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[[Berkas:Galileo before the Holy Office.jpg|jmpl|350px|''Galileo di hadapan Tahta Suci'', lukisan abad ke-19 karya [[Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury]]]]
'''Perkara Galileo''', dimana [[Galileo Galilei]] jatuh ke dalam [[konflik]] dengan [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] atas dukungannya pada gagasan [[astronomi]] dari [[Nicolaus
Pada tahun 1610, [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] menerbitkan karyanya ''Sidereus Nuncius (Pembawa Pesan Berbintang)'', menjelaskan [[pengamatan]]-pengamatan yang mengherankan yang ia alami dengan [[teleskop]] barunya. Hal-hal ini dan penemuan-penemuan lainnya melahirkan kesulitan-kesulitan besar pada pengertian akan [[surga]] yang telah dipegang teguh sejak lama, dan melahirkan minat yang baru di dalam ajaran-ajaran radikal seperti teori heliosentrisme [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]].
Sebagai reaksinya, banyak [[cendekiawan]] menyerang teori tersebut sebab [[teori]] ini terlihat bertentangan dengan beberapa kutipan dari
== Kontroversi awal ==
Galileo memulai pengamatan teleskopiknya pada akhir tahun 1609, dan pada bulan Maret 1610 ia mampu menerbitkan sebuah buku kecil, ''The Starry Messenger'' ([[Sidereus Nuncius]]), yang menjelaskan beberapa penemuannya: pegunungan di Bulan, bulan-bulan kecil yang mengorbit di sekitar Jupiter, dan resolusi dari apa yang dianggap sebagai massa yang sangat berawan di langit ([[nebula]]) menjadi kumpulan bintang yang terlalu redup untuk dilihat satu per satu tanpa teleskop. Pengamatan lain menyusul, termasuk fase [[Venus]] dan keberadaan [[bintik matahari]].
Kontribusi Galileo menyebabkan kesulitan bagi para teolog dan filsuf alam pada waktu itu, karena mereka bertentangan dengan ide-ide ilmiah dan filosofis yang didasarkan pada [[Aristoteles]] dan [[Ptolemy]] dan terkait erat dengan [[Gereja Katolik]]. Secara khusus, pengamatan Galileo terhadap fase Venus, yang menunjukkannya mengelilingi Matahari, dan pengamatan bulan-bulan yang mengorbit Yupiter, bertentangan dengan model geosentris [[Ptolemy]], yang didukung dan diterima oleh [[Gereja Katolik Roma]],<ref name="Ashmand">{{cite book |title=Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos; Or, Quadripartite Being Four Books of The influence of the Stars |first1=J. M. |last1=Ashmand |publisher=Library of Alexandria |year=1936 |isbn=978-1-61310-429-3 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HphOkVo2JxkC}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=HphOkVo2JxkC&pg=PT1 Extract of page 1]</ref><ref name="Kasting">{{cite book |title=How to Find a Habitable Planet |edition=illustrated |first1=James |last1=Kasting |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-691-13805-3 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPqEeB-SRvUC}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=xPqEeB-SRvUC&pg=PA4 Extract of page 4]</ref> dan mendukung [[model Copernicus]] yang dikembangkan oleh Galileo.<ref name=drakeproof>{{cite book|last=Drake|first=Stillman|title=Essays on Galileo and the History and Philosophy of Science, Volume 1|date=1999|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|pages=292|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sp8_hrRI2MoC|isbn=978-0-8020-7585-7}}</ref>
