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{{Infobox Occupation
'''Nursing''' is a [[profession]] focused on assisting individuals, [[family|families]], and [[community|communities]] in attaining, maintaining, and recovering optimal [[health]] and functioning. Modern definitions of nursing define it as a [[science]] and an [[art]] that focuses on promoting [[quality of life]] as defined by persons and families, throughout their life experiences from [[childbirth|birth]] to care at the [[death|end of life]].
| name= Perawat
== History of nursing ==
| image= [[Berkas:Indonesian nurse examines patient.JPG|250px]]
{{main|Timeline of nursing history}}
| caption=
{{see also|Category:Nurses|Category:Nursing museums}}
| official_names= Perawat
| Occupation
| activity_sector= Keperawatan
| competencies=
Merawat seluruh pasien
| formation=
Kualifikasi tergantung di tiap negara
| employment_field=
*[[Rumah sakit]]
*[[Klinik]]
*[[Laboratorium]]
| related_occupation=
*[[Obat]]
*[[Glosarium obat]]
}}
'''Perawat''', '''juru rawat''', '''ners''', '''suster''' (jika perempuan), atau '''bruder''' (jika laki-laki) ({{lang-en|nurse}}, berasal dari {{lang-la|nutrix}} yang berarti merawat atau memelihara) adalah suatu [[profesi]] yang difokuskan pada perawatan individu, [[keluarga]], dan [[komunitas]] dalam mencapai, memelihara, dan menyembuhkan [[kesehatan]] yang optimal dan berfungsi. Definisi modern mengenai keperawatan didefinisikan sebagai [[ilmu pengetahuan]] yang memfokuskan pada mempromosikan [[kualitas hidup]] yang didefinisikan oleh orang atau keluarga, melalui seluruh pengalaman hidupnya dari [[kelahiran]] sampai asuhan pada [[kematian]].
 
Sedangkan menurut Undang-undang Nomor 38 tahun 2014,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kemenkopmk.go.id/sites/default/files/produkhukum/UU%20Nomor%2038%20Tahun%202014.pdf |title=Produk hukum UU tahun 2014 |access-date=2017-10-18 |archive-date=2017-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521010846/http://kemenkopmk.go.id/sites/default/files/produkhukum/UU%20Nomor%2038%20Tahun%202014.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> definisi '''keperawatan''' adalah kegiatan pemberian asuhan kepada individu, keluarga, kelompok, atau masyarakat, baik dalam keadaan sakit maupun sehat. Perawat mengembangkan rencana asuhan keperawatan, bekerja sama dengan dokter, terapis, pasien, keluarga pasien serta tim lainnya untuk fokus pada perawatan penyakit dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup.
Nursing has existed in various forms in every culture, although the definition of the term and the practice of nursing has changed greatly over time. The oldest sense of the word in the [[English language]] a woman employed to suckle and generally care for a younger child. The former being known as a [[wet nurse]] and the latter being known as a ''dry nurse''.<ref name="oxford">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Nurse | encyclopedia = The Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition | volume = 10 | pages = p603-604 | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1989 | id = ISBN 0198611862}}</ref> In the 15th century, this developed into the idea of looking after or advising another, not necessarily meaning a woman looking after a child.<ref name="oxford"/> Nursing has continued to develop in this latter sense, although the idea of nourishing in the broadest sense refers in modern nursing to promoting quality of life.
 
