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Baris 53: The transfer of camouflage patterns from battle to exclusively civilian uses is a recent phenomenon. While many hundreds of artists were involved in the development of camouflage during and since WW I the disparate sympathies of the two cultures restrained the use of "militaristic" forms in works other than those of [[war artist]]s. Since the 1960s however artists have seized upon camouflage as a means to twist and subvert it away from its military origins and symbolism. The concept of camouflage - to conceal and distort shapes - is also a popular artistic tool. Artists using camouflage include: [[Andy Warhol]] (notably his 1986 camouflage series, his last major work), [[Alain Jacquet]] (extraordinarily prolific in camouflage works from 1961 into the 1970s), [[Alighiero Boetti]] (''Mimetico'' pieces, 1966-67), [[David Bower]] (''Shelf Environment'' series, 1980s), [[Tom Czarnopys]] (bark-covered figurative sculpture, c1985), [[Lutz]] (a number of projects, the film ''True Stories'', ''Red, Hot and Blue'', etc. 1986-), [[Marilyn Lysohir]] (''The Dark Side of Dazzle'', 1986), [[Lau]] (''gardenergala'', 1999-2001), [[Ian Hamilton Finlay]], [[Vera von Lehndorff]] (aka Veruschka) and [[Holger Trülzsch]] (Nature, Signs & Animals, Mimicry-Dress-Art, all 1970-73), [[Kate Ericson]] and [[Mel Ziegler]] (''Camouflaged History'', 1991), [[Jennifer Lapham]] (numerous works, including ''Mimetic series'', 1999), [[Michel Aubry]] (camouflage fabric patterns, 2000), [[Désirée Palmen]] (''Streetwise'' series, 2002), [[Monica Duncan]] and [[Lara Odell]] (''Winter Camouflage Catalog'', 2002), [[Laurent La Gamba]] (''Pro-Cryptic Installations'', 2002), [[William Anastasi]] (''Blind'', 2003), [[McGurr]] (''Futura'', 2000), [[Harvey Opgenorth]] (''Museum Camouflage'' series, 1998-), [[Herbert J. Reith III]] (paintings, 2000-), [[Jane Gilmor]] (''Blind'', c2000), [[Carrie Paterson]] and [[Arshia Mahmoodi]] (''(Garden) To Delay the Progression of a Wartime Ecology'', 2004), [[Evan Salmon]] (''Dazzle Ship'', 2005) and [[Thomas Hirschhorn]] (''Utopia : One World, One War, One Army, One Dress'', 2005). Camouflage garments had a similarly hesitant adoption, although military ''styling'' has a long history of civilian use. Military patterns initially found civilian markets amongst hunters and, through military surplus, in those seeking clothing that was tough, well-made, and cheap in the United States and other countries. The steady output from countries using a [[National Service]] model was influential and several countries (initially the 'winning' sides of WW II, where there was less negative connection with military-wear) became significant markets. In the United States in the 1960s military clothing became increasingly common (mostly olive drab rather than camouflage), interestingly it was often found worn by anti-war protestors, initially groups such as [[Vietnam Veterans Against the War]] but then increasingly widely as a symbol of political protest. It is a felony in the United States to wear "any distinctive part" of a US military uniform{{fact}}. In the years after the [[Vietnam War]], camouflage military clothing became very popular among many people, replacing olive-drab military clothing. Baris 87: == Referensi == * {{en}} [http://www.shipcamouflage.com/2_1.htm Alan Raven - Development of Naval Camouflage 1914 – 1945] * {{en}} [http://www.arts.ufl.edu/art/rt_room/sparkers/camouflage/history.html Craig Roland - The Art of Camouflage - The History of Camouflage]{{Pranala mati\|date=Maret 2021 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://mitpress2.mit.edu/e-journals/Leonardo/isast/spec.projects/camouflagebib.html Roy R. Behrens - Art and Camouflage: An Annotated Bibliography] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616222117/http://mitpress2.mit.edu/e-journals/Leonardo/isast/spec.projects/camouflagebib.html \|date=2006-06-16 }} * {{en}} [http://www.wildernessmanuals.com/manual_6/chpt_1/2.html Manual tentara AS FM 21-76 tentang kamuflase] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718051435/http://www.wildernessmanuals.com/manual_6/chpt_1/2.html \|date=2011-07-18 }} * {{en}} [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/ml_008100_camouflage.htm Guy Hartcup - Camouflage: A History of Concealment and Deception in War (1980)] * {{en}} [http://www.lonesentry.com/camouflage_manual/index.html WWII War Department Field Manual FM 5-20B: Camouflage of Vehicles (1944)] Baris 98: {{Commons\|Camouflage}} * [http://science.howstuffworks.com/animal-camouflage.htm How Stuff Works] * [http://efour4ever.com/cammo.htm Camouflage of Individuals and Infantry Weapon] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125054929/http://www.efour4ever.com/cammo.htm \|date=2012-11-25 }} * [http://bobolinkbooks.googlepages.com/royr.behrens Roy R. Behrens, "The Thinking Eye: a Chronology of Camouflage" 2006] * [~~http~~https://web.archive.org/web/20060616170844/http://web.mac.com/gesamtkunstwerk/iWeb/The_Poetry_of_Sight/Dazzle%20Camouflage.html Roy R. Behrens, "Dazzle Camouflage: High Difference Camouflage (Hodgepodge)" 2006] * [http://whitetail.com/camo1.html "An informal study into camoflage"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313053536/http://whitetail.com/camo1.html \|date=2010-03-13 }} [[Kategori:Kamuflase\| ]]