Jindalee Operational Radar Network: Perbedaan antara revisi

Asal mula JORN dapat dilacak hingga eksperimen pasca [[Perang Dunia II]] di [[Amerika Serikat]] dan serangkaian eksperimen Australia yang dimulai pad aawal 1950-an. Sejak Juli 1970, sebuah studi dilakukan dan membuahkan proposal program pengembangan sistem radar luar cakrawala tiga tahap.<ref name=d_h_sinnott>[http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/page/3984/ The Development of Over-the-Horizon Radar in Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717061325/http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/page/3984/ |date=2012-07-17 }} - paper by D.H. Sinnott on the Australian Department of Defence website</ref>

Per 1996, proyek ini mengalami kesulitan teknis dan kekurangan biaya.<ref name=colegrove /><ref>{{cite web|first=Ray|last=McNally|title=Jindalee Operational Radar Network: Department of Defence|work=The Auditor-General Performance Audit Audit Report No.28 1995-96|publisher=Australian National Audit Office|date=1996-08-18|url=http://www.anao.gov.au/WebSite.nsf/Publications/4A256AE90015F69B4A25690A002479D2/$file/rpt28-96.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-11-17 |archiveurl = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20060917204646/http://anao.gov.au/WebSite.nsf/Publications/4A256AE90015F69B4A25690A002479D2/$file/rpt28-96.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-09-17|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Telstra melaporkan kerugian sebesar [[dolar Australia|A$]]609 juta dan mengumumkan bahwa mereka tidak dapat menjamin waktu pengiriman.<ref name=sinclairjones>{{cite web|url=http://defence-data.com/features/fpage37.htm |title=JORN assures early warning for Australia|accessdate=2006-11-15|last=Sinclair-Jones|first=Michael|date=29 February 2000|work=Defence Systems Daily|publisher=Defence Data Ltd. |archiveurl = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20071116065249/http://defence-data.com/features/fpage37.htm |archivedate = 2007-11-16|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Kontrak Telstra yang gagal membuat proyek ini memasuki tahap keempat, yaitu perampungan JORN dan pengelolaan selanjutnya oleh kontraktor baru. Bulan Februari 1997, [[Lockheed Martin]] dan [[Tenix]] mendapatkan kontrak pengiriman dan pengelolaan JORN. Juni 1997, keduanya membentuk perusahaan [[RLM Group]] untuk menangani usaha patungan ini.<ref name="RLM">[{{Cite web |url=http://www.rlmgroup.com.au/ |title=RLM Group web site] |access-date=2022-02-10 |archive-date=2006-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823233508/http://www.rlmgroup.com.au/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sistem radar operasional dikirim bulan April 2003 dan kontrak pengelolaannya berlangsung sampai Februari 2007.<ref name=dmo_website>{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/dmo/esd/jp2025/jp2025.cfm|title=Projects: JP 2025 - Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN)|accessdate=2006-11-15|last=Thurston|first=Robin|date=21 June 2006|work=Defence Materiel Organisation Website|publisher=Department of Defence}}</ref>

JORN terdiri dari dua stasiun radar aktif; dekat [[Longreach, Queensland]] (JOR1) dan dekat [[Laverton, Western Australia]] (JOR2), satu pusat kendali di [[RAAF Base Edinburgh|Edinburgh, South Australia]] (JCC), tujuh [[transponder]], dan dua belas [[ionosonde]] vertikal yang tersebar di seluruh Australia dan teritorinya.<ref name=colegrove /> DSTO menggunakan stasiun radar dekat [[Alice Springs, Northern Territory]] (JFAS) untuk keperluan penelitian dan pengembangan<ref name="wise">{{cite journal|last=Wise|first=John C.|title=Summary of recent Australian radar developments|journal=IEEE A&E Systems Magazine|issue=4 Dec|pages=8–10|publisher=IEEE|date=2004-12|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/62/30020/01374061.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-11-29}}</ref> dan memiliki jaringan ionosonde vertikal/miringnya sendiri untuk penelitian.<ref name=colegrove /><ref name="lowell">{{cite web|url=http://ulcar.uml.edu/slist.htm|title=Digisonde Station List|accessdate=2006-11-29|year=2004|month=February|publisher=University of Massachusetts Lowell, Center for Atmospheric Research}}</ref><ref name="Gardiner-Garden">{{cite conference|first=R.S.|last=Gardiner-Garden|title=Ionospheric variability in sounding data from JORN|booktitle=Workshop on the Applications of Radio Science (WARS)|date=2006-02|location=Leura, NSW|url =http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/NCRS/wars/wars2006/proceedings/poster/gardiner_garden_p.ppt|accessdate=2006-11-29|archive-date=2006-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827173010/http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/NCRS/wars/wars2006/proceedings/poster/gardiner_garden_p.ppt|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

* pemancar Queensland di [[Longreach, Queensland|Longreach]],<ref name="hill">{{cite journal|last=Hill|first=Senator Robert|title=Defence: Properties (Question No. 2685)|journal=Senate Official Hansard|volume=6, 2004|issue=Fortieth Parliament, First Session-Eighth Period|pages=23144|series=No|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|date=12 May 2004|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/senate/dailys/ds120504.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-11-28|archiveurl=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20040526064320/http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/senate/dailys/ds120504.pdf|archivedate=2004-05-26|dead-url=no}}</ref> dengan cakupan 90 derajat ({{coord|23.658047|S|144.145432|E|region:AU_scale:25000}}, dan di [http://maps.spench.net/rf/#pos=-23.6571027,144.1476227&zoom=16&type=hybrid&auto_fetch=true&clustering=true&cluster_level=17&site=21325 OzGeoRFMap]),

