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{{Pp}}{{redirect|Obama}}
{{forUntuk|ayah Presiden Obama, ekonom Kenya|Barack Obama, Sr.}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Barack Obama
| image = President Barack Obama.jpg
| alt = U.S. President Barack Obama is photographed standing in front of the Resolute Desk in the Oval Office of the White House, December 6, 2012.
| office = [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat|Presiden Amerika Serikat]] [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat|ke-44]]
| vicepresident = [[Joe Biden]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2009|1|20}}
| term_end = {{End date|2017|1|20}}
| predecessor = [[George W. Bush]]
| successor = [[Donald Trump]]
| jr/sr2 = Senat Amerika Serikat
| state2 = [[Illinois]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2005|1|3}}
| term_end2 = {{Start date|2008|11|16}}
| predecessor2 = [[Peter Fitzgerald (politikus)|Peter Fitzgerald]]
| successor2 = [[Roland Burris]]
| office3 = [[Senat Illinois#Anggota Senat Illinois|Anggota]] [[Senat Illinois]] <br /> dari Distrik ke-13
| term_start3 = 8 Januari 1997
| term_end3 = 4 November 2004
| predecessor3 = [[Alice Palmer (politikus)|Alice Palmer]]
| successor3 = [[Kwame Raoul]]
| birth_name = Barack Hussein Obama II
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|8|4}}<ref name="biography">{{cite quick|web|year=2008|title=President Barack Obama|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=The White House|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama|accessdate=December 12, 2008}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], A.S.<ref name="birth-certificate" />
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Demokrat]]
| spouse = [[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]] <small>(3 Oktober 1992–sekarang)</small>
| children = [[Malia Obama|Malia]] <small>(l. 1998)</small> <br /> [[Sasha Obama|Sasha]] <small>(l. 2001)</small>
| father = [[Barack Obama, Sr.]] <br /> [[Lolo Soetoro]]
| mother = [[Keluarga Barack Obama#Kezia Obama|Kezia Obama]] <br />[[Ann Dunham]]<br />[[Keluarga Barack Obama#Ndesandjo|Ruth Nidesand]]<br />[[Keluarga Barack Obama#Paternal relations|Jael Otieno]]<ref name="Fornek 2007a">{{cite news|author=Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg|date=9 September 2007|title=The Obama family tree|newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times|pages=2B–3B|url=http://thedunhamhouse.com/obamatree.pdf|accessdate=22 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Crilly, Rob|date=22 August 2008|title=Life is good in my Nairobi slum, says Barack Obama's younger brother|newspaper=The Times|location=London|page=37|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4583353.ece|accessdate=23 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author= Pflanz, Mike|date=21 August 2008|title=Barack Obama is my inspiration, says lost brother|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/2595688/Barack-Obama-is-my-inspiration-says-lost-brother.html|accessdate=23 August 2008|archive-date=2008-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202152554/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/2595688/Barack-Obama-is-my-inspiration-says-lost-brother.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The President's Kin|url=http://nymag.com/news/articles/09/11/nymag-obamafamily-091123.pdf|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=23 November 2009|accessdate=20 January 2012}}</ref>
| relations =
| residence = = Chicago, Illinois
| alma_mater = [[Occidental College]] <br /> [[Universitas Columbia]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])</small> <br /> [[Harvard Law School]] <small>([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]])</small>
| profession = [[Pengacara]] <br /> [[Profesor]] [[hukum konstitusi]] <br /> [[Penggerak masyarakat]] <br /> [[Penulis]]
| religion = [[Kristen]]<ref name="Christian"/>
| blank1 = Penghargaan
| data1 = [[Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian]]
| signature = Barack Obama signature.svg
| signature_alt = Barack Obama
| website = {{URL|http://www.barackobama.com/}}
| footnotes =
| caption = Obama pada tahun 2012
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=President Obama on the death of Osama bin Laden.ogg|title=Suara Barack Obama|type=speech|description=Obama pada saat [[kematian Osama bin Laden]]<br />Direkam pada 2 Mei 2011}}
| citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
}}
{{Barack Obama sidebar}}
'''Barack Hussein Obama II''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg|b|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|k|_|h|uː|ˈ|s|eɪ|n|_|oʊ|ˈ|b|ɑː|m|ə}}; {{lahirmati||4|8|1961}}) adalah seorang politisipolitikus Amerika yang menjabat sebagai [[Presiden Amerika Serikat]] [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat|ke-44]]. Ia merupakan orang [[Afrika Amerika]] pertama yang menempati jabatan tersebut.
 
Lahir di [[Honolulu, Hawaii]], Obama merupakan lulusan [[Universitas Columbia]] dan [[Harvard Law School]], tempat ia menjadi presiden ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. Ia dulunya seorang penggerak masyarakat di Chicago sebelum mendapat gelar hukumnya. Ia bekerja sebagai jaksa [[hak sipil|hak-hak sipil]] di Chicago dan mengajar [[hukum konstitusi]] di [[University of Chicago Law School]] sejak 1992 sampai 2004. Ia tiga kali mewakili Distrik ke-13 di [[Senat Illinois]] mulai tahun 1997 hingga 2004, namun tidak lolos ke tahap [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat]] tahun 2000.
 
Pada tahun 2004, Obama mendapat perhatian nasional saat berkampanye mewakili Illionis[[Illinois]] di [[Senat Amerika Serikat]] melalui kemenangannya pada pemilu pendahuluan [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Demokrat]] bulan Maret, pidatonya di [[Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 2004|Konvensi Nasional Demokrat]] bulan Juli, dan pemilihannya sebagai Senat pada bulan November. Ia memulai kampanye presidennya tahun 2007, dan pada tahun 2008, setelah kampanye pendahuluan melawan [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]], Obama memenangkan mayoritas suara delegasi dalam pemilu pendahuluan partai Demokrat untuk dijadikan calon presiden. Ia kemudian mengalahkan calon dari [[Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Republik]] [[John McCain]] dalam [[pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2008|pemilihan umum presiden]] tahun 2008, dan dilantik sebagai presiden pada tanggal 20 Januari 2009. Sembilan bulan kemudian, Obama dinyatakan sebagai pemenang [[Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian 2009]].<!-- see [[WP:EGG]] before attempting to hide this link! --> Ia [[pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2012|terpilih lagi sebagai presiden]] pada November 2012, mengalahkan [[Mitt Romney]] dari Partai Republik, dan dilantik untuk kedua kalinya pada tanggal 20 Januari 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/us/politics/obama-inauguration-draws-hundreds-of-thousands.html|title=Obama Cites Nation’s Ideals in Call to Act|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Michael|last=Shear|date=January 21, 2013|accessdate=January 21, 2013}}</ref>
 