Para astronom Jesuit, para ahli baik dalam ajaran Gereja, sains, maupun dalam filsafat alam, pada mulanya skeptis dan memusuhi ide-ide baru; namun, dalam satu atau dua tahun ketersediaan teleskop yang baik memungkinkan mereka untuk mengulangi pengamatan. Pada tahun 1611, Galileo mengunjungi [[Collegium Romanum]] di Roma, di mana para astronom Yesuit pada waktu itu telah mengulangi pengamatannya. [[Christoph Grienberger]], salah satu sarjana Jesuit di fakultas, bersimpati dengan teori Galileo, tetapi diminta untuk mempertahankan sudut pandang Aristotelian oleh Claudio Acquaviva , Bapak Jenderal Yesuit. Tidak semua klaim Galileo diterima sepenuhnya: Christopher Clavius, astronom paling terkemuka seusianya, tidak pernah setuju dengan gagasan gunung di Bulan, dan di luar perguruan tinggi banyak yang masih memperdebatkan realitas pengamatan. Dalam sebuah surat kepada [[Johannes Kepler]] bertanggal Agustus 1610,<ref>[[#Referensi-Drake-1978|Drake (1978, p. 162)]], [[#Referensi-Sharratt-1994|Sharratt (1994, p. 86)]], [[#Reference-Favaro-1890|Favaro]] [http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=10-421 (1900, 10:421–423)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230546/http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=10-421 |date=September 27, 2007 }} {{in lang|la}}.</ref> Galileo mengeluh bahwa beberapa filsuf yang menentang penemuannya bahkan menolak untuk melihat melalui teleskop:
{{Kutipan|Kepler tersayang, saya berharap kita bisa menertawakan kebodohan yang luar biasa dari kawanan biasa. Apa pendapat Anda tentang para filosof utama dari akademi ini yang dipenuhi dengan sifat keras kepala seekor asp dan tidak ingin melihat planet, bulan, atau teleskop, meskipun saya telah dengan bebas dan sengaja menawarkan mereka kesempatan? seribu kali? Sungguh, sama seperti asp menghentikan telinganya, demikian pula para filosof ini menutup mata mereka terhadap cahaya kebenaran.<ref>Galileo did not name the philosophers concerned, but Galileo scholars have identified two of them as [[Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)|Cesare Cremonini]] and Giulio Libri [[#Referensi-Drake-1978|(Drake, 1978, pp. 162, 165]]; [[#Referensi-Sharratt-1994|Sharratt, 1994, p. 87)]]. Claims of similar refusals by bishops and cardinals have sometimes been made, but there appears to be no evidence to support them.</ref><ref>[[#Referensi-Favaro-1890|Favaro]], [http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=10-423 (1900, 10:423)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718004557/http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=10-423 |date=July 18, 2011 }} {{in lang|la}}. The original Latin reads: "Volo, mi Keplere, ut rideamus insignem vulgi stultitiam. Quid dices de primariis huius Gimnasii philosophis, qui, aspidis pertinacia repleti, nunquam, licet me ultro dedita opera millies offerente, nec Planetas, nec ☽, nec perspicillum, videre voluerunt? Verum ut ille aures, sic isti oculos, contra veritatis lucem obturarunt." A variety of translations of variable quality have appeared in print{{snd}}[[#Referensi-bethune-1830|Bethune]] [https://archive.org/stream/lifeofgalileogal00bethrich#page/n39/mode/2up (1830, p. 29)], [[#Referensi-Fahie-2005|Fahie]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=dnn66vXxD2YC&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102 (2005, p. 102)], [[#Reference-Lodge-2003|Lodge]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=LrYlZ0ncgHcC&pg=PT117 (2003, p. 106)]{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, and [[#Referensi-Santillana-1976|de Santillana]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=RABIZBnf_y4C&pg=PA9 (1976, p. 9)], for example.</ref>}}
Geosentris yang memverifikasi dan menerima temuan Galileo memiliki alternatif model Ptolemy dalam model [[geosentris alternatif]] (atau ''"geo-heliosentris"'') yang diusulkan beberapa dekade sebelumnya oleh model [[Tycho Brahe]]; di mana, misalnya, Venus mengelilingi Matahari. Brahe berpendapat bahwa jarak ke bintang-bintang dalam sistem Copernicus harus 700 kali lebih besar dari jarak dari Matahari ke Saturnus. Terlebih lagi, satu-satunya cara bintang-bintang bisa begitu jauh dan masih tampak seperti ukuran mereka di langit adalah jika bintang rata-rata berukuran raksasa – setidaknya sebesar orbit Bumi, dan tentu saja jauh lebih besar dari matahari.
