Daftar rekor cuaca: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(18 revisi perantara oleh 9 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
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{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=en|otherarticle=List of weather records|date=Oktober 2024}}
{{yatim|Desember 2008}}
[[File:1951+ Percent of global area at temperature records - Seasonal comparison - NOAA.svg |thumb|upright=1.6 |Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, rekor suhu tinggi baru telah jauh melampaui rekor suhu rendah baru di sebagian besar permukaan Bumi.<ref name=NOAA_October>{{cite web |title=Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951-2023 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202310/supplemental/page-3 |website=NCEI.NOAA.gov |publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116185412/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202310/supplemental/page-3 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |date=November 2023 |url-status=live}} (change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October)</ref> Perbandingan di gambar menunjukkan variabilitas musiman untuk rekor peningkatan.]]
Ini adalah '''daftar rekor [[cuaca]]''', sebuah daftar kejadian dari fenomena cuaca paing ekstrem dalam berbagai kategori. Setiap kategori dipahami untuk menjadi catatan sejarah saat ini, ketika catatan tersebut kemungkinan terlupakan sebelum [[Daftar instrumen cuaca|instrumentasi cuaca]] ditemukan.
Ini adalah '''daftar rekor [[cuaca]]''', sebuah daftar kejadian dari fenomena cuaca paling ekstrem dalam berbagai kategori. Banyak rekor cuaca diukur berdasarkan kondisi tertentu—seperti suhu permukaan dan kecepatan angin—untuk menjaga konsistensi antar pengukuran di sekitar Bumi. Masing-masing rekor ini dipahami sebagai nilai rekor yang diamati secara resmi, karena rekor ini mungkin telah terlampaui sebelum [[Daftar instrumen cuaca|instrumentasi cuaca]] modern ditemukan, atau di daerah terpencil yang tidak memiliki [[stasiun cuaca]] resmi. Daftar ini tidak mencakup [[Pengindraan jauh|observasi pengindraan jauh]] seperti pengukuran satelit, karena nilai tersebut tidak dianggap sebagai catatan resmi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#global|title=World Meteorological Organization: Global Weather & Climate Extremes|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|access-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213113854/http://wmo.asu.edu/|archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref>
 
== PanasSuhu ==
===Kondisi Suhu Tertinggi pengukuran===
Kondisi pengukuran standar suhu berada di ketinggian udara {{convert|1,25|m|ft|1}} hingga {{convert|2,00|m|ft|1}} di atas permukaan tanah,<ref name=978-92-63-10008-5>[https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10616 WMO (2018): Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation]</ref> dan terlindung dari intensitas sinar matahari langsung (maka istilah ''x'' derajat "di tempat teduh").<ref name=running2011 /> Daftar berikut mencakup semua klaim yang dikonfirmasi secara resmi yang diukur dengan metode tersebut.
 
Suhu yang diukur langsung di darat bisa melebihi suhu udara sebesar {{convert|30|to|50|C-change|0}}.<ref name="running2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Mildrexler | first1 = David J. | last2 = Zhao | first2 = Maosheng | last3 = Running | first3 = Steven W. | title = Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth | journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society | volume = 2011 | issue = 7 | pages = 855–860 | doi = 10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 | bibcode = 2011BAMS...92..855M | year = 2011 | doi-access = free }}</ref> {{Anchor|Highest temperature ever recorded}}Suhu permukaan tanah alami tertinggi yang pernah tercatat mungkin diperkirakan sebesar {{convert|93,9|C|F|1}} di [[Furnace Creek, California]], Amerika Serikat, pada tanggal 15 Juli 1972.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | last1 = Kubecka | first1 = Paul | year = 2001 | title = A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature | journal = Weather | volume = 56 | issue = 7| pages = 218–221 | doi = 10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x |bibcode = 2001Wthr...56..218K | s2cid = 120698040 }}</ref> Pada tahun 2011, suhu tanah tercatat {{convert|84|C|F|1}} di [[Port Sudan]], Sudan.<ref>Table 9.2, p. 158, ''Dryland Climatology'', Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, {{ISBN|1139500244}}.</ref> Suhu permukaan tanah maksimum yang mungkin secara teoritis diperkirakan antara {{convert|90|and|100|C|F|0}} untuk tanah kering dan gelap dengan konduktivitas termal rendah.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Garratt | first1 = J. R. | year = 1992 | title = Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures | journal = Journal of Applied Meteorology | volume = 31 | issue = 9| pages = 1096–1105 | doi = 10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1992JApMe..31.1096G | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
Pengukuran suhu bumi oleh satelit yang dilakukan antara tahun 2003 dan 2009, yang diambil dengan spektroradiometer inframerah [[Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer|MODIS]] pada satelit [[Aqua (satelit)|Aqua]], menemukan suhu maksimum {{convert|70,7|C|F|1}}, yang tercatat pada tahun 2005 di [[Dasht-e Lut|Gurun Lut, Iran]]. Gurun Lut juga ditemukan memiliki suhu maksimum tertinggi dalam lima dari tujuh tahun yang diukur (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 dan 2009). Pengukuran ini mencerminkan rata-rata pada wilayah yang luas sehingga lebih rendah dari suhu permukaan titik maksimum.<ref name=running2011 />
 