Pada masa jabatan pertamanya, Obama mengesahkan undang-undang [[Stimulus (ekonomi)|stimulus ekonomi]] sebagai tanggapan terhadap [[resesi 2007–2009 di Amerika Serikat]] dalam bentuk [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] dan [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]]. Inisiatif besar dalam negeri lainnya pada masa pemerintahannya adalah [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]]; [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]]; [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]]; [[Budget Control Act of 2011]]; dan [[American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012]]. Di bidang kebijakan luar negeri, Obama mengakhiri keterlibatan militer A.S. dalam [[Perang Irak]], menambah jumlah tentara di [[Perang di Afganistan|Afganistan]], menandatangani perjanjian pengendalian senjata [[New START]] bersama [[Rusia]], memerintahkan [[intervensi militer di Libya 2011|intervensi militer A.S. di Libya]], dan melaksanakan operasi militer yang berujung pada [[kematian Osama bin Laden]]. Pada bulan mei 2012, ia menjadi presiden A.S. pertama yang mendukung pengesahan pernikahan sesama jenis secara terbuka.
 
== KehidupanMasa awalmuda dan karier ==
{{main|Keluarga Barack Obama|KehidupanMasa awalmuda dan karier Barack Obama}}
 
Obama lahir pada tanggal 4 Agustus 1961 di Kapi{{okina}}olani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital (sekarang [[Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children|Kapi{{okina}}olani Medical Center for Women and Children]]) di Honolulu, Hawaii,<ref name="birth-certificate" /><ref name="maraniss">{{cite quick |news|author=Maraniss, David|date=August 24, 2008|title=Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A22|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html|accessdate=October 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Nakaso, Dan|date=December 22, 2008 |title=Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years|newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser|page=B1|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html|accessdate=January 22, 2011}}</ref> dan menjadi Presiden pertama yang lahir di Hawaii.<ref>{{cite quick |web|author=Rudin, Ken|date=December 23, 2009|title=Today's Junkie segment On TOTN: a political review Of 2009|work=Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog)|publisher=NPR|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html|accessdate=April 18, 2010|quote=We began with the historic inauguration on January 20—yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii}}</ref> Ibunya, [[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]], lahir di [[Wichita, Kansas]], dan merupakan keturunan bangsa Inggris.<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.</ref> Ayahnya, [[Barack Obama, Sr.]], adalah seorang anggota suku [[suku Luo dari Kenya dan Tanzania|Luo]] dari [[Nyang’oma Kogelo|Nyang’oma Kogelo, Kenya]]. Orang tua Obama bertemu pada tahun 1960 di kelas bahasa Rusia di [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]], tempat ayahnya kuliah sebagai penerima beasiswa asing.<ref name="Jones 2007">{{cite quick |news|author=Jones, Tim|date=March 27, 2007|title=Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1 (Tempo)|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,5853572,full.story|archiveurl=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,5853572,full.story|accessdate=May 18, 2012|archivedate=February 21, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
Baris 95 ⟶ 98:
 
=== Penggerak masyarakat Chicago dan Harvard Law School ===
Dua tahun setelah lulus, Obama bekerja sebagai direktur [[Developing Communities Project]] (DCP), sebuah organisasi masyarakat berbasis gereja yang awalnya terdiri dari 8 paroki KatoliKatolik [[Roseland, Chicago|Roseland]], [[West Pullman, Chicago|West Pullman]], dan [[Riverdale, Chicago|Riverdale]] di [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]], Chicago. Ia bekerja di sana sebagai penggerak masyarakat pada bulan Juni 1985 sampai Mei 1988.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /><ref>{{cite quick |journal|author=Lizza, Ryan|date=March 19, 2007|title=The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education|journal=The New Republic|volume=236|issue=12|pages=22–26, 28–29|issn=0028-6583|url=http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education|accessdate=August 21, 2007}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Secter, Bob; McCormick, John|date=March 30, 2007|title=Portrait of a pragmatist|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story|accessdate=May 18, 2012|archivedate=December 14, 2009}}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.
Baris 110 ⟶ 113:
* {{cite quick |news|author=Drummond, Tammerlin|date=March 12, 1990|title=Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=E1|format=paid archive|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |journal|author=Evans, Gaynelle|date=March 15, 1990|title=Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama|journal=Black Issues in Higher Education|volume=7|issue=1|page=5|issn=0742-0277|url=http://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/|accessdate=May 18, 2012}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Pugh, Allison J. |agency = Associated Press |date=April 18, 1990|title=Law Review's first black president aims to help poor|newspaper=The Miami Herald|page=C01 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=MH%7C&p_product=MH&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=miami&s_trackval=MH&s_search_type=keyword&s_dispstring=Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=%28Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%29&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> Sepanjang musim panas, ia pulang ke Chicago, lalu bekerja sebagai [[jaksa pembantu|jaksa]] di firma hukum [[Sidley Austin]] tahun 1989 dan [[Hopkins & Sutter]] tahun 1990.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Aguilar, Louis|date=July 11, 1990|title=Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1 (Business)|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> Setelah lulus dengan gelar [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] secara ''[[Latin honors#Types|magna cum laude]]''<ref name="Juris Doctor" /> dari Harvar[[Universitas Harvard|Harvard]] tahun 1991, ia pulang ke Chicago.<ref name="Harvard Law 2007" /> Pemilihan Obama sebagai [[Daftar orang Afrika-Amerika pertama|presiden ''Harvard Law Review'' berkulit hitam pertama]] menjadi perhatian media nasional<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a" /><ref name="Harvard Law 1990b" /> dan berujung pada ditandatanganinya kontrak penerbitan buku karya Obama tentang hubungan antarras,<ref name="Scott 2008a">{{cite quick |news|author=Scott, Janny|date=May 18, 2008|title=The story of Obama, written by Obama|newspaper=The New York Times|page=A1|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.</ref> yang berubah menjadi memoar pribadi. Buku karya Obama tersebut diterbitkan pada pertengahan 1995 dengan judul ''[[Dreams from My Father]]''.<ref name="Scott 2008a" />
 