[[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]], [[Western Australia|WA]]<ref name=colegrove /><ref>{{cite web|last=Newell|first=Peter E.|title=Target Indonesia|work=The Socialist Standard: Journal of The Socialist Party|publisher=Socialist Party of Great Britain|date=2000-05|url=http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/may00/worldmay.html#SubHead2|accessdate=2006-11-29|archive-date=2007-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224358/http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/may00/worldmay.html#SubHead2|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|first=Ben A.|last=Johnson|coauthors=Dr. Yuri Abramovich|title=Detection-estimation of Gaussian sources for under-sampled training conditions: Practical HF OTHR application results|booktitle=Adaptive Sensor Array Processing (ASAP) Workshop|pages=24|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory|date =6–7 June 2006|location=Lexington, Massachusetts|url=http://www.ll.mit.edu/asap/asap_06/pdf/Presentations/04_Johnson-P.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate =2006-11-29|archive-date=2011-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603231423/http://www.ll.mit.edu/asap/asap_06/pdf/Presentations/04_Johnson-P.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ([http://maps.spench.net/rf/#pos=-17.8983354,122.2590636&zoom=11&type=hybrid&auto_fetch=true&clustering=true&cluster_level=16&site=49931 peta]),

Jaringan JORN dioperasikan oleh [[No. 1 Radar Surveillance Unit RAAF]] (1RSU). Data dari situs-situs JORN dikirim ke JORN Coordination Centre di [[RAAF Base Edinburgh]], lalu diteruskan ke lembaga-lembaga dan unit militer lainnya. Menurut laporan resmi, sistem ini memungkinkan [[Australian Defence Force]] memantau semua aktivitas udara dan laut di sebelah utara Australia dengan jangkauan 3.000&nbsp;km. Wilayah tersebut mencakup seluruh pulau Jawa, Papua, Kepulauan Solomon, dan separuh Samudra Hindia. Sejumlah sumber lain menyebut angka 4.000&nbsp;km dari garis pantai Australia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.rfsworld.com/StayConnected/pdf/Stay2_98.pdf|title=JORN HF Antenna Arrays Project Completed|accessdate=2006-11-21|last=Styles|first=Barry|date=1998 (issue 2)|format=[[PDF]]|work=Stay Connected: The Radio Frequency Systems Bulletin|publisher=Radio Frequency Systems (RFS)|pages= 11–12|quote=RFS Australia proudly completes the USD25M Antenna Arrays for the Jindalee Operational Radar Network on time, on budget and within specification. Jindalee Over the Horizon Radar Network (JORN) is a High Frequency network that is designed to and sea radar coverage of up to 4,000km from a large part of the Australian coastline.|archiveurl=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20070115065222/http://www2.rfsworld.com/StayConnected/pdf/Stay2_98.pdf|archivedate=2007-01-15|dead-url=no}}</ref> sehingga jangkauannya sampai [[Singapura]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2010/s3094895.htm|title=Rough seas could have impeded boat detection: Analyst|publisher=ABC The World Today|date=16 December 2010|quote=There's two layers if you like of radar surveillance. One is what's called the JORN system, which is a very, very long range strategic early warning system, that's capable of detecting targets as far away as, we think, Singapore.}}</ref>

JORN begitu sensitif sehingga dapat melacak pesawat sekecil [[Cessna 172]] yang lepas landas dan mendarat di Timor Timur, sekitar 2.600&nbsp;km dari Australia. Penelitian sedang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan [[sensitivitas (elektronika)|sensitivitasnya]] sampai sepuluh kali lipat. Radar ini juga kabarnya mampu mendeteksi pesawat siluman (''stealth'') karena pesawat semacam itu hanya dirancang untuk menghindari deteksi oleh radar gelombang mikro.<ref name=sinclairjones /> [[Project DUNDEE]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.missilethreat.com/systems/project_dundee_.html|title=Project DUNDEE|accessdate=2006-11-21|date=1 August 2004|work=MISSILETHREAT.com|publisher=The Claremont Institute|archive-date=2006-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111045003/http://missilethreat.com/systems/project_dundee_.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> adalah proyek riset hasil kerja sama dengan [[pertahanan rudal]] Amerika Serikat yang bertujuan memanfaatkan JORN untuk melacak [[rudal]].<ref>''[http://www.mda.mil/mdalink/html/dndenews.html U.S. And Australia Cooperate In Missile Detection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714020131/http://www.mda.mil/mdalink/html/dndenews.html |date=2009-07-14 }}'', [http://www.mda.mil/ Missile Defense Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301165436/http://www.mda.mil/ |date=2006-03-01 }}</ref> JORN diharapkan memainkan peran penting dalam inisiatif [[Missile Defense Agency]] yang akan datang, yaitu mencegat dan melacak peluncuran rudal di kawasan Asia.<ref>{{cite news|first=Brendan|last=Nicholson|title=Australia's key role in missile shield|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australias-key-role-in-missile-shield/2006/01/06/1136387625745.html|work=The Age|publisher=Fairfax|date=7 January 2006|accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref>