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#redirect [[Preskriptivisme (linguistik)]]
'''Preskripsi linguistik''', atau '''tata bahasa preskriptif''', adalah upaya untuk membuat aturan-aturan yang menentukan penggunaan yang benar pada suatu [[bahasa]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics|publisher=Blackwell|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4051-5296-9|edition=6th|page=384|given=David|surname=Crystal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-920272-0|page=316|given=Peter Hugoe|surname=Matthews}}</ref> Aturan-aturan ini dapat mencakup aspek-aspek [[linguistik]] seperti [[ejaan]], [[Pelafalan|pengucapan]], [[Kosakata|kosa kata]], [[sintaksis]], dan [[semantik]]. Dengan sokongan gagasan seperti purisme linguistik , pembuatan aturan norma seperti ini menyiratkan bahwa sebagian penggunaan bahasa adalah keliru, tidak tepat, tidak logis, tidak komunikatif, atau rendah mutu estetika. Aturan-aturan ini juga dapat mencakup penilaian mengenai penggunaan bahasa yang layak secara [[Etiket|sosial]] dan benar secara politis.
Preskripsi linguistik dapat dilakukan dalam rangka membuat suatu [[bahasa baku]], mengajarkan apa yang dianggap masyarakat tertentu sebagai bentuk yang benar, atau menyarankan suatu bentuk komunikasi yang efektif. Jika kecenderungan penggunaan bahasa bersifat tertutup, preskripsi akan menimbulkan resistensi terhadap [[perubahan bahasa]]; namun jika preskripsi dilakukan secara radikal, ia dapat menghasilkan [[neologisme]].<ref name="McArthur1992generic">{{harvp|McArthur|1992}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=October 2011}}
Pendekatan preskriptif terhadap bahasa seringkali dilawankan dengan linguistik deskriptif ("deskriptivisme"), yang mengamati dan merekam bagaimana bahasa digunakan sebenarnya.<ref /> Dasar dari penelitian linguistik adalah analisis teks (korpus) dan kajian lapangan, yang keduanya merupakan kegiatan deskriptif. Akan tetapi, deskripsi juga bisa disisipi oleh amatan para peneliti terhadap penggunaan bahasa mereka sendiri.
Meskipun keduanya tampak sebagai dua pendekatan yang berlawanan, preskripsi dan deskripsi sering kali bersifat komplementer, sebab catatan-catatan deskriptif yang menyeluruh perlu mempertimbangkan kecenderungan yang dipunya oleh penutur bahasa, sementara pemahaman mengenai bagaimana bahasa sebenarnya digunakan juga berperan penting agar preskripsi bisa menjadi efektif. Sejak pertengahan abad ke-20, kamus dan panduan selingkung bahasa Inggris-- yang pada hakikatnya bersifat deskriptif -- mulai menggabungkan materi dan pendekatan deskriptif, yang dimulai dengan ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'' pada tahun 1961 (yang pada waktu itu kontroversial), dan terus berlanjut hingga saat ini. Misalnya, edisi-edisi baru tahun 2010-an dari ''New Hart's Rules'', ''Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage'', dan ''Garner's Modern English Usage'' telah diperbarui dengan menambahkan bahan yang lebih lebih deskriptif dan berdasarkan bukti, terutama tentang topik-topik seputar konflik antarpemerintahan, atau materi dari berbagai [[dialek]], disiplin ilmu, gaya, atau [[Laras bahasa|register]] pemakaian. Beberapa panduan selingkung, seperti ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Manual of Style]]'', tetap mempertahankan sifat preskriptif dan tradisionalisnya {{As of|2017|lc=y}}.
[[Berkas:Hanzi.svg|kiri|jmpl|150x150px|Cina tradisional dan Disederhanakan karakter Cina]]
[[Berkas:Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg|ka|jmpl|Samuel Johnson, c. 1772]]
{{Quote|When we see men grow old and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the [[Lexicography|lexicographer]] be derided, who being able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his [[dictionary]] can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and decay, that it is in his power to change sublunary nature, and clear the world at once from folly, vanity, and affectation.