Pengukuran satelit terhadap suhu permukaan Antartika, yang dilakukan antara tahun 1982 dan 2013, menemukan suhu terdingin sebesar {{convert|-93,2|C|F|1}} pada 10 Agustus 2010, di {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}. Meskipun hal ini tidak sebanding dengan suhu udara, diyakini bahwa suhu udara di lokasi ini lebih rendah dari rekor suhu udara terendah resmi yaitu {{convert|-89,2|C|F|1}}.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414013306/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 |date=14 April 2016 }}, Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220245/http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, [[American Geophysical Union]] fall meeting, 9 December 2013.</ref>
=== Panas ===
==== Suhu Tertinggi ====
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"
|-
Baris 10 ⟶ 21:
!Lokasi
!Tanggal
|-
 
!Di Bumi<sup>†</sup><sup>†</sup>
| 57.8&nbsp;°[[Celsius|C]] (136&nbsp;°[[Fahrenheit|F]])
| [[El Azizia]], [India]]
| [[13 September]] [[1922]]<ref name="NCDC">[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.] ''[[National Climatic Data Center]]''. Terjadi lagi pada [[21 Juni]] [[2007]].</ref>
|-
!Amerika Utara
| 56.7&nbsp;°C (134&nbsp;°F)
| [[Death Valley]], [[California]]
| [[10 Juni]] [[1913]]<ref name="NCDC">[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.] ''[[National Climatic Data Center]]''. Terjadi lagi pada [[21 Juni]] [[2007]].</ref><ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book" />
|-
|align="right"| Kanada
Baris 31 ⟶ 36:
| [[Kabul]], [[Afganistan]]
| [[12 Mei]] [[1996]]<ref name="NCDC"/>
|-
|align="right"| Indonesia
| 5739.85&nbsp;°[[Celsius|C]] (136103.1&nbsp;°[[Fahrenheit|F]])
| [[Jatiwangi]], [[Cirebon]] dan [[Semarang]]
| [[27 Oktober]] [[2015]]<ref name="Extreme temperatures around the world">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm|title=Extreme Temperatures Around the World- world highest lowest recorded temperatures|website=www.mherrera.org|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>
|-
!Timur Tengah
Baris 40 ⟶ 50:
| 50.7&nbsp;°C (123&nbsp;°F)
| [[Oodnadatta, Australia Selatan]]
| [[2 Januari]] [[1960]]<ref name="NCDC"/><ref>[http://home.iprimus.com.au/foo7/wtempxtreme.html World Temperature Extremes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926124746/http://home.iprimus.com.au/foo7/wtempxtreme.html |date=2021-09-26 }} Retrieved on [[21 Juni]] [[2007]].</ref>
|-
!Eropa
Baris 50 ⟶ 60:
| 42.8&nbsp;°C (109.0&nbsp;°F)
| [[Ploče]]
| [[5 Agustus]] [[1998]]<ref name="vjesnik.hr">http://www.vjesnik.hr/pdf/2006%5C06%5C03%5C34A34.PDF{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|align="right"| Jerman
| 40.2&nbsp;°C (104.4&nbsp;°F)
| [[Gärmersdorf bei Amberg]] / [[Karlsruhe]] & [[Freiburg]]
| [[27 Juli]] [[1983]] / [[13 Agustus]] [[2003]] <ref>http://www.dwd.de/de/wir/Interessantes/Rekorde/Lufttemperatur/HoechsttemperaturenBRD1.pdf{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|align="right"| Indonesia
| 39.5&nbsp;°C (103.1&nbsp;°F)
| [[Jatiwangi]], [[Cirebon]]
| [[27 Oktober]] [[2015]]<ref name="Extreme temperatures around the world">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm|title=Extreme Temperatures Around the World- world highest lowest recorded temperatures|website=www.mherrera.org|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>
|-
|align="right"| Britania Raya
| 38.5&nbsp;°C (101.3&nbsp;°F)
| [[Faversham]], [[Kent]]
| [[10 Agustus]] [[2003]]<ref name="UK Met Office">{{Cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/extremes/index.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-date=2010-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229172517/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/extremes/index.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|-
|align="right"| Irlandia
| 33.3&nbsp;°C (91.9&nbsp;°F)
| [[Kilkenny Castle]], [[County Kilkenny]]
| [[26 Juni]] [[1887]]<ref name="Met Éireann">{{Cite web |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003129/https://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp%20 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|-
|align="right"| Italia
| 48.5&nbsp;°C (119.3&nbsp;°F)
| [[Catenanuova]], [[Sisilia]]
| [[10 Agustus]] [[1999]]<ref name="Meteo Net">{{Cite web |url=http://www.meteo-net.it/statistiche/estremi.aspx |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2010-08-01 |archive-date=2008-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226125538/http://www.meteo-net.it/statistiche/estremi.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|-
|align="right"| Norwegia
| 35.6&nbsp;°C (96.1&nbsp;°F)
| [[Nesbyen]], [[Buskerud]]
| [[20 Juni]] [[1970]]<ref name="DNMI">{{Cite web |url=http://met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-date=2007-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129225502/http://www.met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|-
|align="right"| Polandia
| 40.2&nbsp;°C (104.4&nbsp;°F)
| [[Prószków]]
| [[29 Juli]] [[1921]]<ref name="IGiGP UJ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-date=2010-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|-
|align="right"| Slovenia
| 40.6&nbsp;°C (105.1&nbsp;°F)
| [[Črnomelj]]
| [[5 Juli]] [[1950]]<ref name="ARSO">{{Cite web |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001118/http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|-
!Amerika Selatan
Baris 127 ⟶ 132:
| −89.6&nbsp;°C (−128.6&nbsp;°F)
| [[Stasiun Vostok]], [[Antartika]]
| [[31 Juli]] [[1983]]<ref name="NCDC"/><ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book">{{cite book|last = Lyons|first = Walter A|title = The Handy Weather Answer Book|url = https://archive.org/details/handyweatheransw00lyon|edition = 2nd Edition|year = 1997|publisher = Visible Ink press|location = [[Detroit, Michigan]]|isbn = 0-7876-1034-8}}</ref>
|-
!Asia
Baris 230 ⟶ 235:
 
== Hujan ==
* '''''Paling sedikit per tahun (lokal): 0.00&nbsp;mm (0.00&nbsp;in/tahun), tidak terdapat dalam catatan sejarah; [[Wilayah Antofagasta]], [[Gurun Atacama]], [[Chili]].'''''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0308/feature3/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-date=2007-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112045446/http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0308/feature3/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
=== Hujan air ===
Baris 244 ⟶ 249:
{{further|[[Rekor Tornado]]}}
=== Paling mematikan dalam sejarah ===
* '''''Di Bumi: Perkiraan 1300 kematian; [[Distrik Manikganj]], [[Bangladesh]] pada [[26 April]] [[1989]].'''''<ref name="tornado project Bangladesh">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-date=2012-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* '''Di Amerika Utara:''' 695 kematian ([[Tornado Tri-Negara]]); [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[18 Maret]] [[1925]].<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/>
* '''Di Eropa:''' 600 atau lebih ([[Tornado Valetta, Malta|Tronado Pelabuhan Grand]]); [[Valetta]], [[Malta]], [[23 September]] [[1551]] atau [[1556]] (konfik sumber)<ref name="TORRO records">{{Cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-date=2007-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075710/http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
=== Paling awal diketahui ===
Baris 259 ⟶ 264:
=== Terhebat (menurut tekanan udara minimum) ===
* '''''Terdahsyat yang pernah terjadi: 870&nbsp;[[millibar|mb]] (25.63&nbsp;[[Inci merkuri|inHg]]); [[mata (badai)|mata]] [[Topan Tip]] yang melintasi [[Samudra Pasifik]], [[12 Oktober]] [[1979]].'''''<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/>
* '''Terdahsyat di [[Belahan Barat]]:''' 882&nbsp;mb (26.05&nbsp;inHg); mata [[Hurikan Wilma]], [[19 Oktober]] [[2005]].<ref name="Wilma TCR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL252005_Wilma.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-date=2012-09-23 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AtPRLOAx?url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL252005_Wilma.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* '''Terdahsyat yang pernah tercatat di daratan:''' 892&nbsp;mb (26.35&nbsp;inHg); [[Craig Key]], [[Florida]], mata [[Hurikan Hari Buruh 1935|Hurikan Hari Buruh]], [[2 September]] [[1935]]. Ketika siklon tropis yang mendarat hampir memiliki tekanan lebih rendah, data mendapatkan kerusakan di area lain dari [[Samurda Atlantik]], khususnya sebelum penemuan [[satelit cuaca]].<ref name="lowest on land">{{Cite web |url=http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-date=2010-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804232406/http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
== Cuaca perusak lain ==
[[Berkas:Hailstone.jpg|thumbjmpl|300px|rightka|Batu es ini berdiameter 0.2 meter (7 inci); batu es terbesar yang pernah dihitung berbentuk [[lingkaran]] hampir 0.5 meter (19 inci).]]
=== Hujan Es ===
* '''Terbesar yang pernah diukur di Amerika Serikat:''' lingkaran 17.8&nbsp;cm (7.0&nbsp;in) [[diameter]], 47.6&nbsp;cm (18.75&nbsp;in); [[Aurora, Nebraska]], [[22 Juni]] [[2003]].<ref name="NG Hail">http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html</ref>
Baris 272 ⟶ 277:
 