Galileo terlibat dalam perselisihan tentang prioritas dalam penemuan bintik matahari dengan [[Christoph Scheiner]], seorang Yesuit. Ini menjadi perseteruan seumur hidup yang pahit. Tak satu pun dari mereka, bagaimanapun, adalah yang pertama mengenali bintik matahari (orang Cina sudah akrab dengan bintik itu selama berabad-abad).<ref>[[#Referensi-Sharratt-1994|Sharratt (1994, p. 98)]].</ref>
Pada saat ini, Galileo juga terlibat dalam perselisihan tentang alasan benda mengapung atau tenggelam di air, berpihak pada [[Archimedes]] melawan [[Aristoteles]]. Perdebatan itu tidak bersahabat, dan gaya Galileo yang blak-blakan dan terkadang sarkastik, meskipun tidak luar biasa dalam debat akademis saat itu, membuatnya menjadi musuh. Selama kontroversi ini salah satu teman Galileo, pelukis [[Lodovico Cardi da Cigoli]], memberitahunya bahwa sekelompok lawan jahat, yang kemudian disebut Cigoli sebagai "liga Merpati",<ref>"La legha del Pippione" [[#Referensi-Favaro-1890|(Favaro]], [http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-476 1901, 11:476)] {{in lang|it}}. "The Pigeon" ("il Pippione") was Cigoli's derisive nickname for the presumed leader of the group, Lodovico delle Colombe [[#Reference-Sharratt-1994|(Sharratt, 1994, p. 95]]; [[#Reference-Favaro-1890|Favaro]], [http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-176 1901, 11:176], [http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-228 11:228–229], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221173004/http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-228 |date=February 21, 2009 }} [http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-502 11:502)]. It is a pun on Colombe's surname, which is the feminine plural form of the Italian word for "Dove." "Pippione" is a now obsolete Italian word with a triple entendre{{snd}}besides meaning "young pigeon", it was also a jocular colloquialism for a testicle, and a Tuscan dialect word for a fool.</ref> sedang merencanakan untuk menyebabkan dia kesulitan atas gerakan Bumi, atau apa pun yang akan melayani tujuan tersebut. Menurut Cigoli, salah satu komplotan meminta seorang imam untuk mencela pandangan Galileo dari mimbar, tetapi yang terakhir menolak. Namun demikian, tiga tahun kemudian pendeta lain, [[Tommaso Caccini]], justru melakukan hal itu.<ref>[[#Referensi-Drake-1978|Drake (1978, p. 180)]], [[#Referensi-Favaro-1890|Favaro (1901)]] [http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-241 11:241–242)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221180154/http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=11-241 |date=February 21, 2009 }} {{in lang|it}}.</ref>
== Referensi ==
===catatan kaki===
{{Reflist}}
===sumber===
* {{cite book | contribution=New Light on the Galileo affair?
| last1=Artigas | first1=Mariano
| last2= Martínez | first2=Rafael
| last3= Shea | first3=William R.
| pages=213–233
| editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
| title=The Church and Galileo
| date=2005
| publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
| isbn=0-268-03483-4
| ref=Reference-Artigas-2005}}
* {{cite book | contribution=Galileo, Urban VIII, and the Prosecution of Natural Philosophers
| last=Beretta | first=Franchesco
| pages=234–261
| editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
| title=The Church and Galileo
| date=2005
| publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
| isbn=0-268-03483-4
| ref=Reference-Beretta-2005a}}
* {{cite book | contribution=The Documents of Galileo's Trial: Recent Hypotheses and Historical Criticisms
| last=Beretta | first=Franchesco
| pages=191–212
| editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
| title=The Church and Galileo
| date=2005
| publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
| isbn=0-268-03483-4
| ref=Reference-Beretta-2005b}}
* {{cite journal
| ref = Reference-Baumgartner-1989
| last = Baumgartner
| first = Frederic J.