Baris 129 ⟶ 132:
{{main|Karier Barack Obama di Senat Illinois}}
 
Obama [[Pemilihan umum Senat Amerika Serikat di Illinois 2004|terpilih sebagai anggota]] [[Senat Illinois]] pada tahun 1996, menggantikan [[Alice Palmer (politikus)|Alice Palmer]] sebagai Senator dari Distrik ke-13 Illinois yang pada waktu itu mencakup permukiman South Side Chicago dari [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]]&nbsp;– [[Kenwood, Chicago|Kenwood]] ke selatan hingga [[South Shore, Chicago|South Shore]] dan barat hingga [[Chicago Lawn, Chicago|Chicago Lawn]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=David|last=Jackson|coauthors=Ray Long|title=Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot|date=April 3, 2007|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=May 18, 2012|archivedate=October 11, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |book|author=[[Jesse White (politikus)|White, Jesse]]|year=2001|chapter=Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment|chapterurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf|title=Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002|place=Springfield|publisher=[[Illinois Secretary of State]]|page=65|accessdate=July 16, 2011}} State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.</ref> Setelah terpilih, Obama mendapat dukungan dari kedua partai untuk undang-undang reformasi hukum etika dan pelayanan kesehatan.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Peter|last=Slevin|title=Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol|date=February 9, 2007|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=April 20, 2008}}{{cite quick |news|first=Scott|last=Helman|title=In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists|date=September 23, 2007|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/|work=The Boston Globe|accessdate=April 20, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/?|archivedate= April 16, 2008|deadurl= no}} See also:{{cite quick |news|title=Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics|date=January 17, 2007|publisher=CBS News|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=April 20, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080412223055/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml|archivedate= April 12, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Ia memperkenalkan hukum penambahan [[kredit pajak]] untuk pekerja berpenghasilan rendah, menegosiasikan reformasi kesejahteraan, dan mempromosikan peningkatan subsidi perawatan anak.<ref name="Scott20070730">{{cite quick |news|first=Janny|last=Scott|title=In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd|date=July 30, 2007|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 20, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080424130932/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html?|archivedate= April 24, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Tahun 2001, selaku ketua bersama Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama mendukung peraturan [[pinjaman upah]] dan [[peminjaman predator|pemberian pinjaman gadai predator]] usulan Gubernur Ryan dari Partai Republik yang bertujuan menghindari penyitaan rumah.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Allison, Melissa|date=December 15, 2000|title=State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|format=paid archive|work=Chicago Tribune|page=1 (Business)|accessdate=June 1, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|archivedate= June 17, 2008|deadurl= no}}{{cite quick |news|author=Long, Ray; Allison, Melissa|date=April 18, 2001|title=Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|format=paid archive|work=Chicago Tribune|page=1|accessdate=June 1, 2008}}</ref>
 
Baris 157 ⟶ 160:
Obama turut mensponsori [[Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act]].<ref>{{cite quick |web|first=109th Congress, 1st Session|last=U.S. Senate|title=S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act|date=May 12, 2005|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN01033:|publisher=Thomas|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> Ia memperkenalkan dua inisiatif yang diberi nama dirinya: Lugar–Obama, yang memperluas konsep [[Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction|pengurangan risiko bersama Nunn–Lugar]] menjadi senjata api konvensional;<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/|title=Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President|date=January 11, 2007|publisher=Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/|archivedate= December 18, 2008}} See also:{{cite quick |news|first=Richard G.|last=Lugar|coauthors=Barack Obama|title=Junkyard Dogs of War|date=December 3, 2005|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> dan [[Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006]], yang mengizinkan pembuatan USAspending.gov, mesin pencari anggaran federal di Internet.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=John|last=McCormack|title=Google Government Gone Viral|date=December 21, 2007|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp|work=Weekly Standard|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080423235240/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp|archivedate= April 23, 2008|deadurl= no}} See also:{{cite quick |web|title=President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act|date=September 26, 2006|url=http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080501233103/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb|archivedate=May 1, 2008|publisher=Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office|accessdate=April 27, 2008}} and [http://www.USAspending.gov/ USAspending.gov]</ref> Tanggal 3 Juni 2008, Senator Obama—bersama Senator [[Tom Carper]], [[Tom Coburn]], dan [[John McCain]]—memperkenalkan RUU kelanjutannya, yaitu Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3077|title=S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008: 2007–2008 (110th Congress)|publisher=Govtrack.us|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=May 18, 2012}}</ref>
 
Obama mensponsori RUU yang mewajibkan pemilik PLTN memberitahu kebocoran radioaktif kepada otoritas negara bagian dan wilayah setempat, namun gagal disahkan secara bulat setelah diubah besar-besaran oleh komite.<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=McIntire|first=Mike|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html|title=Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate|date=February 3, 2008|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080512064208/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html?|archivedate= May 12, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Mengenai [[reformasi kerugian]], Obama memberi suaranya untuk [[Class Action Fairness Act of 2005]] dan [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008|FISA Amendments Act of 2008]], yang memberikan imunitas kewajiban sipil kepada perusahaan-perusahaan telekomunikasi yang mematuhi operasi [[kontroversi pengawasan tanpa surat perintah NSA|penyadapan tanpa surat perintah NSA]].<ref name="Fisher">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/08/obama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html|title=November Election A Lawyer's Delight|author=Fisher, Daniel|work=Forbes|date=August 11, 2008|accessdate=January 11, 2009|archiveurl=httphttps://archive.istoday/DeoA20120920224721/http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/08/obama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html|archivedate=September 20, 2012}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Lugar-Obama.jpg|jmpl|alt=Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder.|kiri|250px|Obama dan Sen. A.S. [[Richard Lugar]] (R-IN) mengunjungi sebuah fasilitas perombakan rudal bergerak di Rusia (Agustus 2005).<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Nunn–Lugar Report|month=August|year=2005|publisher=Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office|url=http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080501002134/http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf|archivedate=May 1, 2008|accessdate=April 30, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref>]]
 
