Penutupan pemerintahan federal Amerika Serikat 2018–2019: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Topik defisit dan utang A.S.|expanded=isu}}

[[penutupan pemerintahan di Amerika Serikat|Penutupan separuh pemerintahan Amerika Serikat]] ketiga tahun 2018–2019 dimulai pada pukul 00:00 [[Zona Waktu Timur|EST]] hari Sabtu, 22 Desember 2018, dan masih berlangsung. Penutupan ini disebabkan oleh konflik antara [[Kongres Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Donald Trump|Presiden Trump]] yang enggan menyetujui [[Rancangan undang-undang anggaran (Amerika Serikat)|alokasi anggaran]] [[anggaran federal Amerika Serikat 2019|tahun berjalan 2019]] atau [[resolusi lanjutan|anggaran darurat]] sementara. Penutupan terjadi karena Presiden meminta dana federal sebesar $5,7 miliar untuk membangun [[tembok Amerika Serikat–Meksiko#Pemerintahan Trump|tembok perbatasan A.S.–Meksiko]] dan Kongres menolaknya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Julie Hirschfeld Davis & Michael Tackett|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/politics/trump-congress-shutdown.html|title=Trump and Democrats Dig In After Talks to Reopen Government Go Nowhere|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 2, 2019|access-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103132317/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/politics/trump-congress-shutdown.html|archive-date=January 3, 2019|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Damian Paletta & Erica Werner|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-falsely-claims-mexico-is-paying-for-wall-demands-taxpayer-money-before-meeting-with-top-democrats/2019/01/02/408bf86e-0e97-11e9-8938-5898adc28fa2_story.html|title=Trump falsely claims Mexico is paying for wall, demands taxpayer money for wall in meeting with Democrats|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 2, 2019|access-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103222654/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-falsely-claims-mexico-is-paying-for-wall-demands-taxpayer-money-before-meeting-with-top-democrats/2019/01/02/408bf86e-0e97-11e9-8938-5898adc28fa2_story.html|archive-date=January 3, 2019|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/04/politics/shutdown-donald-trump-nancy-pelosi/index.html|title=Trump says he could keep shutdown going for months or years|last=Liptak|first=Kevin|date=January 4, 2019|website=CNN|accessdate=January 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104183234/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/04/politics/shutdown-donald-trump-nancy-pelosi/index.html|archive-date=January 4, 2019|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

 

 

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=== Awal penutupan ===

Pada 11 Desember, Trump melakukan rapat terbuka dengan Ketua DPR terpilih [[Nancy Pelosi]] dan Ketua Minoritas Senat [[Chuck Schumer]]. Trump meminta mereka mendukung alokasi $5,7 miliar untuk pembangunan tembok perbatasan. Mereka menolak permintaan Trump dan saling berdebat. Trump kemudian mengatakan: "Saya berani menutup pemerintahan demi keamanan perbatasan&nbsp;... Saya yang akan menutup [pemerintahan]. Saya tidak akan menyalahkan Anda&nbsp;... Saya tanggung jawab. Saya sendiri yang bakal menutup pemerintahan." Schumer membalas, "Kita tidak perlu menutup pemerintahan atas alasan perselisihan ini."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/11/trump-border-wall-congress-budget-1055433|title=Trump says he's 'proud' to shut down government during fight with Pelosi and Schumer|author1=Burgess Everett|author2=Sarah Ferris|date=December 11, 2018|website=Politico|accessdate=December 23, 2018|author3=Caitlin Oprysko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073815/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/11/trump-border-wall-congress-budget-1055433|archive-date=December 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

 

