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{{Yesus}}
'''Historisitas Yesus''', atau '''kesejarahan Yesus''', berkenaan dengan sejauh mana keberadaan [[Yesus|Yesus dari Nazaret]], lahir {{circa}} 7–2 SM, sebagai seorang figur historis. Terdapat "konsensus yang nyaris universal" di kalangan [[Kritik teks (Alkitab)|akademisi biblika]] bahwa Yesus ada secara historis,<ref name=Carrier>{{cite book|last=Carrier|first=Richard Lane|title=On the Historicity of Jesus: Why we might Have Reason for Doubt|url=https://archive.org/details/onhistoricityofj0000carr|year=2014|publisher=Sheffield Phoenix Press|isbn=9781909697355}}</ref><ref name=fox>{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Robin Lane|title=The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian|year=2005|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465024971|page=48}}</ref><ref name=nobbs>{{cite web|last1=Dickson|first1=John|title=Best of 2012: The irreligious assault on the historicity of Jesus|url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2012/12/24/3660194.htm|website=Abc.net.au|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|
Sambil membahas fakta "mencolok" bahwa "kita tidak memiliki catatan Romawi apapun yang membuktikan keberadaan Yesus," Ehrman menolak klaim bahwa hal ini berarti Yesus tidak pernah ada. Katanya, "Dia tentu ada, karena hampir setiap akademisi antikuitas yang kompeten, baik Kristen ataupun non-Kristen, sependapat berdasarkan bukti-bukti yang jelas dan pasti."<ref name="Ehrman2011">{{cite book|author=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Forged: Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MtOMO8i4GLoC|date=22 March 2011|publisher=HarperCollins|pages= 285|isbn=978-0-06-207863-6}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|[[Robert M. Price]], seorang mantan apologis fundamentalis yang berubah menjadi ateis mengatakan bahwa keberadaan Yesus tidak dapat dikesampingkan, tetapi kemungkinannya kurang dibandingkan dengan non eksistensi. Ia sependapat bahwa perspektifnya bertentangan dengan pandangan sebagian besar akademisi.<ref name="Dunn2010">{{cite book|author=James Douglas Grant Dunn|title=The Historical Jesus: Five Views|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DtRhzgAACAAJ|date=1 February 2010|publisher=[[:en:SPCK Publishing|SPCK Publishing]] |pages= 61|isbn=978-0-281-06329-1}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|[[:en:Michael Grant (writer)|Michael Grant]] (seorang yang mendalami [[klasika]]) menyatakan bahwa, "Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, 'tidak ada akademisi yang serius memberanikan diri untuk mendalilkan non historistias Yesus' atau pada tingkatan yang sangat sedikit, dan mereka belum berhasil menyingkirkan bukti-bukti yang jauh lebih kuat, yang memang sangat berlimpah, untuk menyatakan sebaliknya."<ref name="Grant2004">{{cite book|author=Michael Grant|title=Jesus|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zVUxICZlgYIC|date=January 2004|publisher=Orion|pages= 200|isbn=978-1-898799-88-7}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|"Ada orang-orang yang berpendapat bahwa Yesus adalah bagian dari imajinasi Gereja, bahwa Yesus sama sekali tidak pernah ada. Saya harus mengatakan bahwa saya tidak tahu jika ada akademisi kritis terhormat yang mengatakan hal itu lagi."<ref name="BurridgeGould2004">{{cite book|author1=Richard A. Burridge|author2=Graham Gould|title=Jesus Now and Then|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AB3ciLwoWkQC|year=2004|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|pages= 34|isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3}}</ref>}} kendati mereka memiliki perbedaan pendapat mengenai keyakinan dan ajaran Yesus serta keakuratan detail kehidupan Yesus sebagaimana dideskripsikan dalam kitab-kitab [[Injil]].{{refn|group=nb|Tentang "pembaptisan dan penyaliban", "kedua fakta [ini] dalam kehidupan Yesus mendapat persetujuan yang nyaris universal".<ref name="Dunn2003a">{{cite book|author=James D. G. Dunn|title=Jesus Remembered|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC|year=2003|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|pages= 339|isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2}}</ref>}}<ref name=Hertzog1/>{{refn|group=nb|"Bahwa {{interp|orig=he|Yesus}} disalibkan adalah sama pastinya seperti hal historis lainnya yang bisa didapatkan, karena baik [[Yosefus]] maupun [[Tacitus|Tasitus]] ... sependapat dengan laporan-laporan Kristen dalam hal-hal yang setidaknya adalah kenyataan dasar."