=== Kecepatan angin ===
* '''''Tercepat yang pernah terjadi: 484[[±]]32&nbsp;km/j (301±20&nbsp;mpj) 3-detik hempasan; Diteliti oleh unit radar ''[[Doppler On Wheels|DOW]]'' ([[Radar Doppler|Doppler]] On Wheels) dalam [[Serangan Tornado Oklahoma|tornado]] dekat [[Oklahoma City]], [[Oklahoma]] pada [[3 Mei]] [[1999]].'''''<ref name="fastest wind">{{cite web| url = http://cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm| title = Doppler On Wheels| accessdate = 2007-02-18| author = [http://cswr.org/ Center for Severe Weather Research]| year = 2006| archive-date = 2007-02-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205124033/http://www.cswr.org/dow/dow.htm| dead-url = yes}}</ref>
* '''Tercepat yang tercatat dalam [[anemometer]]:''' 372&nbsp;km/j (231&nbsp;mpj) bertahan rata-rata 1-menit; [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]], [[New Hampshire]], [[12 April]] [[1934]].<ref name="101 earth facts">{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/101_earth_facts_030722-1.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2003-07-24 |archive-date=2003-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030724182204/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/101_earth_facts_030722-1.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* '''Tercepat rata-rata harian:''' 174&nbsp;km/j (108&nbsp;mph); [[Port Martin]] ([[Tanah Adélie]]), [[Antartika]].<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/>
 
== Kategori lain ==
* '''''Bencana penerbangan terburuk berkaitan dengan kabut: 583 tewas dalam [[Bencana Tenerife]]; [[Tenerife]], [[Kepulauan Canary]], Spanyol, [[27 Maret]] [[1977]].'''''<ref name="NOVA plane crash">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/planecrash/human.html</ref>
* '''''Tekanan udara tertinggi: 1085.6&nbsp;mb (32.06&nbsp;inHg); [[Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl|Tosontsengel]], [[Provinsi Khövsgöl]], [[Mongolia]], [[19 Desember]] [[2001]].'''''<ref name="NOAA highest air pressure">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/2001/december/extremes1201.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-date=2009-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826163538/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/2001/december/extremes1201.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* '''''Tekanan udara (permukaan) terendah:''''' 850&nbsp;mbar; tercatat dalam tornado di permukaan oleh penelitian dekat [[Manchester, Dakota Selatan]] pada [[24 Juni]] [[2003]]<ref name="Manchester">{{cite conference |first=Julian J. |last=Lee |coauthors=Timothy P. Samaras, Carl R. Young |title=Pressure Measurements at the ground in an F-4 tornado |booktitle=Preprints of the 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |date=October 2004 |location=Hyannis, Massachusetts |url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81700.htm }}</ref>
* '''''Tekanan udara terendah di area gunung''''', umumnya sekitar 350&nbsp;mbar di [[Gunung Everest]].
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html National Climate Extremes Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221108/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html |date=2009-08-29 }}
 
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Authority control}}
 
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