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{{sedang ditulis}}[[Berkas:略字 傘おき.jpg|jmpl|lurus|Tulisan "payung berdiri" ({{lang|ja|仐おき}} ''kasa-oki'', bentuk standar {{lang|ja|傘おき}}, memperlihatkan bentuk ryakuji dari {{lang|ja|傘}}: {{lang|ja|仐}} ({{lang|ja|人}} + {{lang|ja|十}}), dengan bagian dalam {{lang|ja|人}} dihilangkan. Bandingkan [[Hanzi sederhana|dengan hanzi yang disederhanakan]] {{lang|zh-Hans|伞}}.]]
[[Berkas:特価品-略字.jpg|jmpl|240px|Pada label harga ¥400 berikut, 特価品 (item tawar-menawar) menunjukkan bentuk ryakuji 品, dengan kotak di bawah yang bersambung.]]
{{Table Hanzi}}
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Ryakuji tidak tercakup dalam [[Kanji Kentei]], juga tidak diakui secara resmi (sebagian besar Ryakuji tidak ada dalam [[Unicode]]). Namun, beberapa bentuk singkatan dari [[Hyōgaiji]] ({{nihongo2|表外字}}, karakter yang tidak termasuk dalam Daftar [[Tōyō Kanji|Tōyō]] atau [[Jōyō Kanji]]) termasuk dalam standar JIS yang sesuai dengan penyederhanaan Shinjitai termasuk dalam Level pra-1 dan di atas [[Kanji Kentei]] (contoh: {{nihongo2|餠→餅}}, {{nihongo2|摑→掴}}), serta beberapa tunjangan lain untuk cara alternatif menulis [[Radikal (Aksara Han)|radikal]] dan bentuk alternatif. Beberapa Ryakuji diadopsi sebagai [[Shinjitai]].
 
Beberapa penyederhanaan umumnya digunakan sebagai [[Simbol tipografi Jepang|simbol tipografi khusus Jepang]]. Ini termasuk:
 
* {{nihongo2|[[々]]}}, the [[kanji iteration mark]], from {{nihongo2|仝}}, a variant of {{nihongo2|同}};
* {{nihongo2|〻}}, the vertical form, from {{nihongo2|二}};
* the [[kana iteration mark|hiragana and katakana iteration marks]], {{nihongo2|[[ゝ]]}} and {{nihongo2|[[ヽ]]}}, generic strokes;
* {{nihongo2|[[〆]]}}, ''shime,'' simplification of {{nihongo2|占}} (as {{nihongo2|占め しめ}} ''shime'') as cursive form of top component {{nihongo2|ト}}, used for various kanji read as {{nihongo2|しめ}} ''shime,'' primarily {{nihongo2|締め}}, also {{nihongo2|閉め}}, {{nihongo2|絞め}}, {{nihongo2|搾め}}, and original {{nihongo2|占め}};
* {{nihongo2|[[ヶ]]}}, small ''ke,'' simplification of {{nihongo2|箇}} (also used for {{nihongo2|個}}), though with other uses.
Of these, only {{nihongo2|〆}} for {{nihongo2|締}} and {{nihongo2|ヶ}} for {{nihongo2|箇}} are generally recognized as being simplifications of kanji characters.
 
Replacements of complex characters by simpler standard characters (whether related or not) is instead a different phenomenon of ''[[kakikae]]''. For example, in writing {{nihongo2|年齢43歳}} as {{nihongo2|年令43才}} (''nenrei 43 sai'' "age 43 years"), {{nihongo2|齢}} is replaced by the component {{nihongo2|令}} and {{nihongo2|歳}} is replaced by {{nihongo2|才}}, in both cases with the same pronunciation but different meanings. The {{nihongo2|齢}} to {{nihongo2|令}} is a graphic simplification (keeping the phonic), while {{nihongo2|歳}} and {{nihongo2|才}} are graphically unrelated, but in both cases this is simply considered a replacement character, not a simplified form. Other examples include simplifying {{nihongo2|醤油}} ''shōyu'' ([[soy sauce]]) to {{nihongo2|正油}}.
 
== Use ==
Ryakuji are primarily used in individual [[memorandum|memos]], notes and other such forms of [[handwriting]]. They have declined in use in recent years, possibly due to the emergence of computer technology and advanced input methods that allow equally fast input of both simple and complex characters. Despite this, the ryakuji for {{nihongo2|[[wikt:門|門]]}} (''mon'', ''kado''; gate [also a radical, ''mongamae'']) is still widely used in handwriting.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}
 
In all case discussed in this article, individual characters are simplified, but separate characters are not merged. There are rare cases of single-character abbreviations for multiple-character words or phrases, such as {{nihongo2|[[wikt:圕|圕]]}} for {{nihongo2|[[wikt:圖書館|圖書館]], [[wikt:図書館|図書館]]}} ''toshokan,'' "library", but this is very unusual; see [[polysyllabic Chinese character]]s for this phenomenon in Chinese, where it is more common.
 
