Sakta: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Sakta}}

Umat Sakta memandang Dewi sebagai [[Brahman]]—Yang Maha Esa—dengan beragam wujud ilahi, baik wanita atau punataupun pria, yang dianggap sebagai aneka manifestasi-Nya semata. Dalam rincian filsafat dan praktik keagamaan, Sakta mirip dengan Saiwa. Akan tetapi, umat Sakta memuja seluruh manifestasi Sakti sebagai aspek kewanitaan yang dinamis dari Tuhan Yang Mahakuasa. [[Siwa]]—sebagai aspek kejantanan dari Tuhan—dianggap transenden, dan pemujaan kepada-Nya dianggap sebagai pelengkap saja.<ref name=autogenerated6>Subramuniyaswami, p. 1211.</ref>

Penganut Sakta meyakini [[Sakti]] sebagai kekuatan yang mendasari segala prinsip-prinsip kelakian, sedangkan Dewi biasanya digambarkan sebagai [[Parwati]] (pasangan Siwa) atau [[Laksmi]] (pasangan Wisnu). Ia dapat pula digambarkan dengan wujud berbeda, seperti [[Kali (dewi)|Kali]] atau [[Durga]] yang menyeramkan. Sakta erat kaitannya dengan [[Tantrisme|Hinduisme Tantra]], yang mengajarkan ritus dan praktik pembersihan pikiran dan raga.<ref name=Iskcon>{{cite web|title=ISKCON|url=http://hinduism.iskcon.org/tradition/1200.htm|accessdate=7 February 2014|archive-date=2015-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115192823/http://hinduism.iskcon.org/tradition/1200.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Hindus in SA">{{cite web|title=Hindus in SA|url=http://www.hinduism.co.za/hindu3.htm|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Dubois">{{cite book|last=Dubois|title=Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies|publisher=Cosimo|page=111|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=4zMY2qURR-8C&pg=PA111&dq=hindu+sects&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MLD0UpvBNsLulAXmq4C4DA&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=hindu%20sects&f=false}}</ref> Umat Sakta memakai mantra, sihir, gambar sakral, [[yoga]], dan ritual untuk memanggil kekuatan-kekuatan kosmis.<ref name="Himalaya Academy">{{cite web|title=HimalayanAcademy|url=http://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref>

File:KolkatatempleDakshineswar Kali Temple, Dakshineswar, West Bengal, India (2007).jpg|Kuil ''Kali Dakshineswar'' ([[Kolkata]], Benggala Barat)

* {{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=N. N. |title=History of the Sakta Religion |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers]] |location=New Delhi |orig-year=1974 |edition=2nd |year=1996 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=N. N. |title=The Indian Mother Goddess |publisher=South Asia Books |location=New Delhi |orig-year=1970 |edition=2nd |year=1977 }}

* {{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Douglas Renfrew |title=The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Shakta Tantrism |url=https://archive.org/details/secretofthreecit0000broo |publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-226-07569-3 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Douglas Renfrew |title=Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Shakta Tantrism in South India |url=https://archive.org/details/auspiciouswisdom0000broo |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-7914-1146-9 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=C. MacKenzie |title=The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Issues of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana |url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofgoddess0000brow |publisher=State University of New York Press |series=SUNY Series in Hindu Studies |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-7914-0364-8 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=C. Mackenzie |title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation and Commentary |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7914-3940-1 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last= Dasgupta |first= S |title=Journal of the Indian Musicological Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8oJAQAAMAAJ |year=1996| volume= 27–28| publisher=Indian Musicological Society|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Dempsey |first=Corinne G. |title=The Goddess Lives in Upstate New York: Breaking Convention and Making Home at a North American Hindu Temple |url=https://archive.org/details/goddesslivesinup00cori |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |year=2006 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. R. Ramachandra |title=The Lalita Cult |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |location=Delhi |orig-year=1942 |year=1999 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Fell McDermett |first=Rachel |chapter=The Western Kali |editors=Hawley, John; Wulff, Donna Marie (eds.) |title=Devi: Goddesses of India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1491-2 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Hawley |first=John Stratton |chapter=The Goddess in India |editors=Hawley, John; Wulff, Donna Marie (eds.) |title=Devi: Goddesses of India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1491-2 }}

* {{cite book |last=Joshi |first=M. C. |chapter=Historical and Iconographical Aspects of Shakta Tantrism |editors=Harper, Katherine; Brown, Robert L. (eds.) |title=The Roots of Tantra |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7914-5305-6 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Kali |first=Davadatta |title=In Praise of the Goddess: The Devimahatmya and Its Meaning |publisher=Nicolas-Hays, Inc. |location=Berwick, ME |year=2003 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |title=A Short Introduction to Sakta Philosophy |publisher=Indigo Books |location=New Delhi |year=2002 |orig-year=1925 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins_s3o9 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-208-0394-7 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David |title=Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1523-0 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Krishna Warrier |first=A. J. |title=The {{IAST|Sākta Upaniṣads}} |series=The Adyar Library and Research Center, Library Series |volume=89 |publisher=Vasanta Press |location=Chennai |orig-year=1967 |edition=3rd. |year=1999 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite web |last=McDaniel |first=June |title=Bengali Shakta |url=http://www.everyculture.com/South-Asia/Bengali-Shakta.html |work=Countries and Their Cultures |publisher=Advameg, Inc. |date=n.d. |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Nikhilananda |first=Swami (trans.) |title=[[The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna]] |publisher=Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center |location=New York |orig-year=1942 |edition=9th |year=2000 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |authorlink=Devdutt Pattanaik |title=Devi the Mother-Goddess: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/liang.2639.devimothergoddes0000patt |publisher=Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd. |location=Mumbai |year=2000 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Pechilis |first=Karen (ed.) |title=The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2004 }}