Pada bulan Desember 2006, Presiden Bush mengesahkan Undang-Undang Pemulihan, Keamanan, dan Pengenalan Demokrasi [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]], yang menandai UU federal pertama yang disahkan dan disponsori Obama.<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo|month=April|year=2006|url=http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml|publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|accessdate=January 26, 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110108193726/http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml|archivedate=January 8, 2011}}{{cite quick |web|title=The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo|date=January 5, 2007|url=http://www.theirc.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html|publisher=International Rescue Committee|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> Bulan Januari 2007, Obama dan Senator Feingold memperkenalkan peraturan jet perusahaan dalam [[Honest Leadership and Open Government Act]] yang disahkan bulan September 2007.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Nathaniel|last=Weixel|title=Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel|date=November 15, 2007|url=http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html|work=The Hill|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080515201902/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html|archivedate= May 15, 2008|deadurl= no}}{{cite quick |news|first=Nathaniel|last=Weixel|title=Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation|date=December 5, 2007|url=http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html|work=The Hill|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080416162108/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html|archivedate= April 16, 2008|deadurl= no}} See also:{{cite quick |news|title=Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007|date=September 24, 2007|publisher=Federal Election Commission|url=http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080411220016/http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml|archivedate= April 11, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Obama juga memperkenalkan [[Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act]], sebuah RUU yang mengkriminalisasi praktik penipuan dalam pemilihan umum federal,<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Seth|last=Stern|title=Obama–Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation|date=January 31, 2007|publisher=CQPolitics.com|url=http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080516104256/http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html|archivedate= May 16, 2008|deadurl= no}}{{cite quick |web|first=110th Congress, 1st Session|last=U.S. Senate|title=S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007|date=January 31, 2007|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN00453:|publisher=Thomas|accessdate=April 27, 2008}} See also:{{cite quick |news|title=Honesty in Elections|date=January 31, 2007|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/opinion/31wed1.html|work=The New York Times|format=editorial|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> dan [[Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=E. Kasak|last=Krystin|title=Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home|date=February 7, 2007|publisher=Medill News Service|url=http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/article_c7147a5d-31bc-5497-abdd-a99c0cd6c189.html|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> Tidak satupun yang disahkan.
 
Kemudian pada tahun 2007, Obama memperkenalkan amendemen terhadap Defense Authorization Act yang yang berisi tentang penambahan perlindungan bagi pensiunan militer yang menderita gangguan kepribadian.<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action|date=October 1, 2007|url=http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31|publisher=Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101205075008/http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31|archivedate=December 5, 2010}}</ref> Amanddemen ini disahkan Senat dengan suara bulat pada musim semi 2008.<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases|url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154824/http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/|archivedate= December 18, 2008|date=March 14, 2008}}</ref> Ia memperkenalkan pula [[Disinvestasi dari Iran|Iran Sanctions Enabling Act]] yang mendukung divestasi dana pensiun negara dari industri minyak dan gas Iran, yang tidak disahkan komite; serta mensponsori bersama UU pengurangan risiko terorisme nuklir.<ref name="nuclear terrorism" /> Obama juga mensponsori amendemen Senat terhadap [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]] yang memberikan perlindungan kerja selama satu tahun untuk para anggota keluarga yang merawat tentara-tentara terluka akibat pertempuran.<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members|date=August 2, 2007|url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/|publisher=Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154819/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/|archivedate=December 18, 2008}}</ref>
 
==== Komite ====
Baris 197 ⟶ 200:
Pada [[Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 2012]] di [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], mantan [[Presiden Amerika Serikat|Presiden]] [[Bill Clinton]] secara resmi mencalonkan Obama dan [[Joe Biden]] sebagai kandidat dari Partai Demokrat untuk menjadi presiden dan wakil presiden pada pemilihan umum mendatang, melawan [[Mitt Romney]], mantan gubernur Massachusetts, dan Anggota DPR [[Paul Ryan]] dari Wisconsin dari Partai Republik.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Tom|title=Clinton says Obama offers a better path forward for America|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/05/politics/democratic-convention-wrap/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=September 6, 2012}}</ref>
 
Pada tanggal 6 November 2012, Obama memeroleh 332 [[Electoral College (Amerika Serikat)|suara elektoral]], melebihi batas minimal 270 yang dibutuhkan agar bisa terpilih lagi sebagai presiden.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lauter|first=David|title=Romney campaign gives up in Florida|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108,0,415187.story|newspaper= Chicago Tribune|date=November 8, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.isorg/JNAjVweb/20121109020204/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108%2C0%2C415187.story|archivedate=January 2, 2012-11-09|access-date=2013-01-19|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barnes|first=Robert|title=Obama wins a second term as U.S. president|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Welch|first=William M.|last2=Strauss|first2=Gary|title=With win in critical battleground states, Obama wins second term|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2012/11/06/election-day-obama-romney/1680933/|newspaper=USA Today|date=November 7, 2012}}</ref> Dengan 51% suara rakyat, Obama menjadi presiden Demokrat pertama sejak [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] yang dua kali mendapatkan [[Daftar pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat menurut selisih suara rakyat|mayoritas suara rakyat]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Brownstein|first=Ronald|title=The U.S. has reached a demographic milestone -- and it's not turning back|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109|newspaper=National Journal|date=November 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/171178/obama-has-great-big-mandate-and-he-must-use-it#|title=Obama's 3 Million Vote, Electoral College Landslide, Majority of States Mandate|last=Nichols|first=John|date=November 9, 2012|work=The Nation|accessdate=November 18, 2012}}</ref> Presiden Obama berpidato di hadapan para pendukung dan relawannya di McCormick Place, Chicago, setelah pemilihannya kembali dan berkata: "Malam ini kalian memilih tindakan, bukan politik seperti biasanya. Kalian memilih kami untuk berfokus pada pekerjaan kalian, bukan kami. Dan dalam beberapa minggu dan bulan selanjutnya, saya berusaha menghubungi dan bekerja sama dengan para pemimpin dari kedua partai."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Kristen A.|title=Election 2012: President Obama gives victory speech in front of thousands in Chicago, 'I have never been more hopeful about America'|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/president-obama-victory-speech-hopeful-america-article-1.1197895|accessdate=November 8, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=November 7, 2012}}</ref>
 