<ref name="Crossan1994">{{cite book|author=John Dominic Crossan|title=Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R76BnTswxEsC|year=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|pages= 45|isbn=978-0-06-061662-5}}</ref>}}<ref name="MAPowell168">{{cite book|author=Mark Allan Powell|title=Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IJP4DRCVaUMC|year=1998|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-25703-3}}</ref>{{rp|168–173}} Meskipun akademisi-akademisi mengkritik keilmuan tentang Yesus karena bias agama dan kurangnya [[metode sejarah|kekukuhan metodologis]],{{refn|group=nb|..."Pokok yang akan saya kemukakan di bawah adalah bahwa praktik-praktik pembuktian yang disepakati para sejarawan Yesua, terlepas dari upaya-upaya terbaik mereka, belum menjadi praktik historis yang kukuh.".<ref name="Akenson2001">{{cite book|author=Donald H. Akenson|title=Surpassing Wonder: The Invention of the Bible and the Talmuds|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=40E8am9SlwgC|date=29 September 2001|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-01073-1}}</ref>}} dengan sangat sedikit pengecualian, para kritikus tersebut umumnya mendukung historisitas Yesus, dan menolak [[teori mitos Yesus]] yang menyatakan bahwa Yesus tidak pernah ada.<ref name="voorst16"/>{{refn|group=nb|"Teori-teori tidak meyakinkan yang menyatakan bahwa keberadaan Yesus merupakan suatu penemuan Kristen adalah sangat tidak masuk akal."<ref name="Bockmuehl2001">{{cite book|author=Markus Bockmuehl|title=The Cambridge Companion to Jesus|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC|date=8 November 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages =123–124|isbn=978-0-521-79678-1}}</ref>}}<ref name="Powell1998">{{cite book|author=Mark Allan Powell|title=Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IJP4DRCVaUMC|year=1998|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|pages= 168|isbn=978-0-664-25703-3}}</ref><ref name="Houlden2003">{{cite book|author=James L. Houlden|title=Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: Entries A - J.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GjvmQgAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-856-3}}</ref><ref name=VVoorst14>{{cite book|author=Robert E. Van Voorst|title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC|year=2000|pages= 14|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5}}</ref>
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<!--{{main article|Sources for the historicity of Jesus}}
[[File:First century Iudaea province.gif|thumb|right|250px|[[Judea (Roman province)|Judea Province]] during the 1st century]]
All [[extant literature|extant sources]] that mention Jesus were written after his death. The [[New Testament|Christian Testament]] represents sources that have become [[Canon law|canonical]] for Christianity, and there are many [[Gnostic Gospels|apocryphal texts]] that are examples of the wide variety of writings in the first centuries [[Anno Domini|AD]] that are related to Jesus.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Historical Jesus|url = https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusc0000thei|last = Theissen|first = Gerd|publisher = Fortress Press|year= 1996|isbn = 978-0-8006-3122-2|location = Minneapolis MN|pages =
The seven [[Pauline epistles]] considered by scholarly consensus to be [[Authorship of the Pauline epistles|genuine]] are dated to between AD 50 and 60 (''i.e.'', approximately twenty to thirty years after the generally accepted time period for the death of Jesus) and are the earliest surviving Christian texts that may include information about Jesus.<ref name=Adams94>Edward Adams in ''The Cambridge Companion to Jesus'' by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 {{ISBN|0521796784}} pp. 94–96.</ref> Although Paul provides relatively little [[life of Jesus|biographical information about Jesus]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eddy|first1=Paul Rhodes|last2=Boyd|first2=Gregory A.|title=The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgROZMp4zDMC&pg=PA202|date=2007|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4|page=202}}</ref> and admits that he never knew Jesus personally, he does makes it clear that he considers Jesus to have been a real person{{refn|group=nb|In [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians#4:4|Galatians 4:4]], Paul states that Jesus was "[[incarnation of Jesus|born of a woman]]."}} and a Jew.{{refn|group=nb|In [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Romans#1:3|Romans 1:3]], Paul states that Jesus was "[[law of Moses|born under the law]]."}}<ref name=Tuckett126>{{cite book|last=Tuckett|first=Christopher M.|author-link=Christopher M. Tuckett|title=The Cambridge Companion to Jesus|editor=Markus N. A. Bockmuehl|date=2001|isbn=0521796784|pages=122–126}}</ref><ref name=JRDunn143>''Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making'' by James D. G. Dunn (2003) {{ISBN|0802839312}} p. 143</ref><ref name=McK38>''Jesus Christ in History and Scripture'' by Edgar V. McKnight 1999 {{ISBN|0865546770}} p. 38</ref><ref name=Furnish19>''Jesus according to Paul'' by Victor Paul Furnish 1994 {{ISBN|0521458242}} pp. 19–20</ref> Moreover, he claims to have met with [[James, brother of Jesus|James]], the brother of Jesus.<ref>[[s:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians#1:19|Galatians 1:19]]</ref>{{refn|group=nb|That Jesus had a brother named James is corroborated by Josephus.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murphy|first1=Caherine M.|title=The Historical Jesus For Dummies|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusf00cath|date=2007|publisher=For Dummies|isbn=978-0470167854|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusf00cath/page/140 140]}}</ref>}}