| title = Galileo Heretic (Book Review)
| journal = The Sixteenth Century Journal
| volume = XX
| issue = 2
| pages = 309–310
| date = 1989
| doi=10.2307/2540675| jstor = 2540675
}}
* {{cite book | title= Making modern science: a historical survey
| last1= Bowler
| first1= Peter J.
| last2= Morus
| first2= Iwan Rhys
| author-link1= Peter J. Bowler
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LEl3s-wYg10C
| publisher= University of Chicago Press
| date= 2005
| location= Chicago
| isbn= 0-226-06860-9
| ref=bowler&morus-2005}}
* {{cite book | title= The life of Galileo Galilei, with illustrations of the advancement of experimental philosophy
| first= John Elliot Drinkwater
| last= Bethune
| author-link= John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune
| url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofgalileogal00bethrich
| location= London
| date= 1830
| ref=Reference-bethune-1830}}
* {{cite book | title= Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible
| url= https://archive.org/details/galileobellarmin0000blac
| author= Blackwell, Richard J.
| publisher= University of Notre Dame Press
| location= Notre Dame, IN
| date= 1991
| isbn= 0-268-01024-2
| ref=Reference-Blackwell-1991}}
* {{cite journal | title = Una errata reproducida durante siglos cambia la censura de la Iglesia a Galileo
| last = Domínguez
| first = Nuño
| website = EsMateria.com
| date = 28 Feb 2014
| url=http://esmateria.com/2014/02/28/una-errata-reproducida-durante-siglos-cambia-la-censura-de-la-iglesia-a-galileo/}}
* {{cite book
| title= Galileo At Work
| author= Drake, Stillman
| author-link= Stillman Drake
| publisher= University of Chicago Press
| date= 1978
| location= Chicago
| isbn= 0-226-16226-5
| ref= Reference-Drake-1978
| url= https://archive.org/details/galileoatwork00stil
}}
* {{cite book
| title= Galileo: Pioneer Scientist
| author= Drake, Stillman
| author-link= Stillman Drake
| publisher= University of Toronto Press
| date= 1990
| location= Chicago, MI
| isbn= 0-8020-2725-3
| ref= Reference-Drake-1990
| url= https://archive.org/details/galileo00stil_0
}}
* {{cite book
| title= Galileo His Life and Work
| first= John
| last= Fahie
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dnn66vXxD2YC
| publisher= Kessinger
| date= 2005
| isbn= 1-4179-6999-7
| location= Whitefish, MT
| ref= Reference-Fahie-2005
}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book | contribution = the Disputed Injunction and its role in Galileo's Trial
| last=Fantoli | first=Annibale
| pages=117–149
| editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
| title=The Church and Galileo
| date=2005
| publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
| isbn=0-268-03483-4
| ref=Reference-Fantoli-2005}}
* {{cite book | title= Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale
|trans-title=The Works of Galileo Galilei, National Edition
| editor-last= Favaro
| editor-first= Antonio
| editor-link= :it:Antonio Favaro
| date = 1890–1909
| url = http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO
| language=it
| location = [[Florence]]
| publisher= Barbera
| isbn= 88-09-20881-1
| ref=Reference-Favaro-1890}} A searchable online copy is available on the [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114183333/http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html Institute and Museum of the History of Science], Florence, and a brief overview of ''Le Opere'' is available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20090103233923/http://www.finns-books.com/fgalileo.htm Finn's fine books], and [https://web.archive.org/web/20110103231202/http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/Additional_Info.htm#National_Edition here].