Perawat bekerja dalam sebagian besar spesialisasi di mana mereka bekerja secara independen maupun sebagai bagian dari sebuah tim untuk menilai, merencanakan, menerapkan dan mengevaluasi perawatan.
Prior to the foundation of modern nursing, [[nun]]s and the military often provided nursing-like services.<ref>http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/florrie.html</ref> The religious and military roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today in many countries. For example: in Britain, senior female nurses are known as ‘‘sisters’’.
[[Image:Navy Nurse.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[U.S. Navy]] recruiting poster from World War II, showing a Naval [[nurse]] with a [[hospital ship]].]] It was during time of war that a significant development in nursing history arose when [[Florence Nightingale]], working to improve conditions of soldiers in the [[Crimean War]], laid the foundation stone of professional nursing with the principles summarised in the book ''[[Notes on Nursing]]''. Other important nurses in the development of the profession include: [[Mary Seacole]], who also worked as a nurse in the Crimea; [[Agnes Elizabeth Jones]] and [[Linda Richards]], who established quality nursing schools in the USA and Japan, and [[Linda Richards]] who was officially America's first trained nurse, graduating in [[1873]] from the ''New England Hospital for Women and Children'' in [[Boston]].
 
== Sejarah ==
[[New Zealand]] was the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the [[Nurses Registration Act]] on the 12th of September , 1901. [[Ellen Dougherty]] was the first [[registered nurse]]. [[North Carolina]] was the first state in the United States to pass a nursing licensure law in 1903.
[[Florence Nightingale]] adalah pelopor perawat modern, penulis dan ahli statistik. Ia dikenal dengan nama Bidadari Berlampu (The Lady With The Lamp) seperti yang diabadikan dalam puisi Longfellow “Santa Filomena”, karena dia selalu memeriksa bangsal di malam hari, menawarkan pelipur lara emosional kepada para pasukan yang terluka.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rulino|first=Leo|date=2022-03-26|title=Teori Lingkungan Florence Nightingale|url=https://perawat.org/teori-lingkungan-florence-nightingale/|website=perawat.org|language=en-US|access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref>
 
== Ilmu Keperawatan ==
Nurses have experienced difficulty with the hierarchy in medicine that has resulted in an impression that nurses primary purpose is to follow the direction of medics.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Radcliffe | first = Mark | title = Doctors and nurses: new game, same result | journal = [[British Medical Journal]] | volume = 320 | issue = 1085 | date = 2000 | url = http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/320/7241/1085 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.320.7241.1085 | accessdate = 2007-08-14}}</ref> This tendency is certainly not observed in Nightingale's ''Notes on Nursing'', where the doctors are mentioned relatively infrequently and often in critical tones, particularly relating to [[bedside manner]].<ref>Nightingale, Florence (1860) [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/nightingale/nursing/nursing.html#III Notes on Nursing] Full text online Accessed 14 August 2007</ref>
Ilmu keperawatan adalah bidang pengetahuan dibentuk berdasarkan kontribusi dari ilmuwan keperawatan melalui ''peer-review'' jurnal ilmiah dan praktik yang dibuktikan berbasis atau biasa disebut dengan EBNP (''Evidence Based Nursing Practice''). Ini merupakan bidang yang dinamis praktik dan penelitian yang didasarkan dalam budaya kontemporer dan kekhawatiran itu sendiri dengan baik mainstream dan subkultur terpinggirkan dalam rangka untuk memberikan perawatan budaya paling sensitif dan kompeten.
 
Pendidikan profesi perawat mengacu pada profesionalisme disiplin keperawatan yang sesuai dengan Undang-undang Nomor 38 Tahun 2014 tentang Keperawatan, dan seiring berjalannya waktu perawat kebanyakan diwajibkan untuk memiliki pendidikan minimal sarjana-profesi atau KKNI Level 7 (S1-Ners). Selain itu, profesi perawat juga memiliki berbagai macam pendidikan spesialis yang terintegrasi dengan pendidikan magister yang setingkat KKNI Level 8.
The modern era has seen the development of [[Bachelor of Science in Nursing|nursing degrees]] and nursing has numerous [[nursing journal|journals]] to broaden the knowledge base of the profession. Nurses are often in key management roles within health services and hold research posts at universities.
 