== Examples ==
[[Berkas:Ryakuji.png|bingkai|nir|Some widely used ryakuji]]
 
=== Notes ===
Of these, several are commonly seen in signs: {{nihongo2|2門 12品 12器}} are very commonly seen, particularly simplifying {{nihongo2|間}} in store signs, while {{nihongo2|1第}} and {{nihongo2|5曜}} are also relatively common, as is {{nihongo2|𩵋}} for {{nihongo2|魚}} (as in {{nihongo2|3点}}). Other characters are less commonly seen in public, instead being primarily found in private writing.
 
* {{nihongo2|1第, 2門}} – These are perhaps the most commonly used Ryakuji. 1 (''dai'', ordinal prefix) is present in [[Unicode]] as [https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=3427&useutf8=false U+3427] ({{nihongo2|㐧}}), but is not supported by the [[MS Gothic]] or [[MS Mincho|Mincho]] family of typefaces, or [[Arial Unicode MS]]. According to the original Japanese article, 1 has been seen on roadsigns on the Keihin #3 Road ({{nihongo2|㐧三京浜道路}}, [[Berkas:TRON 2-243D.gif|16px]]{{nihongo2|三京浜道路}}, ''Dai-San Keihin Dōro''). 2 is present in Unicode as [https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=95E8&useutf8=false U+95E8]; it is unified with the closely related [[Simplified Chinese]] abbreviation {{nihongo2|门}} (both originated from [[Cursive script (East Asia)|cursive script]] forms). The Japanese form may be explicitly induced with the sequence U+95E8 U+E0100.
* {{nihongo2|3点}} – An abbreviation of the bottom four dots in the character {{nihongo2|点}} is present in [[Unicode]] as {{nihongo2|奌}} [https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=594C&useutf8=false U+594C], but is not supported by the MS Gothic or MS Mincho typefaces. It does appear in Arial Unicode, Sim Sun, Sim Hei, MingLiU, KaiU and New Gulim typefaces. Another simplification of this sort can be seen for the bottom four dots of {{nihongo2|魚}} (present in Unicode as {{nihongo2|𩵋}} [https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=29D4B&useutf8=false U+29D4B]). The bottom of the characters {{nihongo2|熱}} and {{nihongo2|馬}}, however, are simplified instead using a horizontal line, as in the Simplified Chinese characters {{nihongo2|马}} and {{nihongo2|鱼}}.
* {{nihongo2|4職}} (variant 1 is present in Unicode as [https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=803A&useutf8=false U+803A]; variant 2 is [https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=2B7C9&useutf8=false U+2B7C9]) – Also used often, but somehow not applied to the related characters {{nihongo2|織}} and {{nihongo2|識}}.
* {{nihongo2|5曜}} [[Berkas:TRON 2-DB76.gif|16px]] ({{nihongo2|日+玉}}, from {{nihongo2|曜 {{=}} 日+翟}}) (present in Unicode as {{nihongo2|𫞂}} [https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=2B782&useutf8=false U+2B782]) – Also often written as {{nihongo2|旺}} (originally a different character), but the dot (as in {{nihongo2|玉}}) is used to distinguish. Common abbreviation in stores for days of week. The phonetic {{nihongo2|翟}} is generally not abbreviated to 玉 in other character such as {{nihongo2|濯}}, {{nihongo2|擢}}, {{nihongo2|櫂}}, {{nihongo2|躍}}, {{nihongo2|燿}}, or {{nihongo2|耀}}.
* {{nihongo2|6前}} – Grass script form (1 and 2 also originated from grass script forms)
* {{nihongo2|7個}} (present in Unicode as {{nihongo2|㐰}} [https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=3430&useutf8=false U+3430]) – Abbreviated by removing the contents of the ''kunigamae'' radical. There is also the {{nihongo2|囗}} ([https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=56D7&useutf8=false U+56D7]) abbreviation for {{nihongo2|国}}.
* {{nihongo2|8選, 10機}} (not present in Unicode) – A portion at the top consisting of two or more consecutive characters is changed to a {{nihongo2|ツ}} shape. This can be seen in the Shinjitai simplifications {{nihongo2|榮→栄, 單→単, 嚴→厳, 巢→巣, 學→学}}. The {{nihongo2|竹}} top radical has also been used (although rarely). A colloquial simplification for {{nihongo2|機}} exists (not present in Unicode) in which the right portion is replaced by [[Katakana]] {{nihongo2|キ}} (''ki'') to indicate the ''on'' reading.
* {{nihongo2|9濾}} (present in Unicode as {{nihongo2|沪}} [https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=6CAA&useutf8=false U+6CAA]) – Not as common a character, but a major ryakuji in scientific circles, as it is used in such words as {{nihongo2|濾過}} (''roka'', [[percolation]]). This character has also been seen in print. The component {{nihongo2|盧}}, pronounced ''RO'' just like {{nihongo2|慮}}, is commonly simplified to {{nihongo2|戸}} as well such as in {{nihongo2|蘆→芦}} and the Shinjitai simplification {{nihongo2|爐→炉}}.
* {{nihongo2|11闘}} to {{nihongo2|閗 (門斗)}} or simply {{nihongo2|斗}} (in Unicode at [https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=9597&useutf8=false U+9597]). The complicated character {{nihongo2|闘}} (''tō'') is replaced by a simpler character of the same [[On reading]], {{nihongo2|斗}}. This is formally known as [[kakikae]], if one standard character is replaced by another standard character of the same reading, though hybrids such as {{nihongo2|閗 (門斗)}} are ryakuji. Another example of kakikae is {{nihongo2|年齢43歳→年令43才}} (''nenrei'' 43 ''sai'' "age 43 years"), and simplifications of this method have also been seen in print.
* {{nihongo2|12品,器 𠯮}} (present in Unicode as [https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=20BEE&useutf8=false U+20BEE]) – Also commonly seen. The bottom {{nihongo2|吅}} portion of {{nihongo2|品}} is merged. Examples have also been seen in characters such as {{nihongo2|靈}} (the Kyūjitai of {{nihongo2|霊}}) in which the {{nihongo2|口口口}} portion has been merged.
* {{nihongo2|13魔,摩}} (not present in Unicode) – A colloquial simplification in which [[Katakana]] {{nihongo2|マ}} (ma) is used to indicate the ''on'' reading of both characters (''ma''). The simplification {{nihongo2|魔}} is seen in [[manga]], and the simplification for {{nihongo2|摩}} is commonly seen when writing place names such as [[Tama, Tokyo]] ({{nihongo2|多摩市}}).
 
