Gerakan Hak-Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika (1896–1954): Perbedaan antara revisi

Pada Desember 1943, penyanyi dan aktivis [[Paul Robeson]] menjadi orang kulit hitam pertama yang berpidato di hadapan para pemilik tim bisbol mengenai integrasi. Pada rapat tahunan musim dingin para pemilik, Robeson berargumentasi bahwa bisbol sebagai permainan nasional memiliki kewajiban untuk memastikan segregasi tidak menjadi kebijakan nasional. Para pemilik menyambut ajakan Robeson dengan tepuk tangan panjang.<ref name=West>{{cite web |url=http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/resources/pdf/hs_in_robinson_rickey.pdf |title=Branch Rickey and Jackie Robinson, Interview Essay |accessdate=2009-04-15 |first=Jean |last=West |archive-date=2007-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070412165845/http://jimcrowhistory.org/resources/pdf/hs_in_robinson_rickey.pdf |dead-url=yes West}}</ref> Meskipun seusai rapat, [[Komisaris Bisbol]] [[Kenesaw Mountain Landis]] menyatakan bahwa tidak ada peraturan di buku yang melarang kulit hitam bermain di liga, tetapi dirinya dikenal sebagai tokoh yang menghalangi integrasi selama lebih dari 20 tahun. Kematiannya pada tahun 1944 berarti hilang pula penghalang yang berarti bagi integrasi di Major League Baseball.<ref>{{cite book|title=Extra Bases: Reflections on Jackie Robinson, Race, and Baseball History|last=Tygiel|first=Jules|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2zI2UhykNuEC&pg=PA69|pages=69–70|year=2002|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln, Neb.|isbn=0-8032-9447-6 |access-date=2012-06-01|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801032622/https://books.google.com/books?id=2zI2UhykNuEC&pg=PA69&hl=en|dead-url=no}}</ref> Meskipun demikian, Robeson berjasa membuka jalan untuk masuknya Jackie Robinson ke liga bisbol mayor empat tahun kemudian.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paul Robeson: Essays on His Life and Legacy|last=Foner|first=Henry|chapter=Foreword|page=1|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=Otiz7Mi-iUYC&pg=PA1|editor1-last=Dorinson|editor1-first=Joseph|editor2-last=Pencak|editor2-first=William|year=2002|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=0-7864-2163-0 |access-date=2012-06-01|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801032555/https://books.google.com/books?id=Otiz7Mi-iUYC&pg=PA1&hl=en|dead-url=no}}</ref>

* Sitkoff, Harvard. "Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics," ''Journal of Southern History'' Vol. 37, No. 4 (Nov., 1971), pp.&nbsp;597–616 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2206548 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115005844/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2206548 |date=2020-11-15 }}

* {{en}} [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/civilrights/home.html Civil Rights Resource Guide, dari Perpustakaan Kongres Amerika Serikat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309144921/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/civilrights/home.html |date=2011-03-09 }}

* {{en}} [http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/what.htm What Was Jim Crow?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040618111006/http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/what.htm |date=2004-06-18 }} (Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia)

* {{en}} [http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/index.htm Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516092813/http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/index.htm |date=2011-05-16 }}

* {{en}} [http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=40E11D5C66CAC48C African-American History: The Modern Freedom Struggle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119182803/https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=40E11D5C66CAC48C |date=2022-01-19 }} – video kuliah dari Universitas Stanford