* {{cite journal | title = From Inquisitors to Microhistorians: A Critique of Pietro Redondi's Galileo eretico
| last = Ferrone
| first = Vincenzo
|author2=Firpo, Massimo
| journal = The Journal of Modern History
| volume = 58
| issue = 2
| pages = 485–524
| date = June 1986
| doi = 10.1086/243016
| s2cid = 145172760
| ref=Reference-Ferrone&Firpo-1986}}
* {{cite book
| title= Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend
| author= Feyerabend, Paul
| author-link= Paul Feyerabend
| publisher= University of Chicago Press
| date= 1995
| location= Chicago, MI
| isbn= 0-226-24531-4
| ref= Reference-Feyerabend-1995
| url= https://archive.org/details/killingtimeautob00feye}}
* {{Citation | title = Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs
| author=Finocchiaro, Maurice
| publisher=Springer
| year= 2010
| isbn= 978-9048132003
| ref= Reference-Finocchiaro-2010}}
* {{cite book | title= The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History
| author= Finocchiaro, Maurice A.
| publisher= University of California Press
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wKCZFJuMCaQC
| date= 1989
| location= Berkeley, CA
| isbn= 0-520-06662-6
| ref=Reference-Finocchiaro-1989}}
* {{cite book | title= Retrying Galileo, 1633–1992
| last= Finocchiaro
| first= Maurice A.
| publisher= University of California Press
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IKW-4LyQeHYC
| date= 2005
| location= Berkeley, CA
| isbn= 0-520-24261-0
}}
* {{Citation
| title = Setting Aside All Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo
| author = Graney, Christopher M.
| publisher=University of Notre Dame Press
| year= 2015
| isbn= 978-0-268-02988-3
| ref= Reference-Graney-2015}}
* {{cite book
| title= Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
| url= https://archive.org/details/dialogueconcerni00gali_0
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| others = Translator: Stillman Drake
| author= Galileo Galilei
| publisher= University of California Press
| date= 1953
| location= Berkeley, CA
| ref=Reference-Drake-1953
| isbn= 0-520-00449-3}}
* {{cite book | title= Galileo on the World Systems: A New Abridged Translation and Guide
| author1= Galileo Galilei
| last2= Finocchiaro
| first2= Maurice A.
| publisher= University of California Press
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Li4eh7JIMtIC
| date= 1997
| location= Berkeley, CA
| isbn= 0-520-20548-0
| ref=Reference-Finocchiaro-1997}}
* {{cite book | title= Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
| author= Galileo Galilei
| author-link= Galileo Galilei
| url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/753
| publisher= Dover Publications Inc.
| date= 1954
| orig-year= 1638, 1914
| location= New York
| isbn= 0-486-60099-8
| ref=Reference-Galileo-1954
| others= Translators: G Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio }}
* {{cite journal | title = Galileo Eretico (Book Review)
| last = Gosselin
| first = Edward A.
| journal = The Sixteenth Century Journal
| volume = XVI
| issue = 4
| pages = 523–524
| date = 1985
| ref=Reference-Gosselin-1985
| doi=10.2307/2541227
| jstor = 2541227}}
* {{cite book | last=Heilbron |first=John L.
| title=Galileo
| url=https://archive.org/details/galileo0000heil | date=2010
| publisher=Oxford University Press
| location=Oxford
| isbn=978-0-19-958352-2 |oclc=642283198
| ref=Reference-Heilbron-2010}}
* {{cite book | contribution= Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo
| author= Heilbron, John L.
| editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
| title=The Church and Galileo
| date=2005
| publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
| isbn=0-268-03483-4
| ref=Reference-Heilbron-2005}}
* {{cite book
| title = The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe
| author= Koestler, Arthur
| publisher= Penguin
| date= 1990
| orig-year = 1959
| isbn= 0-14-019246-8
| ref= Reference-Koestler-1990| title-link= The Sleepwalkers (Koestler book)
| author-link= Arthur Koestler
}} Original edition published by Hutchinson (London).