* {{cite book |last=Subramuniyaswami |first=Satguru Sivaya |title=Merging with Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Metaphysics |publisher=Himalayan Academy |location=Hawaii |orig-year=1999 |edition=2nd |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-945497-99-8 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |title=Kiss of the Yogini: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian Contexts |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-226-89483-6 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Woodroffe |first=Sir John |title=Sakti and Sakta: Essays and Addresses on the Shâkta Tantrashâstra|publisher=Ganesh & Company |year=1951 |orig-year=1927 |isbn=978-1-60620-145-9 }}

* {{cite book |last=Yadav |first=Neeta |title=Ardhanārīśvara in Art and Literature |publisher=D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd. |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|ref=harv |author1=Lynn Foulston |author2=Stuart Abbott| title=Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgwVgPx5G5UC| year=2009| publisher=Sussex Academic Press| isbn=978-1-902210-43-8}}

* {{cite book |last=Bolon |first=Carol Radcliffe |title=Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art |url=https://archive.org/details/formsofgoddessla0000bolo |publisher=[[Penn State University Press]] |location=University Park, PA |year=1992}}

* {{cite book |last=Erndl |first=Kathleen M. |title=Victory to the Mother: The Hindu Goddess of Northwest India in Myth, Ritual, and Symbol |url=https://archive.org/details/victorytomothert00ernd |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=1992}}

* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Linda|last= Johnsen|title=The Living Goddess: Reclaiming the Tradition of the Mother of the Universe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnLSNBBW5wcC|year=2002|publisher=Yes International|isbn=978-0-936663-28-9}}

* {{cite book |last=Joshi |first=L. M. |title=Lalita Sahasranama: A Comprehensive Study of the One Thousand Names of Lalita Maha-tripurasundari |publisher=D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd |location=New Delhi |year=1998}}

* {{cite book| author=C Mackenzie Brown|title=The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC| year=1990| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0-7914-0364-8| ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Cheever Mackenzie Brown|title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC| year=1998| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5}}

* {{cite book|last= Coburn|first= Thomas B.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7vIzNrC-coC |title= Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation| publisher= State University of New York Press | year= 1991 | isbn = 0791404463|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last= Coburn| first= Thomas B.| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC| title= Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition| publisher= South Asia Books| year= 2002|isbn = 81-208-0557-7 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |author1=Lynn Foulston |author2=Stuart Abbott| title=Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgwVgPx5G5UC| year=2009| publisher=Sussex Academic Press| isbn=978-1-902210-43-8}}

* {{cite book| author1=John Stratton Hawley|author2=Donna Marie Wulff |title=Devi: Goddesses of India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZrV3kOpMt0C |year=1998| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1491-2}}

* {{cite book| author1=Alf Hiltebeitel |author2=Kathleen M. Erndl |title=Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQJzTr4c-g4C |year = 2000|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3619-7}}

* {{cite book|last=Kali |first= Davadatta| title=In Praise of the Goddess: The Devimahatmya and Its Meaning|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|year= 2003|isbn= 8120829530|ref=harv}}

* Manna, Sibendu, Mother Goddess, {{IAST|Chaṇḍī}}, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, India, 1993. ({{ISBN|81-85094-60-8}})

* {{cite book|author= June McDaniel |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC | year =2004| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-534713-5| ref=harv}}

* {{cite book| author=Tracy Pintchman| title=Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KcEotmV2MAC| year=2005|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6595-0}}

* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Tracy Pintchman| title=Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC |year=2014| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0-7914-9049-5}}

* {{cite book| author=Tracy Pintchman|title=The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsDpBwAAQBAJ| year=2015| publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1618-2 |ref=harv}}

* {{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| authorlink= Ludo Rocher| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Sarma |first=S. A. |title=Kena Upanisad: A Study From Sakta Perspective |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |location=Mumbai |year=2001}}

* {{cite book |last=Shankarnarayanan |first=S. |title=Sri Chakra |publisher=Samata Books |location=Chennai |orig-year=1971 |edition=4th |year=2002b}}

* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Frederick M. |year=2006 |title=The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/selfpossesseddei0000smit |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-13748-6}}

* {{cite book |last=Suryanarayana Murthy |first=C. |title=Sri Lalita Sahasranama with Introduction and Commentary |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Mumbai |year=2000 |orig-year=1962}}

* {{cite book |last=Urban |first=Hugh B. |title=Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics and Power in the Study of Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/tantrasexsecrecy0000urba |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-520-93689-8 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Winternitz |first=M. |title=History of Indian Literature |location=New Delhi |orig-year=1927 |year=1973}}