Keesokan harinya, Senat dengan suara bulat mengesahkan resolusi lanjutan kedua ({{USBill|115|HR|695}}) yang berlaku sampai 8 Februari 2019. Pelosi mengumumkan bahwa fraksi Demokrat di DPR akan mendukung RUU tersebut meskipun ditentang oleh fraksi Republik.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-signals-it-might-accept-a-short-term-spending-bill-to-avert-shutdown/2018/12/19/63148a02-0395-11e9-9122-82e98f91ee6f_story.html?utm_term=.09c060f24f70|title=Senate passes bill to keep government open until February, undercutting Trump's drive for border wall funding|author1=Erica Werner|author2=Paul Kane|date=December 19, 2018|website=Th Washington Post|accessdate=December 23, 2018|author3=Josh Dawsey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224075508/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-signals-it-might-accept-a-short-term-spending-bill-to-avert-shutdown/2018/12/19/63148a02-0395-11e9-9122-82e98f91ee6f_story.html?utm_term=.09c060f24f70|archive-date=December 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Namun, pada tanggal 20 Desember, seiring banyaknya kritik dari media, komentator, dan tokoh politik konservatif,<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/conservative-media-trump-border-wall-1071391|title=Conservative media turns on Trump for going wobbly on the wall|author1=Jason Schwartz|date=December 20, 2018|website=Politico|accessdate=December 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073946/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/conservative-media-trump-border-wall-1071391|archive-date=December 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/trump-budget-reversal-1071388|title=Pressure from base pushed a flustered Trump into shutdown reversal|author1=Eliana Johnson|author2=Burgess Everett|date=December 20, 2018|website=Politico|accessdate=December 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221174415/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/trump-budget-reversal-1071388|archive-date=December 21, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Trump mengubah sikapnya dan menyatakan bahwa ia tidak akan menyetujui RUU anggaran apapun yang tidak mencantumkan anggaran tembok perbatasan. DPR kemudian mengesahkan resolusi lanjutan yang mencantumkan $5 miliar untuk tembok dan $8 miliar untuk bantuan bencana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://politi.co/2Ewlkt0|title=House and Senate on collision course as shutdown nears|last=Ferris|first=Sarah|last2=Bresnahan|first2=John|website=POLITICO|access-date=December 21, 2018}}</ref> Perundingan alot di Senat menyebabkan batalnya pengesahan resolusi lanjutan hari itu.<ref name=":2" /> Perubahan sikap Trump memicu kekhawatiran di kalangan fraksi Republik Senat. Ketika ditanyai soal langkah selanjutnya, Senator Tennessee [[Bob Corker]] tertawa: "Saya tidak tahu. Kalian bersenang-senanglah. Saya siap-siap berlibur ke [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]]... Ada-ada saja."<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/cant-make-this-stuff-up-senate-gop-isnt-sweating-shutdown-1071687|title='Can't make this stuff up': Senate GOP isn't sweating shutdown|author1=Burgess Everett|date=December 20, 2018|website=Politico|accessdate=December 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221174431/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/cant-make-this-stuff-up-senate-gop-isnt-sweating-shutdown-1071687|archive-date=December 21, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

 

 

=== Upaya penyelesaian ===

 

=== Pegawai federal ===

Setelah para pegawai federal dan keluarganya berbagi cerita tentang kesulitan ekonomi saat Natal, misalnya tidak bisa membayar sewa atau cicilan dan menunggak tagihan, tagar "#ShutdownStories" merebak di media sosial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/yw793y/government-workers-are-sharing-their-shutdownstories-on-social-media-theyre-grim|title=Government workers are sharing their #shutdownstories on social media. They’re grim.|publisher=Vice News|author=Alex Lubben|date=December 27, 2018|accessdate=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228010751/https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/yw793y/government-workers-are-sharing-their-shutdownstories-on-social-media-theyre-grim|archive-date=December 28, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/federal-employees-affected-by-the-government-shutdown-are-using-the-twitter-hashtag-supernumbershutdownstories-to-share-their-hardships/ar-BBRoU8o|title=Federal employees affected by the government shutdown are using the Twitter hashtag #ShutdownStories to share their hardships|publisher=MSN Business Insider|author=Mariana Alfaro|date=December 25, 2018|accessdate=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230030135/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/federal-employees-affected-by-the-government-shutdown-are-using-the-twitter-hashtag-supernumbershutdownstories-to-share-their-hardships/ar-BBRoU8o|archive-date=December 30, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[United States Office of Personnel Management|Office of Personnel Management]] merespons dengan menerbitkan contoh surat yang bisa dikirimkan kepada kreditur. Salah satu surat berisi, "Saya pegawai federal yang baru saja diwajibkan cuti karena lembaga saya tidak didanai. Akibatnya, pendapatan saya berkurang jauh dan saya tidak bisa membayar cicilan rumah dan tagihan lainnya." OPM juga menyarankan agar para pegawai menyurati pemilik bangunannya, "Saya bersedia melunasi separuh sewa dengan melakukan perawatan bangunan (misalnya mengecat, memperbaiki pondasi)," dan para pegawai yang tidak mampu melunasi tagihan untuk meminta bantuan pengacara pribadi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/government-shutdown-when-trump-federal-employees-pay-work-landlord-rent-a8702081.html|title=Trump admin suggests federal employees paint landlords' properties during shutdown to afford rent|work=The Independent|author=Sarah Harvard|date=December 28, 2018|accessdate=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229000400/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/government-shutdown-when-trump-federal-employees-pay-work-landlord-rent-a8702081.html|archive-date=December 29, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/800-000-government-workers-may-need-financial-assistance-shutdown-continues-n952416|title=800,000 government workers may need financial assistance as shutdown continues|publisher=NBC News|author=Doha Madani|date=December 27, 2018|accessdate=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229050843/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/800-000-government-workers-may-need-financial-assistance-shutdown-continues-n952416|archive-date=December 29, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

