Kepanikan moral: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Burning-14Zeitung Derenburg 1555 crop.jpg|jmpl|300px|Persiapan membakar penyihir di tahun 1544. [[Pemburuan penyihir]] adalah contoh perilaku massal bangkityang akibatkemungkinan dipicu kepanikan moral. Sebuah cetakan dari jerman pada tahun 1555.]]

'''Kepanikan moral''' atau '''panik moral''' adalah rasa [[ketakutan]] yang menyebar dalam sejumlah besar orang bahwa suatu [[kejahatan]] sedang mengancam ketertiban masyarakat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Panics and Mass Hysteria|url=https://sites.google.com/site/formsofcollectivebehavior/panics-and-mass-hysteria|website=FormsOfCollectiveBehavior|accessdate=10 November 2015|archive-date=2016-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130193145/https://sites.google.com/site/formsofcollectivebehavior/panics-and-mass-hysteria|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name = Jones>see also: Jones, M, and E. Jones. (1999). ''Mass Media.'' London: Macmillan Press</ref>

[[Media]] adalah pemain kunci dalam penyebaran kepanikan moral. Pelaporan fakta saja sudah cukup untuk menciptakan keresahan, kegelisahan, atau kepanikan.<ref name=cohen>{{cite book | last = Cohen | first = Stanley | author-link = Stanley Cohen (sociologist) | title = Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers | doi=10.4324/9780203828250 | url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203828250 | isbn= 9781138834743 | publisher = Paladin | year = 1973 }}</ref> [[Stanley Cohen (sosiolog)|Stanley Cohen]] mengatakan bahwa kepanikan moral terjadi ketika "suatu kondisi, situasi, orang, atau sekelompok orang, muncul dan didefinisikan sebagai ancaman bagi nilai atau kepentingan masyarakat." Contoh kepanikan moral adalah kepercayaan akan adanya penculikan anak-anak oleh [[pedofilia|pedofil]] predator,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hesselink-Louw | first1 = Anne | last2 = Olivier | first2 = Karen | year = 2001 | title = A criminological analysis of crimes against disabled children: the adult male sexual offender | url = | journal = CARSA | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 15–20 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520262065 |title=Sex Panic and the Punitive State |last=Lancaster |first=Roger |publisher=University of California Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780520262065 |location=Berkeley |pages=4, 33–34, 76–79.}}</ref><ref name=Extein>{{cite news |last1=Extein |first1=Andrew |title=Fear the Bogeyman: Sex Offender Panic on Halloween |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrew-extein-msw/fear-the-bogeyman-sex-off_b_4161136.html |accessdate=26 November 2014 |work=Huffington Post |date=25 October 2013}}</ref> kepercayaan akan adanya [[Kekerasan dalam ritus Satanik|kekerasan akan perempuan dan anak-anak dalam ritus kultus Satanik]],<ref name="Goode">{{cite book |title=Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance |url=https://archive.org/details/moralpanicssocia00good |last2=Ben-Yehuda |first2=Nachman |publisher=Blackwell |year=2009 |isbn=9781405189347 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |pages=57–65[https://archive.org/details/moralpanicssocia00good/page/57 57]–65 |author-link2=Nachman Ben-Yehuda |last1=Goode |first1=Erich |author-link1=Erich Goode |origyear=1994}}</ref> [[Perang Melawan Narkoba]] di Amerika Serikat,<ref name=cohen>{{cite book | last = Cohen | first = Stanley | author-link = Stanley Cohen (sociologist) | title = Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers | doi=10.4324/9780203828250 | url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203828250 | isbn= 9781138834743 | publisher = Paladin | year = 1973 }}</ref><ref name="DR">{{cite web |url=http://www.thersa.org/action-research-centre/current-projects/drugs-commission/drugs-report |title=Drugs Report |date=March 2007 |publisher=[[Royal Society of Arts]] Action and Research Centre |accessdate=24 November 2014 |archive-date=2014-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909140009/http://www.thersa.org/action-research-centre/current-projects/drugs-commission/drugs-report |dead-url=yes }} [http://www.rsadrugscommission.org.uk/pdf/RSA_Drugs_Report.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420011816/http://www.rsadrugscommission.org.uk/pdf/RSA_Drugs_Report.pdf |date=2014-04-20 }}</ref> serta masalah kesehatan umum lainnya.