== Further examples ==
Omitting components is a general principle, and the resulting character is often not a standard character, as in {{nihongo2|傘→仐}}.
 
If the resulting character is a standard character with the same reading (common if keeping the phonetic), this is properly [[kakikae]] instead, but if it is simply a graphic simplification (with a different reading) or the resulting character is not standard, this is ryakuji. One of the most common examples is {{nihongo2|巾}} for {{nihongo2|幅}} ''haba'' "width". Often the result would be ambiguous in isolation, but is understandable from context, as in {{nihongo2|国→囗}}. This is particularly common in familiar compounds, such as {{nihongo2|齢→令}} in {{nihongo2|年齢→年令}}, {{nihongo2|歴→厂}} in {{nihongo2|歴史→厂史}}, or {{nihongo2|経→圣}} in {{nihongo2|経済→圣済}}.
 
In some cases, a component has been simplified when part of other characters, but has not been simplified in isolation, or has been simplified in some characters but not others. In that case, simplifying it in isolation can be used as common ryakuji. For example, {{nihongo2|卒}} is used in isolation, but in compounds has been simplified to {{nihongo2|[[wikt:卆|卆]]}}, such as {{nihongo2|醉}} to {{nihongo2|酔}}. Using {{nihongo2|卆}} in isolation, such as when writing {{nihongo2|新卒}} ''shin-sotsu'' "newly graduated" as {{nihongo2|新卆}}, is unofficial ryakuji. As another example, {{nihongo2|專}} has been simplified to {{nihongo2|云}} in some characters, such as {{nihongo2|傳}} to {{nihongo2|伝}}, but only to {{nihongo2|専}} in isolation or other characters. Thus simplifying the {{nihongo2|専}} in {{nihongo2|薄}} (bottom part {{nihongo2|溥}}) to {{nihongo2|云}} is found in ryakuji.
 