With this hope, however, [[List of language regulators|academies]] have been instituted, to guard the avenues of their languages, to retain fugitives, and repulse intruders; but their vigilance and activity have hitherto been vain; sounds are too volatile and subtile for legal restraints; to enchain syllables, and to lash the wind, are equally the undertakings of pride, unwilling to measure its desires by its strength. The [[French language]] has visibly changed under the inspection of the [[Académie française|academy]]; the [[Stylistics (literature)|stile]] of [[Abraham Nicolas Amelot de la Houssaye|Amelot]]'s translation of [[Paolo Sarpi|Father Paul]] is observed, by [[Pierre François le Courayer|Le Courayer]] to be ''un peu passé''; and no Italian will maintain that the diction of any modern writer is not perceptibly different from that of [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccace]], [[Niccolò Machiavelli|Machiavel]], or [[Annibale Caro|Caro]].|text=When we see men grow old and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the [[Lexicography|lexicographer]] be derided, who being able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his [[dictionary]] can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and decay, that it is in his power to change sublunary nature, and clear the world at once from folly, vanity, and affectation.
With this hope, however, [[List of language regulators|academies]] have been instituted, to guard the avenues of their languages, to retain fugitives, and repulse intruders; but their vigilance and activity have hitherto been vain; sounds are too volatile and subtile for legal restraints; to enchain syllables, and to lash the wind, are equally the undertakings of pride, unwilling to measure its desires by its strength. The [[French language]] has visibly changed under the inspection of the [[Académie française|academy]]; the [[Stylistics (literature)|stile]] of [[Abraham Nicolas Amelot de la Houssaye|Amelot]]'s translation of [[Paolo Sarpi|Father Paul]] is observed, by [[Pierre François le Courayer|Le Courayer]] to be ''un peu passé''; and no Italian will maintain that the diction of any modern writer is not perceptibly different from that of [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccace]], [[Niccolò Machiavelli|Machiavel]], or [[Annibale Caro|Caro]].|source={{Gutenberg book |no=5430 |title=Preface to a Dictionary of the English Language |bullet=none}}}}
== Catatan ==
{{Reflist|2|refs=<ref name="Edwards2009p259">John Edwards (2009) ''Language and Identity: An introduction'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=wwvOjiqyU-EC&pg=PA259 p.259]</ref>
<ref name="Janicki2006p155">Janicki, Karol (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=lWAz__vpe88C&pg=PA155 ''Language misconceived: arguing for applied cognitive sociolinguistics''] p.155</ref>
<!-- Unused citations
<ref name="Zuckermann2008p135">[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] (2008) [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Realistic_Prescriptivism_Academy.pdf 'Realistic Prescriptivism': The Academy of the Hebrew Language, its Campaign of 'Good Grammar' and Lexpionage, and the Native Israeli Speakers] p. 135, in ''Israel Studies in Language and Society'' 1.1, pp. 135–154</ref>
<ref name="Kordić2010p58">{{cite book|last=Kordić |first=Snježana |authorlink=Snježana Kordić |year=2010 |language=Serbo-Croatian |title=Jezik i nacionalizam |trans_title=Language and Nationalism |url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf |deadurl=no |series=Rotulus Universitas |location=Zagreb |publisher=Durieux |pages=58–68 |isbn=978-953-188-311-5 |lccn=2011520778 |oclc=729837512 |ol=15270636W |archivedate=8 July 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/690BiBe4T?url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf |accessdate=23 August 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="ArbasinoGL">{{cite web |language=Italian|author=Alberto Arbasino |url=http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/italian/gadda/Pages/resources/archive/classics/arbasinogeniuslocii.html |title=Genius Loci |accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref>
-->}}
[[Kategori:Sosiolinguistik]]
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