[[Marshall McLuhan]] menjelaskan istilah ini secara akademik dalam bukunya ''[[Understanding Media]]'', yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1964.<ref>{{cite book | last = McLuhan | first = Marshall | author-link = Marshall McLuhan | title = [[Understanding Media|Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man]] | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 1994 }} {{ISBN|9780262631594}}</ref> Menurut Stanley Cohen, penulis studi sosisologi tentang budaya dan media remaja, ''Folk Devils and Moral Panics'' (1972),<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Hayes | first1 = Hennessey | last2 = Prenzler | first2 = Tim | title = Introduction to Crime and Criminology | publisher = Pearson Australia | location = Frenchs Forest, New South Wales | year = 2012 | isbn = 9781442545243 }}</ref> kepanikan moral muncul ketika "... suatu kondisi, situasi, orang, atau sekelompok orang, muncul dan didefinisikan sebagai ancaman bagi nilai dan kepentingan masyarakat.".<ref name=cohen>{{cite book | last = Cohen | first = Stanley | author-link = Stanley Cohen (sociologist) | title = Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers | doi=10.4324/9780203828250 | url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203828250 | isbn= 9781138834743 | publisher = Paladin | year = 1973 }}</ref> Pihak yang memulai kepanikan ketika mereka mulai merasa suatu nilai sosial atau budaya terancam, sebagaimana disebut dalam banyak terjemahan bahasa Indonesia buku-buku sosiologi, adalah 'pengusaha moral' (''moral entrepreneur''). Sebaliknya, pihak yang dikatakan sebagai pengancam ketertiban sosial disebut 'setan rakyat' (''folk devil'').

Beberapa sosiolog mencatat perbedaan antara definisi ''kepanikan moral'' sebagaimana digambarkan oleh sosiolog Amerika Serikat dan Inggris. Kenneth Thompson menggambarkan bahwa sosiolog Amerika cenderung menekankan faktor psikologis kepanikan moral, sementara sosiolog Inggris cenderung menggambarkan "kepanikan moral" sebagai [[krisis kapitalisme]].<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Thompson | first1 = Kenneth | contribution = The History and Meaning of the Concept | editor-last = Critcher | editor-first = Chas | title = Critical Readings: Moral Panics and the Media | url = https://archive.org/details/criticalreadings0000unse_f1e3 | publisher = Open University Press | pages = 60–66[https://archive.org/details/criticalreadings0000unse_f1e3/page/60 60]–66 | location = Maidenhead England New York | year = 2006 | origyear = 1998 | isbn = 9780335218073 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Thompson | first = Kenneth | title = Moral Panics | url = https://archive.org/details/moralpanics0000thom | publisher = Routledge | location = London & New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 9780415119771 }}</ref>

Kriminolog [[Jock Young]] menggunakan istilah ini dalam studi observasi partisipannya mengenai perilaku menggunakan narkoba di [[Porthmadog]], antara 1967 dan 1969.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Young | first1 = Jock | author-link1 = Jock Young | contribution = The role of the police as amplifiers of deviance | editor-last = Cohen | editor-first = Stanley | editor-link = Stanley Cohen (sociologist) | title = Images of Deviance | publisher = Penguin | pages = | location = Harmondsworth | year = 1971 | isbn = 9780140212938 }}; {{cite book | last = Young | first = Jock | title = The Drugtakers: The Social Meaning of Drug Use | url = https://archive.org/details/drugtakerssocial0000youn | publisher = MacGibbon and Kee | location = London | year = 1971 | isbn = 9780261632400 }}</ref> Dalam ''Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order'' (1978), [[Stuart Hall (teoris kebudayaan)|Stuart Hall]] dan kolega-koleganya meneliti tetang reaksi publik atas fenomena [[perampokan]] dan persepsinya bahwa kejahatan semacam ini diimpor dari budaya Amerika Serikat ke Inggris. Hall menggunakan definisi kepanikan moral dari Cohen dan berteori bahwa informasi statistika mengenai peningkatan tingkat kejahatan memiliki fungsi ideologis yang terkait dengan [[kontrol sosial]]. Menurut pandangan Hall, [[statistika kejahatan]] sering dimanipulasi untuk kepentingan politik dan ekonomi. Dengan demikian, kepanikan moral dapat diciptakan untuk menimbulkan dukungan umum untuk "... menertibkan keamanan."<ref name=":0">{{cite book | last1 = Hall | first1 = Stuart | author-link1 = Stuart Hall (cultural theorist) | title = Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order | url = https://archive.org/details/policingcrisismu0000hall | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = New York | year = 2013 | origyear = 1978 | isbn = 9781137007186 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

Riset menunjukkan bahwa ketakutan akan peningkatan tingkat kejahatan sering merupakan sumber kepanikan moral.<ref name=cohen/><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Goode 2009 217">{{cite book |title=Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance |url=https://archive.org/details/moralpanicssocia00good |last2=Ben-Yehuda |first2=Nachman |publisher=Blackwell |year=2009 |isbn=9781405189347 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/moralpanicssocia00good/page/217 217] |author-link2=Nachman Ben-Yehuda |last1=Goode |first1=Erich |author-link1=Erich Goode |origyear=1994}}</ref><ref>Byron, Reginald; Molidor, William; Cantu, Andrew (2018). "US Newspapers' Portrayals of Home Invasion Crime". The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice. 57(2): 250-277. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/hojo.12257</ref> Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa meskipun tingkat kejahatan sebenarnya menurun, akan tetapi fenomena ini terus berjalan dalam berbagai budaya. Ahli hukum Jepang, Koichi Hamai, menjelaskan bahwa perubahan pencatatan kejahatan di Jepang sejak tahun 1990an menyebabkan orang-orang percaya bahwa tingkat kejahatan terus meningkat dan kejahatan yang dilakukan semakin parah.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Koichi |first=Hamai |date=October 2004 |title=How 'the myth of collapsing safe society' has been created in Japan: beyond the moral panic and victim industry (rising fear of crime and re-building safe society in Japan: moral panic or evidence-based crime control) |url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006153656/ |journal=Japanese Journal of Sociological Criminology |publisher=NII Scholarly Services |issue=29 |pages=4–93 |postscript=.|ref=harv}}</ref>

Sejak industri permainan video mulai muncul, sudah ada panggilan untuk meregulasi kekerasan dalam [[permainan video]]. Contoh paling awal adalah ''[[Death Race (permainan video 1976)|Death Race]]''.<ref name="byrd">{{Cite journal |date=Summer 2007 |title=Comment: It's all fun and games until someone gets hurt: the effectiveness of proposed video-game legislation on reducing violence in children |url=http://www.houstonlawreview.org/archive/downloads/44-2_pdf/5_Byrd.pdf |journal=Houston Law Review |publisher=Houston Law Foundation |last1=Byrd |first1=Patrick |access-date=2018-11-05 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031423/http://www.houstonlawreview.org/archive/downloads/44-2_pdf/5_Byrd.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="kocurek">{{cite journal |last=Koucurek |first=Carly |date=September 2012 |title=The Agony and the Exidy: A History of Video Game Violence and the Legacy of Death Race |url=http://gamestudies.org/1201/articles/carly_kocurek |volume=12 |issue=1 |work=Game Studies}}</ref> Akan tetapi, dipada tahun 1990an, terjadi peningkatan dalam teknologi permainan video dan permainan video baru seperti ''[[Mortal Kombat]]'' dan ''[[Doom (gim)|Doom]]'' dapat menampilkan depiksi kekerasan yang tampak lebih nyata. Industri permainan video menciptakan kontroversi mengenai isi kekerasannya, juga ada keresahan mengenai [[pengaruh media massa|efek]] yang mungkin timbul pada para pemainnya. Hal ini kemudian menciptakan laporan media yang sering menggambarkan koneksi antara permainan video dan tindakan kekerasan, serta muncul pula beberapa riset akademis yang melaporkan penemuan yang saling berkonflik dalam korelasinya.<ref name="byrd" /> Christopher Ferguson berpendapat bahwa laporan media yang hanya mencari sensasi serta masyarakat ilmuwan bekerja sama secara tidak langsung untuk "menciptakan ketakutan permainan video yang tidak beralasan".<ref name="scotus">{{cite journal |year=2013 |title=Violent video games and the Supreme Court: Lessons for the scientific community in the wake of Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association |journal=American Psychologist |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=57–74 |doi=10.1037/a0030597 |pmid=23421606 |last1=Ferguson |first1=Christopher J.}}</ref> Ketakutan dari beberapa warga masyarakat mengenai permainan berkekerasan pada akhirnya menimbulkan laporan berita yang kadang berlebihan, peringatan dari politisi dan figur lainnya, serta pencarian telitian untuk membuktikan hubungan tersebut. Pada akhirnya, riset menjadi "berbicara lebih jauh daripada data dan terjadinya klaim-klaim ekstrem tanpa kewaspadaan dan skeptisisme ilmiah."<ref name="scotus" />