More unusual examples come from calligraphic abbreviations, or more formally from printed forms of calligraphic forms: a standard character is first written in a calligraphic ({{nihongo2|草書}}, grass script) form, then this is converted back to print script ({{nihongo2|楷書}}) in a simplified form. This is the same principle as graphical simplifications such as {{nihongo2|學→学}}, and of various simplifications above, such as {{nihongo2|第→㐧}}. A conspicuous informal example is {{nihongo2|喜→㐂}} (3 copies of the character for 7: {{nihongo2|七}}), which is rather frequently seen on store signs. Other examples include {{nihongo2|鹿→𢈘}}; and replacing the center of {{nihongo2|風}} with two {{nihongo2|丶}}, as in the bottom of {{nihongo2|冬}}. {{nihongo2|御}} has various such simplifications. In [[Niigata (disambiguation)|Niigata]] ({{nihongo2|新潟}}), the second character {{nihongo2|潟}} is rare and complex, and is thus simplified as {{nihongo2|潟→泻（氵写）}}.
 
=== Derived characters ===
Derived characters accordingly also have derived ryakuji, as in these characters derived from {{nihongo2|門}}:
<gallery>
File:Japanese abbreviation kanji mon.png|{{nihongo2|門}}
File:Japanese ryakuji KAN.png|{{nihongo2|間}}
File:Japanese abbreviation kanji kai.png|{{nihongo2|開}}
</gallery>
Similarly, the {{nihongo2|魚→𩵋}} simplification is often used in fish compounds, such as {{nihongo2|鮨}} ''[[sushi]],'' particularly in signs.
 
=== Phonetic simplifications ===
Some ryakuji are simplified [[phono-semantic]] characters, retaining a radical as semantic and replacing the rest of the character with a [[katakana]] phonetic for the ''on'' reading, e.g., {{nihongo2|[[wikt:議|議]]}} (20 strokes) may be simplified as {{nihongo2|言}} (semantic) + {{nihongo2|ギ}} (phonetic ''gi'' for ''on'' reading):
<gallery>
Image:RYAKUJI_ki_01.png|{{nihongo2|[[wikt:機|機]] → 木 + キ}} ''ki''
File:Ryakuji GI.png|{{nihongo2|[[wikt:議|議]] → 言 + ギ}} ''gi''
File:RYAKUJI ma.png|{{nihongo2|[[wikt:魔|魔]]、[[wikt:摩|摩]] → 广 + マ}} ''ma''
</gallery>
 
Another example is {{nihongo2|層}} ''sō'', replacing the {{nihongo2|曽}} by {{nihongo2|ソ}} ''so.''
 
This may also be done using Latin characters; for example, the character {{nihongo2|憲}} (as used in {{nihongo2|憲法}} ''kenpō'', "constitution") may be simplified to "{{nihongo2|宀K}}": the radical {{nihongo2|宀}} placed over the letter {{nihongo|K}}; this is particularly common in law school. Similarly, {{nihongo2|慶應}} ([[Keiō]]) as in [[Keio University]] may be simplified to "{{nihongo2|广K广O}}": the letters K and O respectively placed inside the radical {{nihongo2|广}}. In this case the pronunciation of "{{lang|ja|KO}}" (as an [[initialism]]) sounds like the actual name "Keiō", hence the use.
 
The character {{nihongo2|[[wikt:機|機]]}} has a number of ryakuji, as it is a commonly used character with many strokes (16 strokes); in addition to the above phono-semantic simplification, it also has a number of purely graphical simplifications:
<gallery>
Image:RYAKUJI_ki_01.png|{{nihongo2|木 + キ}}
Image:RYAKUJI_ki_02.png|
Image:RYAKUJI_ki_03.png|
Image:RYAKUJI_ki_04.png|
</gallery>
 
== See also ==
{{commons category|Kanji shorthand}}
* {{nihongo2|[[〆]]}}, ''shime,'' simplification of {{nihongo2|占}} (as {{nihongo2|占め しめ}} ''shime'')
* {{nihongo2|[[ヶ]]}}, small ''ke,'' simplification of {{nihongo2|箇}}
* [[Kana ligature]]
* [[Shinjitai]]
* [[Simplified Chinese character]]
* [[Variant Chinese character]]
* [[Yakja]], Korean simplifications
 
== Referensi ==
Baris 94 ⟶ 14:
* Spahn and Hadamitzky, ''The Kanji Dictionary,'' {{ISBN|978-0-8048-2058-5}}
 
== ExternalPranala linksbalik ==
* [http://hac.cside.com/bunsho/1shou/39setu.html More examples of Ryakuji]
* [http://pbbs.web.fc2.com/etc/ryakuji.htm Even more examples of Ryakuji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907081734/http://pbbs.web.fc2.com/etc/ryakuji.htm |date=2014-09-07 }}
 
[[Kategori:Kanji]]
[[Kategori:Japanese writing system terms]]
[[Kategori:Japanese writing system]]
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