== Pemerintahan ==
Baris 303 ⟶ 306:
==== Perang Irak ====
{{main|Perang Irak}}
Pada tanggal 27 Februari 2009, Obama mengumuman bahwa operasi pertempuran di Irak akan berakhir dalam 18 bulan. Pernyataannya ditujukan kepada sekelompok [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat|Marinir]] yang hendak ditempatkan di Afghanistan. Obama mengatakan, "Saya katakan dengan jelas: pada<!-- although the specific citation uses a capital B in "By" (as do some others sources), other sources such as [www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=53270] (and others) use the usual punctuation style of "b" after the colon. Thus, changing to "b" to conform to "usual style." --> 31 Agustus 2010, misi pertempuran kita di Irak akan berakhir."<ref>{{cite quick |news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|first=Ben|last=Feller|url=http://www.detnews.com/article/20090228/POLITICS/902280332/Obama+sets+firm+Iraq+withdrawal|title=Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq|work=[[The Detroit News]]|date=February 27, 2009|accessdate=March 3, 2009}}</ref> Pemerintahan Obama memperkirakan penarikan pasukan tempur akan rampung pada Agustus 2010, mengurangi jumlah tentara dari 142.000 orang menjadi satu pasukan transisi berkekuatan 50.000 orang di Irak sampai akhir 2011. Pada 19 Agustus 2010, brigade tempur AS terakhir keluar dari Irak. Tentara yang tersisa dialihkan dari operasi pertempuran ke [[kontra-terorisme]] dan pelatihan, perlengkapan, dan pendidikan pasukan keamanan Irak.<ref>Athena Johnes [http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/02/27/1814247.aspx Obama announces Iraq plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303232018/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/02/27/1814247.aspx|date=2009-03-03}} February 27, 2009. [[msnbc.com]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Hugh Sykes |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11020270 |title="Last US combat brigade exits Iraq" |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2010-08-19 |accessdate=2012-12-25}}</ref> Tanggal 31 Agustus 2010, Obama menyatakan bahwa misi tempur Amerika Serikat di Irak telah berakhir.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/01/obama-formally-ends-iraq-war|place=London |work=The Guardian |title=Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page'|first=Ewen|last=MacAskill|date=September 1, 2010}}</ref> Tanggal 21 Oktober 2011, Presiden Obama mengumumkan bahwa seluruh tentara A.S. akan keluar dari Irak tepat pada waktunya supaya bisa "pulang saat musim liburan".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44990594/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ |title=All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year |publisher=MSNBC |date=2011-10-21 |accessdate=2012-12-25}}</ref>
 
==== Perang di Afghanistan ====
{{Main|Perang di Afghanistan (2001–sekarang)}}
Pada awal masa pemerintahannya, Obama berupaya memperkuat keberadaan pasukan A.S. di Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite quick |web|work=NewsHour with Jim Lehrer|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html|title=Obama Calls for U.S. Military to Renew Focus on Afghanistan|publisher=PBS|date=July 15, 2008|accessdate=April 18, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100327094906/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html|archivedate= March 27, 2010}}</ref> Ia menyetujui penambahan jumlah tentara A.S. menjadi 17.000 orang pada Februari 2009 untuk "menstabilkan situasi yang memburuk di Afghanistan", sebuah daerah yang katanya belum menerima "perhatian, arahan, dan sumber daya strategis yang mereka sangat perlukan".<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Amanda|last=Hodge|title=Obama launches Afghanistan Surge|date=February 19, 2009|work=The Australian|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25074581-2703,00.html}}</ref> Ia mengganti komandan militer di Afghanistan, Jenderal [[David D. McKiernan]], dengan mantan komandan [[Pasukan Khusus (Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat)|Pasukan Khusus]] Letnan Jenderal [[Stanley A. McChrystal]] pada Mei 2009, menandakan bahwa pengalaman Pasukan Khusus McChrystal bisa membantu penerapan taktik-taktik kontra-penyergapan dalam perang.<ref name="counterinsurgency tactics" /> Tanggal 1 Desember 2009, Obama mengumumkan penempatan 30.000 personel militer tambahan di Afghanistan.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34218604/ns/politics-white_house "Obama to announce war strategy"] Associated Press. [[msnbc.com]]. December 1, 2009.</ref> Ia juga berencana mulai menarik tentara 18 bulan terhitung sejak tanggal tersebut.<ref>Associated Press. (December 1, 2009). [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34218604/ "Obama details Afghan war plan, troop increases"] msnbc.com.</ref>{{Update-small}}, namun baru [[Penarikan pasukan tentara Amerika Serikat dari Afganistan (2020–2021)|terealisasi]] pada pemerintahan [[Joe Biden]], 15 Agustus 2021. McChrystal digantikan oleh [[David Petraeus]] pada bulan Juni 2010 setelah staf McChrystal mengkritik personel Gedung Putih dalam sebuah artikel majalah.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/06/24/mcchrystal.gates.support/|title=Gates says he agrees with Obama decision on McChrystal|publisher=CNN|date=June 24, 2010|accessdate=September 18, 2010}}</ref>
 