Dikenal pula sebagai "panik satanik". Peristiwa ini adalah satu seri kepanikan moral mengenai kekerasan ritus Satanik yang berawal di Amerika Serikat dan menyebar ke negara-negara berbahasa Inggris lainnya dipada tahun 1980an dan 1990an. Beberapa orang yang tidak bersalah ditangkap.<ref name="Goode" /><ref name="Jenkins">{{cite book |title=Moral Panic: Changing Concepts of the Child Molester in Modern America |url=https://archive.org/details/moralpanicchangi0000jenk |last=Jenkins |first=Philip |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780300109634 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |pages=207–231[https://archive.org/details/moralpanicchangi0000jenk/page/207 207]–231 |author-link=Philip Jenkins}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/satanicpaniccrea00vict |last=Victor |first=Jeffrey S. |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing Company]] |year=1993 |isbn=9780812691917 |location=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Day Care Ritual Abuse Moral Panic |url=https://archive.org/details/daycareritualabu0000deyo |last=Young |first=Mary |publisher=McFarland |year=2004 |isbn=9780786418305 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |authorlink=Mary de Young}}</ref>

[[HIV/AIDS|Acquired immune deficiency syndrome]] (AIDS) dapat menimbulkan atau memperparah kondisi kesehatan lainnya, seperti [[pneumonia]], [[infeksi jamur]], [[tuberkulosis]], [[toksoplasmosis]], dan [[sitomegalovirus]]. Penelitian dari [[Asosiasi Sosiologi Inggris]] yang berjudul "AIDS: Kepanikan Moral Terkini" ("''AIDS: The Latest Moral Panic''") pada akhirnya muncul karena minat sosiolog medis dan kaum profesional kesehatan mengenai [[AIDS]] semakin tumbuh. Penelitian ini muncul ketika kedua kelompok tersebut sedang meresahkan perhatian media yang semakin tumbuh terkait AIDS.<ref name="ATLMP">Gilligan, J. H., and Coxon, A. P. M. (eds.), 1985, ''AIDS: The Latest Moral Panic, Occasional Paper No 11'', December, The School of Social Studies, University College of Swansea{{page needed|date=November 2016}}</ref> DiPada tahun 1980an, kepanikan moral mengenai HIV/AIDS tercipta di media. Di Inggris, sebuah iklan pemerintah menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat tidak mengenal HIV/AIDS karena kurangnya informasi akurat yang bisa diakses publik.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pemberton |first1=Max |title=HIV/Aids treatment has come a long way - in the West |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/sexual-health-and-advice/9715372/HIVAids-treatment-has-come-a-long-way-in-the-West.html |accessdate=14 June 2017 |work=The Telegraph |date=3 December 2012}}</ref>