* {{cite book
| title= Galileo, Science and the Church
| author= Langford, Jerome K., O.P.
| publisher= St. Augustine's Press
| edition= third
| date= 1998
| orig-year= 1966
| isbn= 1-890318-25-6
| ref=Reference-Langford-1998}}. Original edition by Desclee (New York, 1966)
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| title= Pioneers of Science
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| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LrYlZ0ncgHcC
| publisher= Kessinger
| date= 2003
| orig-year= 1893
| location= Whitefish, MT
| isbn= 0-7661-3500-4
| ref= Reference-Lodge-2003
}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* McMullen, Emerson Thomas, ''Galileo's condemnation: The real and complex story'' (Georgia Journal of Science, vol. 61(2) 2003)
* {{cite book | title=The Church and Galileo
| editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
| date=2005
| publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
| isbn=0-268-03483-4
| id=Reference-McMullin-2005 }}
* {{cite book | contribution=The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, 1616
| last=McMullin | first=Ernan
| pages=150–190
| editor-first=Ernan | editor-last=McMullin
| title=The Church and Galileo
| date=2005
| publisher=University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
| isbn=0-268-03483-4
| ref=Reference-McMullin-2005b}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia
| first = Ernan
| last = McMullin
| title = Robert Bellarmine
| url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Robert_Bellarmine.aspx#1
| publisher = Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies
| editor-last = Gillispie
| editor-first = Charles
| encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]
| date = 2008
| ref=Reference-McMullin-2008
}}
* {{cite book
| title= Rhetoric & dialectic in the time of Galileo
| first1= Jean Dietz
| last1= Moss
| first2= William
| last2= Wallace
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw50esHmgacC
| publisher= CUA Press
| date= 2003
| location= Washington D.C.
| isbn= 0-8132-1331-2
| ref=Reference-Moss&Wallace-2003}}
<!-- Should this be cite book? It has an ISBN. -->
*{{cite web
|title = I Documenti del Processo di Galileo Galilei
|editor-last = Pagano
|editor-first = Sergio M.
|others = (in collaboration with Luciano, Antonio G.)
|publisher = Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Scripta Varia, no. 53, Vatican City
|date = 1984
|url = http://asv.vatican.va/it/stud/download/CAV_21.htm
|access-date = 2005-07-22
|ref = Reference-Pagano-1984
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060226022933/http://asv.vatican.va/it/stud/download/CAV_21.htm
|archive-date = 2006-02-26
}} {{ISBN|88-85042-11-2}}.
* {{cite book | title= Turning point for Europe? The Church in the Modern World – Assessment and Forecast
| url= https://archive.org/details/turningpointfore0000bene
| author= Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal
| author-link= Pope Benedict XVI
| others= translated from the 1991 German edition by Brian McNeil
| publisher= Ignatius Press
| date= 1994
| location = San Francisco, CA
| isbn= 0-89870-461-8
| oclc= 60292876
| ref= Reference-Ratzinger-1994}}
*{{cite book |title = Galileo Heretic
|first = Pietro
|last = Redondi
|url = https://archive.org/details/galileoheretic00redo
|orig-year = 1983
|publisher = Princeton University Press
|date = 1987
|location = Princeton, NJ
|isbn = 0-691-08451-3
|ref = Reference-Redondi-1983
|others = English translation translator: Raymond Rosenthal}}
*{{cite book | title= The Crime of Galileo
| first=Giorgio
| last=de Santillana
| author-link= Giorgio de Santillana
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RABIZBnf_y4C
| orig-year= 1955
| publisher= University of Chicago Press
| date= 1976
| location = Chicago
| isbn= 0-226-73481-1
| ref= Reference-Santillana-1976
| others=Midway reprint}}
* {{cite book
| title= Galileo Galilei, his life and his works
| author= Seeger, Raymond J.
| publisher= Pergamon Press
| date= 1966
| location= Oxford
| ref= Reference-Seeger-1966}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Segre
|first1=Michael
|title=Four centuries later: how to close the galileo case?