==== Israel ====
Baris 338 ⟶ 341:
[[Berkas:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|jmpl|kiri|250px|Potret resmi presiden Obama (2009)]]
{{see also|Tanggapan media internasional terhadap pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2008|Tanggapan media internasional terhadap pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2012}}
<!-- Per [[Wikipedia:Image#Location]] "Do not place images on the left at the start of any section or subsection" -->[[Berkas:President Barack Obama hangoutparticipates in an interview with YouTube and Google+.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Obama mengadakan wawancara virtual pertama dari Gedung Putih pada tahun 2012<ref>{{cite web|last=Compton |first=Matt |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/01/30/president-obama-hangs-out-america |title=President Obama Hangs Out With America |work=The White House Blog |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |date=January 30, 2012 |accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref>]]
Sejarah keluarga, popularitas, dan pendidikan [[Ivy League]] Obama jauh berbeda dibandingkan dengan para politikus Afrika Amerika yang memulai kariernya dengan ikut serta dalam [[Gerakan Hak-Hak Sipil African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|gerakan hak-hak sipil]] pada tahun 1960-an.<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=Wallace-Wells|first=Benjamin|title=The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?|date=November 2004|work=Washington Monthly|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html|accessdate=April 7, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080513153556/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html|archivedate= May 13, 2008|deadurl= no}} See also:{{cite quick |news|first=Janny|last=Scott|title=A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line|date=December 28, 2007|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php|work=International Herald Tribune|accessdate=April 7, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080117005009/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php|archivedate=January 17, 2008}}</ref> Menyatakan keterkejutannya atas sejumlah orang yang mempertanyakan apakah ia "cukup hitam", pada pertemuan [[National Association of Black Journalists]] bulan Agustus 2007 Obama mengatakan bahwa "kita masih terjebak dalam pemikiran bahwa jika Anda menarik perhatian orang kulit putih, pasti ada yang salah".<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Les|last=Payne|title=In One Country, a Dual Audience|format=paid archive|date=August 19, 2007|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|work=Newsday|place=New York|accessdate=April 7, 2008}}</ref> Obama mengakui citra pemudanya dalam pidato kampanye bulan Oktober 2007, "Saya tidak akan berdiri di sini jika obor belum diserahkan ke generasi yang baru."<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Mike|last=Dorning|title=Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK|format=paid archive|date=October 4, 2007|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=April 7, 2008}} See also:{{cite quick |news|first=Toby|last=Harnden|title=Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide|date=October 15, 2007|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html|work=The Daily Telegraph |place=London |accessdate=April 7, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080515071852/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html|archivedate= May 15, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
Obama sering dijuluki sebagai sosok orator yang kemampuannya tidak diragukan lagi.<ref name="exceptional orator" /> Pada masa transisi prapelantikan hingga masa pemerintahannya, Obama menyampaikan sejumlah pidato mingguan melalui video di Internet.<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov|title=YouTube&nbsp;– ChangeDotGov's Channel|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=April 18, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100409185757/http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov|archivedate= April 9, 2010}}</ref>
 
Menurut survei [[Gallup (perusahaan)|Gallup]], Obama memulai masa pemerintahannya dengan persetujuan rakyat sebesar 68%,<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/obama-starts-job-approval.aspx|title=Obama Starts With 68% Job Approval|publisher=Gallup.com|date=January 24, 2009|accessdate=June 19, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110616021142/http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/Obama-Starts-Job-Approval.aspx|archivedate= June 16, 2011}}</ref> lalu menurun perlahan hingga 41% pada Agustus 2010,<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll/1 |title=Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll&nbsp;– 41% |work=USA Today|date=April 15, 2011|accessdate=June 19, 2011}}</ref> sebuah tren yang juga dialami Ronald Reagan dan [[Bill Clinton]] saat menjabat pada tahun pertama.<ref>{{cite quick |web|author=Jon Terbush|url=http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php|title=Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents|publisher=Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com|date=December 9, 2010|accessdate=June 19, 2011}}</ref> Popularitasnya sempat naik sedikit setelah kematian Osama bin Laden dan bertahan sampai Juni 2011 ketika popularitasnya anjlok lagi ke level sebelum operasi penyerbuan dimulai.<ref>Oliphant, James (May 11, 2011). [http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/11/news/la-pn-obama-bounce-20110511 "Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval"], ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved June 7, 2011</ref><ref>Balz, Dan; Cohen, John (June 6, 2011). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-loses-bin-laden-bounce-romney-on-the-move-among-gop-contenders/2011/06/06/AGT5wiKH_story.html "Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders"], ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved June 7, 2011</ref><ref>Henningsen, Patrick (May 23, 2011). [http://21stcenturywire.com/2011/05/23/washington-still-working-hard-to-plug-gaps-in-the-bin-laden-story/ "Washington Still Working Hard to Plug Gaps in The Bin Laden Story"], 21st Century Wire. Retrieved June 7, 2011</ref> Jajak pendapat di negara lain menunjukkan adanya dukungan kuat untuk Obama,<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/09/2360240.htm|title=World wants Obama as president: poll|agency=Reuters|date=September 9, 2008|publisher=ABC News}}</ref> dan sebelum terpilih sebagai Presiden ia sempat bertemu dengan sejumlah tokoh asing ternama seperti [[Perdana Menteri Britania Raya]] [[Tony Blair]],<ref>{{cite quick |web|accessdate=October 12, 2011|url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/050823-obama_to_visit/|title=Obama to visit nuclear, biological weapons destruction facilities in former Soviet Union|date=August 24, 2005|publisher=Obama.senate.gov|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081218122125/http://obama.senate.gov/press/050823-obama_to_visit/|archivedate=December 18, 2008}}</ref> ketua [[Partai Demokrat (Italia)|Partai Demokrat]] Italia dan Wali Kota Roma [[Walter Veltroni]],<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=Scherer|first=Steve|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aea6jJJwShpQ&refer=europe|title=Rome Mayor's Leadership Bid May Lead to Early Italian Elections|publisher=Bloomberg|date=September 12, 2007|accessdate=May 21, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110510100414/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aea6jJJwShpQ&refer=europe|archivedate= May 10, 2011}}</ref> dan [[Presiden PerancisPrancis]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/certainideasofeurope/2008/02/sarkozy_obama_and_mccain.cfm|title=Sarkozy, Obama and McCain|work=The Economist|last=Pedder|first=Sophie|date=February 20, 2008|accessdate=November 20, 2008}}</ref>
 