DiPada tahun 1990an, yang dipersalahkan kemudian "orang Afrika yang tidak beradab". Sebuah teori populer kemudian beredar bahwa HIV berasal dari manusia yang berhubungan seks dengan monyet. Teori ini kemudian sudah dibantah oleh berbagai ahli.<ref>{{cite web | title = Did AIDS come from having sex with monkeys? | date = 25 November 1998 | author = Rick Sowadsky | url = http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/SafeSex/Q8781.html}}</ref>

DiPada tahun 1990an dan 2000an, ada banyak kejadian kepanikan moral di Inggris dan Amerika yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan awam istilah [[pedofilia]], yang diberikan pada kasus kriminal [[penculikan anak]] yang terkenal.<ref name="Jenkins" />

Para kritikus mengenai aktivisme antiprostitusi kontemporer mengatakan bahwa keresahan tentang [[penjualan manusia]] dan perluasannya yang lebih besar dengan [[prostitusi]] dan bentuk [[kerja seks]] lainnya memiliki tanda-tanda kepanikan moral.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0032329207304319 |title=The Social Construction of Sex Trafficking: Ideology and Institutionalization of a Moral Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_politics-society_2007-09_35_3/page/447 |journal=Politics & Society |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=447–75 |year=2007 |last1=Weitzer |first1=R. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1333994 |chapter=Women's bodies, moral panic and the world game: Sex trafficking, the 2006 Football World Cup and beyond |title=Proceedings of the Second Australia and New Zealand Critical Criminology Conference |year=2009 |last1=Cunneen |first1=Chris |last2=Salter |first2=Michael |isbn=978-0-646-50737-8 |pages=222–42 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2298/TEM0802021M |title=Football and sex: The 2006 FIFA World Cup and sex trafficking |journal=Temida |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=21–47 |year=2008 |last1=Milivojevic |first1=Sanja |last2=Pickering |first2=Sharon }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | last1 = Davies | first1 = Nick | author-link = Nick Davies | title=Prostitution and trafficking – the anatomy of a moral panic| work=[[The Guardian]]| accessdate=29 November 2009 | date=20 October 2009 | url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/oct/20/trafficking-numbers-women-exaggerated }}</ref>

DiPada tahun 1995, kepanikan moral yang muncul di Inggris setelah beberapa kasus pembunuhan oleh anak-anak, terutama pembunuhan [[James Bulger]] yang berumur dua tahun oleh dua orang anak-anak umur 10 tahun, serta pembunuhan [[Kasus pembunuhan Edna Phillips|Edna Phillips]] oleh dua orang pemudi berumur 17 tahun, sosiolog [[Colin Hay (ilmuwan politik)|Colin Hay]] menunjukkan bahwa dalam kasus seperti ini, setan rakyatnya menjadi ambigu. Para pelaku anak-anak tersebut biasanya akan dianggap tidak bersalah.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Colin |last=Hay |authorlink=Colin Hay (political scientist) |title=Mobilization Through Interpellation: James Bulger, Juvenile Crime and the Construction of a Moral Panic |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/096466399500400203 |journal=Social & Legal Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=197–223 |year=1995 |doi=10.1177/096466399500400203 }} Cited in {{cite book |first=Alan |last=Hunt |contribution=Fractious Rivals? Moral Panics and Moral Regulation |title=Moral Panic and the Politics of Anxiety |editor-first=Sean Patrick |editor-last=Hier |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=9780415555555 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLyTgaErBZ8C&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=58 }}</ref>