 

 

Tanggal 4 Januari, ''The Washington Post'' melaporkan bahwa karena penutupan ini dipicu oleh kegagalan pengesahan RUU anggaran yang membekukan gaji pemerintah federal, ratusan pejabat politik senior akan menerima kenaikan gaji sebesar $10.000 keesokan harinya. Juru bicara Gedung Putih Sarah Sanders mengatakan bahwa rencana kenaikan gaji ini "adalah efek samping penutupan yang tidak perlu ada. Pemerintah menyadari masalah ini dan kami masih mencari jalan untuk mencegah [kenaikan gaji] ini ketika para pegawai federal masih wajib cuti. Kongres dapat menyelesaikannya dengan mendanai pemerintahan dan mengamankan perbatasan negeri ini.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/04/while-federal-workers-go-without-pay-senior-trump-administration-officials-are-poised-get-raises/|title=While federal workers go without pay, senior Trump administration officials are poised to get $10,000 raises|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105021828/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/04/while-federal-workers-go-without-pay-senior-trump-administration-officials-are-poised-get-raises/|archive-date=January 5, 2019|dead-url=no|access-date=January 5, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

 

=== Taman nasional dan museum ibu kota ===

Seiring penutupan pemerintahan Januari 2018, semua taman nasional tetap buka, tetapi tanpa staf dan semua bangunan dikunci. Dampak penutupan terhadap taman nasional berbeda-beda. Sejumlah taman masih bisa dikunjungi dengan pengawasan staf yang minim, sedangkan operasi taman lainnya didanai oleh pemerintah negara bagian atau badan amal, dan sisanya ditutup. Diane Regas, presiden dan kepala eksekutif Trust for Public Land, meminta Presiden Trump menutup semua taman nasional untuk melindungi masyarakat; pada pekan ketiga penutupan pemerintahan, tiga orang tewas di dalam taman nasional.<ref name="Fears">{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/energy-environment/2019/01/04/three-dead-national-parks-shutdown-wears/ |title=Darryl Fears (4 January 2019) Three dead in national parks as shutdown wears on |access-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105075755/https://www.washingtonpost.com/energy-environment/2019/01/04/three-dead-national-parks-shutdown-wears/ |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Pada 1 Januari 2019, masalah tumpukan sampah, toilet umum meluber, dan akses bantuan P3K terjadi di hampir semua taman nasional.<ref name="abcnews">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/overflowing-trash-toilets-safety-concerns-national-parks-face/story?id=60105575|title=National parks face overflowing trash, toilets in second week of shutdown|date=January 2, 2019|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102133609/https://abcnews.go.com/US/overflowing-trash-toilets-safety-concerns-national-parks-face/story?id=60105575|archive-date=January 2, 2019|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Yosemite]], seorang korban tewas akibat jatuh baru dilaporkan satu pekan kemudian pada tanggal 4 Januari 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/national-park-death-government-shutdown_us_5c2fb9abe4b073352832b05b|title=Death At National Park Unreported For Week Amid Government Shutdown: Report|last=Blumberg|first=Antonia|date=January 4, 2019|publisher=|via=Huff Post|accessdate=January 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/overflowing-garbage-feces-on-roads-prompt-yosemite-national-park-officials-to-close-some-campgrounds|title=Overflowing garbage, feces on roads prompt Yosemite National Park officials to close some campgrounds|last=Joyce|first=Kathleen|date=January 1, 2019|publisher=Fox News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102135510/https://www.foxnews.com/us/overflowing-garbage-feces-on-roads-prompt-yosemite-national-park-officials-to-close-some-campgrounds|archive-date=January 2, 2019|dead-url=no|accessdate=January 3, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="abcnews" />