Fakultas Ilmu Keperawatan Universitas Indonesia adalah pelopor dan pionir pengembangan pendidikan keperawatan di Indonesia dengan selalu menyelenggarakan program-program studi baru dan terspesialisasi, seperti pembukaan peminatan Keperawatan Gerontik pada pendidikan magister dan Ners Spesialis Keperawatan Onkologi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beranda|url=https://nursing.ui.ac.id/beranda-new/|website=Fakultas Ilmu Keperawatan|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-12-05}}</ref>.
==Nursing as a profession==
The authority for the practice of nursing is based upon a social contract that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as mechanisms for public accountability. In almost all countries, [[nursing practice]] is defined and governed by law, and entrance to the profession is regulated at national or state level.
 
Pendidikan keperawatan di Indonesia terbagi atas empat tingkat, yakni:<ref>Undang-undang Nomor 38 Tahun 2014 tentang Keperawatan</ref>
The aim of the nursing community worldwide is to develop the profession guided by continuing education based on [[nursing research]], and to regulate standards of competency and [[Nursing ethics|ethics]]. <ref name="ICN"> [http://www.icn.ch/abouticn.htm International Council of Nurses] Accessed August 2007</ref> There are a number of [[education]]al paths to becoming a professional nurse, which vary greatly worldwide, but all involve extensive study of [[nursing theory]] and practice and training in clinical [[Nursing skills|skills]].
 
# Pendidikan Vokasi, ditempuh dalam waktu 3 tahun untuk Diploma 3 (D-III) setara KKNI Level 5 dengan gelar Ahli Madya Keperawatan (A.Md.Kep.) dan dalam waktu 4 tahun untuk Diploma 4 (D-IV) setara KKNI Level 6 dengan gelar Sarjana Terapan Keperawatan (S.Tr. Kep.)
{{section-stub}}
# Pendidikan Profesi Ners, ditempuh dalam waktu 4 tahun untuk program Sarjana Keperawatan (S.Kep.) setara KKNI Level 6 dan tambahan 1 tahun untuk pendidikan Profesi Ners (Ns.) setara KKNI Level 7.
# Pendidikan Magister, umumnya direncanakan ditempuh dalam waktu 2 tahun dengan gelar Magister Keperawatan (M.Kep.) setara KKNI Level 8 dan memiliki beberapa peminatan.
# Pendidikan Ners Spesialis, ditempuh dalam waktu 1 tahun dengan gelar sesuai dengan spesialisasi yang ditempuh, seperti: anak (Sp.Kep.An.), jiwa (Sp.Kep.J.), maternitas (Sp.Kep.Mat.), medikal bedah (Sp.Kep.MB.), komunitas (Sp.Kep.Kom.), dan onkologi (Sp.Kep.Onk.) setara KKNI Level 8.
# Pendidikan Doktoral, ditempuh untuk melakukan pengembangan disiplin ilmu keperawatan baik melalui riset teoretis atau praktik nyata di masyarakat dengan gelar Doktor (Dr.) setara KKNI Level 9.
 
== Keperawatan medis ==
==Nursing practice==
Keperawatan medis adalah layanan yang ditujukan bagi pasien yang memerlukan bantuan alat medis atau pasien yang menggunakan peralatan [[ICU]] khususnya pada pasien dengan perawatan ''[[End Of Life Care|End of Life Care]]'' (Paliatif/Stadium Akhir/Terminal).
{{main|Nursing practice}}
 
== Keperawatan nonmedis ==
Nursing practice is primarily the caring relationship between the nurse and the person in their care. In providing [[nursing care]], nurses are implementing the [[nursing care plan]], which is based on a [[nursing assessment]].
Keperawatan nonmedis adalah layanan bagi pasien yang hanya memerlukan pendampingan tanpa menggunakan alat medis. Adapun perawat yang dihadirkan terdiri dari ''caregiver'' untuk pasien sakit dan ''caretaker'' untuk lansia serta [[:en:Governess|Governess]] untuk anak berkebutuhan.
 