[[Berkas:G8 leaders watching football.jpg|jmpl|kiri|250px|Obama dan para pemimpin [[G8]] menonton pertandingan [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] vs. [[Chelsea F.C.]] pada final [[UEFA Champions League]] bulan Mei 2012]]
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Obama adalah pendukung [[Chicago White Sox]] dan ia melakukan lemparan pertama di [[2005 ALCS]] saat masih menjabat sebagai senator.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball|date=August 25, 2008|publisher=The Swamp|url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html|accessdate=December 6, 2009}}</ref> Pada tahun 2009, ia melakukan lemparan pertama di [[2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] dengan mengenakan jaket White Sox.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit|date=July 14, 2009|publisher=MLB Fanhouse|url=http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700|accessdate=December 6, 2009}}</ref> Ia juga merupakan penggemar berat [[Chicago Bears]] di [[National Football League|NFL]], namun saat masih kecil dan remaja ia adalah [[Steeler Nation|penggemar Pittsburgh Steelers]], dan berhenti menjelang kemenangan mereka di [[Super Bowl XLIII]] 12 hari setelah menjabat sebagai Presiden.<ref name="Steelers">{{cite quick |news|last=Branigin|first=William|title=Steelers Win Obama's Approval|newspaper= The Washington Post|date=January 30, 2009|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html|quote=But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart.}}</ref> Pada tahun 2011, Obama mengundang tim [[Musim Chicago Bears 1985|Chicago Bears tahun 1985]] ke Gedung Putih; tim tersebut belum pernah masuk Gedung Putih sejak menang di [[Super Bowl XX|Super Bowl]] tahun 1986 akibat [[bencana Wahana Antariksa Challenger]].<ref>{{cite quick |web|last=Mayer|first=Larry|url=http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4 |title=1985 Bears honored by President Obama |publisher=[[Chicago Bears]] |date=October 7, 2011 |accessdate=November 4, 2012}}</ref>
 
Pada bulan Juni 1989, Obama bertemu [[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]] saat bekerja sebagai pengacara pembantu di firma hukum [[Sidley Austin]], Chicago.<ref>Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also:{{cite quick |news|first=Sarah|last=Brown|title=Obama '85 masters balancing act|work=The Daily Princetonian|url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049|date=December 7, 2005|accessdate=February 9, 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090220165725/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049|archivedate=February 20, 2009}}</ref> Ditugaskan sebagai penasihat Obama selama tiga bulan, Robinson bekerja sama dengan Obama di sejumlah acara sosial, namun menolak permintaan kencan pertamanya.<ref>Obama (2006), p. 329.</ref> Mereka mulai berkencan pada musim panas, bertunangan tahun 1991, dan menikah tanggal 3 Oktober 1992.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Fornek, Scott|title=Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'|date=October 3, 2007|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZDbMO|archivedate=January 18, 2010|work=Chicago Sun-Times|accessdate=April 28, 2008}}</ref> Putri pertama mereka, Malia Ann, lahir tanggal 4 Juli 1998,<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html|title=Born on the 4th of July|date=July 4, 2008|accessdate=July 10, 2008|work=Politico|author=Martin, Jonathan|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html|archivedate= July 10, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> diikuti putri kedua, Natasha ("Sasha"), pada tanggal 10 Juni 2001.<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also:{{cite quick |web|title=Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama|url=http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153|publisher=Gannett News Service|accessdate=April 28, 2008}}</ref> Kedua putri Obama bersekolah di [[University of Chicago Laboratory Schools]]. Setelah pindah ke Washington, D.C. bulan Januari 2009, mereka mulai bersekolah di [[Sidwell Friends School]].<ref>[httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php "Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School"], ''International Herald Tribune'', November 22, 2008</ref> Keluarga Obama memiliki seekor [[anjing air Portugal]] bernama [[Bo (anjing)|Bo]] yang dihadiahkan oleh Senator Ted Kennedy.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html|title=One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo|work=The New York Times|date=April 13, 2009|accessdate=December 22, 2010|first=Helene|last=Cooper}}</ref>
 
Setelah membuat persetujuan penerbitan buku, pada tahun 2005 keluarga ini pindah dari kondominium di [[Hyde Park, Chicago]] ke sebuah rumah senilai $1,6&nbsp;juta di [[Kenwood, Chicago]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Jeff|last=Zeleny|title=The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year|date=December 24, 2005|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story|work= Chicago Tribune|accessdate=April 28, 2008}}</ref> Pembelian tanah di sampingnya—dan penjualan separuh lahannya ke Obama oleh istri pengembang, donor kampanye, dan sahabatnya [[Tony Rezko]]—menarik perhatian media setelah Rezko diadili dan ditahan akibat tuduhan korupsi politik yang tidak ada hubungannya dengan Obama.<ref name="corruption charges" />
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Pada bulan Desember 2007, ''[[Money (majalah)|Money]]'' memperkirakan kekayaan bersih keluarga Obama sebesar $1,3&nbsp;juta.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama's Money|date=December 7, 2007|url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html|publisher=CNNMoney.com|accessdate=April 28, 2008|first=Marlys|last=Harris|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080424113420/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html|archivedate= April 24, 2008|deadurl= no}} <br /> See also:{{cite quick |news|first=Zachary A|last=Goldfarb|title=Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates|date=March 24, 2007|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=April 28, 2008}}</ref> Formulir pajak mereka tahun 2009 mencantumkan pendapatan rumah tangga senilai $5,5&nbsp;juta—naik dari $4,2&nbsp;juta tahun 2007 dan $1,6&nbsp;juta tahun 2005—yang kebanyakan merupakan hasil penjualan buku-bukunya.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Jeff|last=Zeleny|title=Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2&nbsp;Million|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html|date=April 17, 2008|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 28, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080420191354/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html?|archivedate= April 20, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html|title=Obamas report $5.5 million in income on 2009 tax return|work=The Washington Post|date=April 16, 2010|accessdate=December 22, 2010|first1=Michael D.|last1=Shear|first2=David S.|last2=Hilzenrath}}</ref> Dari pendapatannya sebesar $1,7 juta pada tahun 2010, ia memberikan 14%-nya ke organisasi nirlaba, termasuk $131.000 ke [[Fisher House Foundation]], badan amal yang membantu keluarga veteran terluka dan mengizinkan mereka tinggal dekat tempat veteran tersebut dirawat.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html|date = April 18, 2011|title=How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010?|work=[[PBS NewsHour]]|first=Paul|last=Solman|accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html|date=April 27, 2011|title=The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?|work=[[PBS NewsHour]]|first=Paul|last=Solman|accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref> Dalam informasi keuangannya yang dilepaskan ke publik tahun 2012, kekayaan Obama bisa mencapai $10 juta.<ref name="networth12">{{cite quick |news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1 |title=Obama worth as much as $10 million|last=Wolf|first=Richard|date=May 16, 2012|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=June 16, 2012}}</ref>
 
