |title=The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Company]] |year=2005 |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abortion |access-date=2017-01-10 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210140/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abortion |dead-url=no }}
* "A term that, in philosophy, theology, and social debates, often means the deliberate termination of pregnancy before the fetus is able to survive outside the uterus. However, participants in these debates sometimes use the term abortion simply to mean the termination of pregnancy before birth, regardless of whether the fetus is viable or not." "abortion." ''Dictionary of World Philosophy''. London: Routledge, 2001.
* "1. An artificially induced termination of a pregnancy for the purpose of destroying an embryo or fetus. 2. The spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or fetus before viability;" {{cite book| last=Garner| first=Bryan A.| authorlink=Bryan A. Garner| title=[[Black's Law Dictionary]]| edition=9th|date=June 2009| publisher=Thomson West| isbn=978-0-314-19949-2}}
;Encyclopedias
* "[T]he expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it has reached the stage of viability (in human beings, usually about the 20th week of gestation)." {{cite web
|title=Abortion (pregnancy)
|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
Baris 592 ⟶ 615:
|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1498/abortion
|deadurl=no
|archiveurl=
|archivedate=
|accessdate=26 June 2011
|df=dmy
}}
* "Expulsion of the products of conception before the embryo or fetus is viable. Any interruption of human pregnancy prior to the 28th week is known as abortion." {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2008|title=Abortion}}
* "The expulsion or removal of a fetus from the womb before it is capable of independent survival." {{cite encyclopedia|title=Abortion|encyclopedia=World Encyclopedia|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008}}
Baris 603 ⟶ 626:
;Journal articles about terminology
*"Abortion can be performed up to viability; thereafter, according to standard dictionaries, other terms should be used for uterine evacuation. "Late" is an acceptable descriptor for abortion; "late-term" is not. Gestational age should be expressed in completed cardinal days, weeks or months; ordinal numbers (and trimesters) should be avoided. "Intact D&E" should be used instead of the oxymoronic "partial-birth abortion" or the mysterious "D&X." " (internal citations removed) {{cite journal |title=Abortion jabberwocky: the need for better terminology |first=DA |last=Grimes |first2=G |last2=Stuart |journal=Contraception |volume=81 |issue=2 |year=2010 |pages=93–96 |pmid=20103443 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2009.09.005}}</ref>
}}
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Aborsi dan kesehatan mental]]
== Pranala luar ==
{{wikiquotepar|Abortion}}
{{Kehamilan}}
[[Kategori:
[[Kategori:Kelahiran]]
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