 

 

=== Lembaga lain ===

Selama penutupan berlangsung, sistem [[e-Verify]] dinonaktifkan. Sistem ini digunakan oleh perusahaan untuk memeriksa kelayakan kerja karyawannya di Amerika Serikat.<ref>Scott Wong, [https://thehill.com/homenews/house/423613-shutdown-halts-e-verify-checks-on-capitol-hill Shutdown halts E-Verify checks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103131227/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/423613-shutdown-halts-e-verify-checks-on-capitol-hill |date=January 3, 2019 }}, ''The Hill'' (January 2, 2019).</ref><ref>Robert Y. Maples, [https://www.natlawreview.com/article/e-verify-and-government-shutdown E-Verify and the Government Shutdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103220523/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/e-verify-and-government-shutdown |date=January 3, 2019 }}, ''National Law Review'' (January 3, 2019).</ref>

 

Aktivitas eksekutif dan legislatif [[Pemerintah Distrik Columbia|pemerintah daerah]] Distrik Columbia tetap berjalan sepanjang penutupan karena didanai oleh [[Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017]].<ref name=dc>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/policy/d-c-stays-open-time-around-even-federal-government-shuts|title=D.C. Stays Open This Time Around — Even If Federal Government Shuts Down|last=Connolly|first=Griffin|date=January 19, 2018|work=Roll Call|access-date=January 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119221754/https://www.rollcall.com/news/policy/d-c-stays-open-time-around-even-federal-government-shuts|archive-date=January 19, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Namun, sistem pengadilan daerah Distrik Columbia, termasuk [[Mahkamah Agung Distrik Columbia]] dan [[Pengadilan Banding Distrik Columbia]], adalah bagian dari kehakiman federal sehingga ikut ditutup separuhnya. Penduduk DC tidak bisa memanfaatkan layanan publik seperti mencetak buku nikah.<ref name=dc2>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zoetillman/marriage-license-dc-government-shutdown-weddings|title=This Couple Was Turned Away From Getting Their Marriage License In DC During The Government Shutdown|website=BuzzFeed News|accessdate=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102234609/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zoetillman/marriage-license-dc-government-shutdown-weddings|archive-date=January 2, 2019|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Pemerintah Distrik Columbia mengambil alih operasi truk sampah dan pengeruk salju untuk fasilitas-fasilitas National Park Service di Washington.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wtop.com/dc/2018/12/dc-to-remain-open-during-government-shutdown/|title=DC to remain open during government shutdown|date=December 23, 2018|publisher=WTOP|access-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225130025/https://wtop.com/dc/2018/12/dc-to-remain-open-during-government-shutdown/|archive-date=December 25, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> National Zoological Park ditutup tanggal 3 Januari 2019.<ref name=3Jan2019NationalMall />

 

 

Pada 3 Januari 2019, [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] menghentikan semua aktivitas dan Ketua FCC [[Ajit Pai]] membatalkan kunjungannya ke [[Consumer Electronics Show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.slashdot.org/story/18/12/31/2113223/fcc-to-suspend-most-operations-thursday-if-the-partial-government-shutdown-continues?sbsrc=md|title=FCC To Suspend Most Operations Thursday if the Partial Government Shutdown Continues - Slashdot|website=news.slashdot.org|accessdate=January 3, 2019}}</ref> FTC juga menghentikan beberapa aktivitas daring.<ref>Federal Trade Commission Website https://web.archive.org/web/20190102041616/https://www.ftccomplaintassistant.gov/ Archived version of page version retried as of January 1, 2018 22:17 CST.</ref> Situs [[Energy Star]] milik EPA dan Departemen Energi tidak bisa dibuka sepanjang penutupan pemerintahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energystar.gov/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101024254/https://www.energystar.gov/|title=ENERGY STAR {{!}} The simple choice for energy efficiency.|archive-date=January 1, 2019|publisher=Energy Star|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref>

{{Penutupan pemerintahan A.S.}}