== Bacaan lebih lanjutlanjutan ==

* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1533-8525.1986.tb00274.x |title=The Sociology of Moral Panics: Toward a New Synthesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sociological-quarterly_winter-1986_27_4/page/495 |journal=The Sociological Quarterly |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=495 |year=1986 |last1=Ben-Yehuda |first1=Nachman }}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ejsp.803 |title=Concern for self-image and social image in the management of moral failure: Rethinking shame |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-social-psychology_2011-06_41_4/page/468 |journal=European Journal of Social Psychology |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=468 |year=2011 |last1=Gausel |first1=Nicolay |last2=Leach |first2=Colin Wayne }}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2088173 |jstor=2088173 |title=Heroes, Villains and Fools, as Agents of Social Control |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-sociological-review_1954-02_19_1/page/56 |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=19 |pages=56 |year=1954 |last1=Klapp |first1=Orrin E. }}

* {{cite web | last = Kuzma | first = Cindy | title = Rights and liberties: sex, lies, and moral panics | url = http://www.alternet.org/rights/26131/ | publisher = [[AlterNet]] | date = 28 September 2005 | accessdate = 5 September 2008 | archive-date = 2008-05-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080519133419/http://www.alternet.org/rights/26131/ | dead-url = yes }} Author affiliation: [[Planned Parenthood|Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA)]]

* {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1389563 |jstor=1389563 |title=Moral Panics and the Social Construction of Deviant Behavior: A Theory and Application to the Case of Ritual Child Abuse |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sociological-perspectives_1998_41_3/page/541 |journal=Sociological Perspectives |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=541 |year=1998 |last1=Victor |first1=Jeffrey S. }}

* {{Cite web | title = Special issue on Moral Panic: table of contents | publisher = [[The British Journal of Criminology]], [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | date = January 2009 | url = http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/1.toc | access-date = 2018-11-05 | archive-date = 2011-05-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214521/http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/1.toc | dead-url = yes }}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.1093/bjc/azn076 |jstor=23639651 |title=Foreword: Moral Panics--36 Years on |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-criminology_2009-01_49_1/page/n6 |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=49 |pages=1–3 |year=2009 |last1=Ben-Yehuda |first1=Nachman }}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.1093/bjc/azn074 |ssrn=1315137 |jstor=23639652 |title=Moral Panic: Its Origins in Resistance, Ressentiment and the Translation of Fantasy into Reality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-criminology_2009-01_49_1/page/4 |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=49 |pages=4–16 |year=2009 |last1=Young |first1=Jock }}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.1093/bjc/azn040 |ssrn=1315133 |jstor=23639653 |title=Widening the Focus: Moral Panics as Moral Regulation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-criminology_2009-01_49_1/page/17 |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=49 |pages=17–34 |year=2009 |last1=Critcher |first1=Chas }}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.1093/bjc/azn016 |ssrn=1315131 |jstor=23639654 |title=Failure to Launch: Why Do Some Social Issues Fail to Detonate Moral Panics? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-criminology_2009-01_49_1/page/35 |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=49 |pages=35–47 |year=2009 |last1=Jenkins |first1=Philip }}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.1093/bjc/azn073 |ssrn=1315136 |jstor=23639655 |title=Suite Revenge?: The Shaping of Folk Devils and Moral Panics about White-Collar Crimes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-criminology_2009-01_49_1/page/48 |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=49 |pages=48–67 |year=2009 |last1=Levi |first1=Michael }}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.1093/bjc/azn067 |ssrn=1315135 |jstor=23639656 |title=Moral Panic and Neo-Liberalism: The Case of Single Mothers on Welfare in Israel |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-criminology_2009-01_49_1/page/68 |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=49 |pages=68–87 |year=2009 |last1=Ajzenstadt |first1=Mimi }}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.1093/bjc/azn027 |ssrn=1315132 |jstor=23639657 |title=Legalizing Prostitution: Morality Politics in Western Australia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-criminology_2009-01_49_1/page/88 |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=49 |pages=88–105 |year=2009 |last1=Weitzer |first1=Ronald }}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.1093/bjc/azn054 |ssrn=1315134 |jstor=23639658 |title=Organized Evil and the Atlantic Alliance: Moral Panics and the Rhetoric of Organized Crime Policing in America and Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-criminology_2009-01_49_1/page/106 |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=49 |pages=106–28 |year=2009 |last1=Woodiwiss |first1=Michael |last2=Hobbs |first2=Dick }}