== Kode Etik Keperawatan Indonesia ==
===Definition===
Kode etik keperawatan Indonesia adalah aturan yang berlaku untuk seorang Perawat Indonesia dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya sebagai Perawat. Kode etik keperawatan Indonesia merupakan pernyataan standar profesional yang digunakan sebagai pedoman perilaku dan menjadi kerangka kerja untuk membuat keputusan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rulino|first=Leo|date=2021-04-20|title=Kode Etik Keperawatan Indonesia|url=https://perawat.org/kode-etik-keperawatan-indonesia/|website=perawat.org|language=en-US|access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref>
Although nursing practice varies both through its various specialities and countries, these nursing organisations offer the following definitions:
 
Kode etik keperawatan indonesia mengatur 5 domain, yaitu:
{{Bquote | Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles. | x | x | [[International Council of Nurses]] <ref name="ICN"/>}}
 
# Hubungan antara perawat dan klien
{{Bquote|The use of clinical judgement in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death."|x|x|[[Royal College of Nursing]] UK <ref>[http://www.rcn.org.uk/downloads/definingnursing/definingnursing-a5.pdf RCN (2003) Defining nursing] Retrieved April 2007</ref>}}
# Hubungan antara perawat dan praktik
# Hubungan antara perawat dan masyarakat
# Hubungan antara perawat dan teman sejawat
# Hubungan antara perawat dan profesi
 
== Lihat pula ==
{{Bquote|Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses; and advocacy in health care for individuals, families, communities, and populations.|x|x|[[American Nurses Association]]}}
* [[Keperawatan jiwa]]
* [[Dokter]]
* [[Apoteker]]
* [[Bidan]]
* [[Nutrisionis]]
* [[Sanitarian]]
* [[Rumah sakit]]
* [[Puskesmas]]
* [[Posyandu]]
 
== Referensi ==
===Nursing theory and process===
{{reflist}}
{{main|Nursing theory|Nursing process}}
In general terms, the [[nursing process]] is the method used to [[Nursing assessment|assess]] and [[Nursing diagnosis|diagnose]] needs, [[Nursing care plan|plan]] and implement interventions, and evaluate the outcomes of the care provided. Like other disciplines, the profession has developed different [[Nursing theory|theories]] derived from sometimes diverse philosophical beliefs and [[paradigm]]s or [[worldview]]s to help nurses direct their activities to accomplish specific goals. Currently, two paradigms exist in nursing, the totality paradigm and the simultaneity paradigm.
 
== Pranala luar ==
===Practice settings===
* {{id}} [http://www.inna-ppni.org/ Persatuan Perawat Nasional Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181704/http://www.inna-ppni.org/ |date=2018-07-15 }}
Nurses practice in a wide range of settings, from [[hospital]]s to visiting people in their [[home care|homes]] and caring for them in [[school nursing|schools]] to research in [[pharmaceutical companies]]. Nurses work in [[occupational health]] settings (also called industrial health settings), free-standing clinics and physician offices, nurse-run clinics, long-term care facilities, and camps. They also work on cruise ships and in military service. Nurses act as advisers and consultants to the healthcare and insurance industries. Some are attorneys and others work with attorneys as [[legal nurse consultant]]s, reviewing patient records to assure that adequate care was provided and testifying in court. Nurses can work on a temporary basis, which involves doing shifts without a contact in a variety of settings, sometimes known as per diem nursing, agency nursing or travel nursing.
* {{en}} [http://nursingworld.org/ Asosiasi Perawat Amerika]
* {{en}} [http://www.cna-nurses.ca/cna/ Asosiasi Perawat Kanada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303161606/http://cna-nurses.ca/cna/ |date=2011-03-03 }}
* {{en}} [http://nmap.ac.uk/ NMAP The UK’s Gateway to high quality Internet resources for Nurses, Midwives and Allied Professions]
* '''[https://infoasn.id/peraturan-menpan/download-permenpan-25-tahun-2014.html Permenpan 25 Tahun 2014 Tentang Jabatan Fungsional Perawat dan Angka Kreditnya.]'''
* [https://infoasn.id/jabatan-fungsional/jabatan-fungsional-perawat.html Jabatan Fungsional Perawat dan Angka Kreditnya]
 