|journal=Physis Riv Int Stor Sci
|date=2011–2012
|volume=48
|issue=1–2
|pages=53–65
|pmid=25029819
| ref= segre2011}}
* Speller, Jules, ''Galileo's Inquisition Trial Revisited '', Peter Lang Europäischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2008. 431 pp. {{ISBN|978-3-631-56229-1}} / US-{{ISBN|978-0-8204-8798-4}}
*{{cite book | title= Galileo: Decisive Innovator
| last=Sharratt | first=Michael
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| date= 1994
| location= Cambridge
| isbn=0-521-56671-1
| ref=Reference-Sharratt-1994}}
*{{cite book | title= Galileo, the Jesuits and the Medieval Aristotle
| author= Wallace, William A.
| publisher= Variorum
| date= 1991
| location= Great Yarmouth
| isbn= 0-86078-297-2
| ref=Reference-Wallace-1991}}
*{{cite journal | title = Galileo Heretic (Book Review)
| last = Westfall
| first= Richard S.
| journal = Science
| volume = 237
| pages = 1059–1060
| date = 1987
| doi = 10.1126/science.237.4818.1059
| pmid = 17837398
| issue = 4818
| ref=Reference-Westfall-1987|bibcode = 1987Sci...237.1059W }}
*{{cite book | title= Essays on the Trial of Galileo
| author= Westfall, Richard S.
| publisher= Vatican Observatory
| date= 1989
| location= Vatican City
| ref=Reference-Westfall-1989}}
*{{cite book | title= Galileo antichrist
| url= https://archive.org/details/galileoantichris0000whit
| first= Michael
| last= White
| author-link= Michael White (author)
| publisher= Weidenfeld & Nicolson
| date= 2007
| location= London
| isbn=978-0-297-84868-4
| ref=Reference-White-2007}}
== Situs eksternal ==
*[http://www.thomasaquinas.edu/news/recent_events/Decaen-Galileo.html ''Galileo Galilei, Scriptural Exegete, and the Church of Rome, Advocate of Science''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608054230/http://www.thomasaquinas.edu/news/recent_events/Decaen-Galileo.html |date=2011-06-08 }} lecture ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110108175957/http://thomasaquinas.edu/news/recent_events/Galileo_Galilei-Scripture_Exegete.mp3 audio here]) by [[Thomas Aquinas College]] tutor Dr. Christopher Decaen
*[http://www.traditioninaction.org/History/A_003_Galileo.html "The End of the Myth of Galileo Galilei"] by {{ill|Atila Sinke Guimarães|pt}}
*[http://www.bard.edu/admission/forms/pdfs/galileo.pdf ''The Starry Messenger'' (1610)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207150253/http://www.bard.edu/admission/forms/pdfs/galileo.pdf |date=2012-02-07 }}. An English translation from [http://www.bard.edu/ Bard College]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629144745/http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/g/galilei/sidereus_nuncius/html/sidereus.htm ''Sidereus Nuncius'' (1610)] {{in lang|la}} Original Latin text at [http://www.liberliber.it/ LiberLiber] online library.
*[http://www.disf.org/en/documentation/03-Galileo_PBCastelli.asp Galileo's letter to Castelli of 1613]. The English translation given on the web page at this link is from [[#Reference-Finocchiaro-1989|Finocchiaro (1989)]], contrary to the claim made in the citation given on the page itself.
*[http://www.disf.org/en/documentation/03-Galileo_Cristina.asp Galileo's letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of 1615]
*[http://www.disf.org/en/documentation/03-Bellarmino.asp Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini of 1615]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013053/http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html Inquisition documents, 1616 and 1633]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070822052559/http://home.comcast.net/~icuweb/c02901.htm Galileo: Science and Religion] Extensively documented series of lectures by William E.Carroll and Peter Hodgson.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713092939/http://moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?AZIONE=CATALOGO Edizione Nationale] {{in lang|it}}. A searchable online copy of Favaro's National Edition of Galileo's works at the website of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114183333/http://www.imss.fi.it/istituto/index.html Institute and Museum of the History of Science], Florence.
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[[Kategori:Gereja Katolik Roma dan ilmu pengetahuan]]
Baris 12 ⟶ 464:
[[Kategori:Sejarah astronomi]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Kristen]]
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