Obama sempat mencoba berhenti merokok beberapa kali, kadang dengan [[terapi pengganti nikotin]], dan pada awal 2010 Michelle Obama mengatakan bahwa ia berhasil berhenti merokok.<ref name="reuters-smoking">Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). [http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/12/07/us-usa-obama-smoking-idUSTRE4B61GF20081207 Obama says he won't be smoking in White House"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130061734/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/12/07/us-usa-obama-smoking-idUSTRE4B61GF20081207 |date=2013-01-30 }}. Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.</ref><ref>Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). [http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/08/us-obama-smoking-idUSTRE7176EL20110208 "Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130061727/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/08/us-obama-smoking-idUSTRE7176EL20110208 |date=2013-01-30 }}. Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.</ref>
 
=== Pandangan agama ===
Obama adalah seorang [[Kristen]] [[Protestan]] yang pandangan agamanya mulai terbentuk setelah beranjak dewasa. Di ''The Audacity of Hope'', ia menulis bahwa ia "tidak dibesarkan di keluarga yang agamisagamais". Ia menggambarkan ibunya yang dibesarkan oleh keluarga nonreligius (yang Obama sebut sebagai "[[Metodis]] dan [[Baptis]] tidak taat") sebagai sosok yang terlepas dari agama, namun juga "sosok yang pandangan spiritualnya paling terbuka yang pernah aku kenal". Ia menggambarkan ayahnya sebagai "[[ateis]] mutlak" pada saat orang tuanya bertemu, dan ayah tirinya sebagai "orang yang memandang agama sebagai sesuatu yang tidak terlalu bermanfaat." Obama menjelaskan bagaimana ia memahami "kekuatan tradisi agama Afrika-Amerika dalam menciptakan perubahan sosial" setelah bekerja sebagai [[penggerakan masyarakat|penggerak masyarakat]] di [[gereja hitam|gereja-gereja hitam]] saat berusia 20 tahunan.<ref name="social change" />
 
Dalam sebuah wawancara dengan periodik evangelis ''[[Christianity Today]]'', Obama menyatakan: "Saya seorang Kristen dan saya seorang Kristen yang taat. Saya percaya dengan penebusan dan kebangkitan [[Yesus Kristus]]. Saya percaya bahwa agama memberikan jalan pembersihan dari dosa dan kehidupan yang abadi."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pulliam |first1=Sarah |last2=Olsen |first2=Ted |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2 |title=Q&A: Barack Obama |publisher=Christianity Today |date=January 23, 2008 |accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref> Pada tanggal 27 September 2010, Obama merilis pernyataan yang mengomentari pandangan agamanya, "Aku Kristen karena pilihan. Keluargaku tidak—sejujurnya, mereka bukan orang-orang yang rajin ke gereja setiap minggu. Dan ibuku adalah orang paling spiritual yang pernah aku kenal, tetapi dia tidak membesarkanku di gereja. Jadi aku memeluk agama Kristen setelah dewasa, dan ini karena petunjuk Yesus Kristus berbicara kepadaku dalam bentuk kehidupan yang ingin aku pimpin—menjadi pelindung saudara-saudaraku, memperlakukan orang lain sebagaimana mereka memperlakukanku."<ref name="APbychoice">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html?view=print Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner] by Charles Babington and Darlene Superville, [[Associated Press]], September 28, 2010</ref><ref name="ABCVideobychoice">Video&nbsp;– [http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html President Obama: "I am a Christian By Choice"] by [[ABC News]], September 29, 2010.</ref>
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* Lizza, Ryan. "[http://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president Above the Fray]", ''GQ'', September 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
* MacFarquhar, Larissa. "[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?]", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', May 7, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
* McClelland, Edward, ''[http://www.bloomsburypress.com/books/catalog/young_mr_obama_hc_607 Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006234058/http://www.bloomsburypress.com/books/catalog/young_mr_obama_hc_607 |date=2012-10-06 }}'', Bloomsbury Press, 2010.
* Zutter, Hank De. "[http://www.chicagoreader.com/obama/951208/ What Makes Obama Run?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401142811/http://www.chicagoreader.com/obama/951208/ |date=2009-04-01 }}", ''Chicago Reader'', December 8, 1995. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
 
== Pranala luar ==
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=== Resmi ===
 
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/ Presiden Barack Obama di situs web resmi Gedung Putih]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313093444/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/President_Obama |date=2011-03-13 }}
* [http://www.barackobama.com/ Situs web resmi kampanye Barack Obama]
 
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* {{CongLinks|congbio=o000167|votesmart=9490|washpo=gJQAugUh6W|govtrack=400629|c-span=barackobama|ontheissues=Barack_Obama.htm|legistorm=76/Sen_Barack_Obama.html|fec=S4IL00180|opensecrets=N00009638|followthemoney=17677|c-span=barackobama|rose=233|imdb=1682433|nyt=o/barack_obama|wsj=person/O/barack-obama/4328|guardian=world/barack-obama|worldcat=lccn-n94-112934|nndb=208/000055043}}
* [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/barack-obama Collected news and commentary] at the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''
* [httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20081006221648/http://www.springfield-ma.gov/COS/control_board.0.html Collected news and commentary] at the Annenberg Public Policy Center's [[FactCheck.org]]
* [http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/ Collected news and commentary] at the ''Tampa Bay Times's'' [[PolitiFact.com]]
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html?blogId=fact-checker&tag=barack%20obama Collected news and commentary] at ''The Washington Post's'' Fact Checker blog
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{{USpresidents}}
{{Barack Obama|state=show}}
 
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{{Persondata
|NAME = Obama, Barack
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Politikus Amerika Serikat, Presiden Amerika Serikat ke-44
|DATE OF BIRTH = 4 Agustus 1961
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Honolulu, Hawaii, Amerika Serikat
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Obama, Barack}}
[[Kategori:Barack Obama| ]]
Baris 684 ⟶ 677:
[[Kategori:Pemenang Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Amerika Serikat pemenang Hadiah Nobel]]
[[Kategori:Politikus Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Barack_Obama"