{{Authority control}}
===Regulation of practice===
The practice of nursing is governed by laws that define a [[Scope of Practice|scope of practice]], generally mandated by the legislature of the political division within which the nurse practices. Nurses are held legally responsible and accountable for their practice. The [[standard of care]] is that of the "prudent nurse."
 
[[Kategori:Pekerjaan]]
==Nursing specialties==
[[Kategori:Pegawai Negeri Sipil]]
{{main|List of nursing specialties}}
[[Kategori:Ilmu kesehatan]]
Nursing is the most diverse of all [[:category:healthcare occupations|healthcare professions]]. Nurses practice in a wide range of settings but generally nursing is divided depending on the needs of the person being nursed.
 
The major divisions are:-
*the nursing of people with mental health problems - [[Psychiatric and mental health nursing]]
*the nursing of people with learning or [[developmental disabilities]] - [[Learning disability nursing]] (UK)
*the nursing of children - [[Pediatric nursing]].
*the nursing of older adults - [[Geriatric nursing]]
*the nursing of people in their own homes - [[Home health nursing]] (US), [[District nursing]] and [[Health visitor|Health visiting]] (UK). See also [[Live-in nurse]]
 
There are also specialist areas such as [[cardiac nursing]], [[orthopedic nursing]], [[palliative care]], [[Perioperative Nursing|perioperative nursing]] and [[oncology nursing]].
 
==Nursing by country==
:''For the occupation of nurses in each country, see [[nurse]]''
 
==See also==
{{Wikibooks|Careers|Nursing}}
{{Nursingportal}}
*[[Nurse]]
*History of nursing
**[[Knights Hospitaller]]
**[[Knights Templar]]
*Nursing practice
**[[Nursing care plan]]
**[[Nursing practice]]
**[[Nursing theory]]
**[[Health promotion]]
*Nursing specialties
**[[List of nursing specialties]]
**[[:Category:Nursing specialties|Nursing specialties]]
*[[List of nurses]]
* [[:Category:Nurses|Prominent nurses]] (category)
* [[Nursing school]]
* [[Master of Science in Nursing]]
* [[Nurse_uniform|Traditional Nurse's Uniform]]
* [[Scrubs_%28clothing%29|Modern Nurse's Uniform (Scrubs)]]
 
==References==
<references/>
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.civilisations.ca/tresors/nursing/ncint01e.html The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Canadian Nursing History Collection Online]
* [http://www.civilisations.ca/hist/infirm/inint01e.html The Canadian Museum of Civilization - One Hundred Years of Nurses' Caps]
* [http://www.aahn.org/ American Association for the History of Nursing]
* [http://www.nnldn.org.uk/ National Network of Learning Disability Nurses]
* [http://nursing.umaryland.edu/offices/development/museum/index.htm University of Maryland School of Nursing Living History Museum]
 
[[Category:Nursing| ]]
[[Category:Military occupations]]
 
[[ca:Infermeria]]
[[da:Sygepleje]]
[[de:Krankenpflege]]
[[es:Enfermería]]
[[eu:Erizaintza]]
[[fr:Soin infirmier]]
[[ko:간호]]
[[ia:Infirmeria]]
[[it:Nursing]]
[[he:סיעוד]]
[[ja:看護]]
[[no:Sykepleie]]
[[nn:Sjukepleie]]
[[pl:Pielęgnowanie]]
[[pt:Enfermagem]]
[[ru:Сестринское дело]]
[[sv:Omvårdnad]]
[[th:พยาบาลศาสตร์]]
[[zh:护理学]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Keperawatan"