Non-Christian sources used to study and establish the historicity of Jesus include the Jewish historian [[Josephus]] and [[ancient Rome|Roman]] historian [[Tacitus]]. These sources are compared to Christian sources, such as the [[Pauline letters]] and [[synoptic gospels]], and are usually independent of each other; that is, the Jewish sources do not draw upon the Roman sources. Similarities and differences between these sources are used in the authentication process.<ref name="Camber121">''The Cambridge Companion to Jesus'' by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 {{ISBN|0521796784}} pp. 121–125</ref><ref name="ChiltonEvans1998">{{cite book|author1=Bruce David Chilton|author2=Craig Alan Evans|title=Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC|year=1998|publisher=BRILL|pages= 460–470|isbn=90-04-11142-5}}</ref><ref name= Blomberg431 >''Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 {{ISBN|0-8054-4482-3}} pp. 431–436</ref><ref name="Blomberg431"/><ref>[[#refVanVoorst2000|Van Voorst (2000)]] pp. 39–53</ref>
In Books [[s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII#Chapter 3|18]] and [[s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX#Chapter 9|20]]'' of [[Antiquities of the Jews]]'', written around AD 93 to 94, [[Jewish history|Jewish historian]] [[Josephus]] twice refers to the biblical Jesus. The general scholarly view holds that the longer passage, known as the [[Testimonium Flavianum]], most likely consists of an authentic nucleus that was subjected to later Christian [[interpolation (manuscripts)|interpolation]] or [[literary forgery|forgery]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Schreckenberg|first=Heinz|title=Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature|year=1992|isbn=90-232-2653-4|author2=Kurt Schubert}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kostenberger|first=Andreas J.|title=The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament|url=https://archive.org/details/cradlecrosscrown0000kost|year=2009|isbn=0-8054-4365-7|author2=L. Scott Kellum |author3=Charles L. Quarles }}</ref> On the other hand, [[Louis H. Feldman]] states that "few have doubted the genuineness" of the reference found in [[s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX#Chapter 9|Antiquities 20, 9, 1]] to "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James".<ref name=JosephusM662 >''The new complete works of Josephus'' by Flavius Josephus, William Whiston, Paul L. Maier {{ISBN|0-8254-2924-2}} pp. 662–663</ref><ref>''Josephus XX'' by [[Louis H. Feldman]] 1965, {{ISBN|0674995023}} p. 496</ref><ref>Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' {{ISBN|0-8028-4368-9}}. p. 83</ref><ref>Flavius Josephus; Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). ''Josephus, the Essential Works: A Condensation of Jewish Antiquities and The Jewish war'' {{ISBN|978-0-8254-3260-6}} pp. 284–285</ref>
The [[Roman historiography|Roman historian]] [[Tacitus]], in his ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'' (written ''ca.'' AD 115), [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15#44|book 15, chapter 44]],<ref>P.E. Easterling, E. J. Kenney (general editors), ''The Cambridge History of Latin Literature'', p. 892 (Cambridge University Press, 1982, reprinted 1996) {{ISBN|0-521-21043-7}}</ref> describes [[Nero]]'s [[scapegoating]] of the Christians following the [[Fire of Rome]]. He writes that founder of the sect was named Christus (the Christian title for Jesus); that he was executed under [[Pontius Pilate]]; and that the movement, initially checked, broke out again in [[Judea]] and even in Rome itself.{{sfn|Eddy|2007|p=179-180}} Some scholars question the [[Tacitus on Christ#Authenticity and historical value|historical value of the passage]] on various grounds.<ref>F.F. Bruce,''Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament'', (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974) p. 23</ref>
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== Peristiwa yang umumnya diterima sebagai sejarah ==
{{Utama|Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah|Pencarian akan Yesus historis}}
Ada banyak perdebatan di kalangan sarjana mengenai detail kehidupan Yesus yang dicatat dalam kitab-kitab Injil, dan mengenai makna pengajaran-Nya,<ref name=MAPowell168 /> sehingga hanya dua peristiwa yang mendapatkan "persetujuan hampir universal" adalah [[Pembaptisan Yesus|Yesus dibaptis]] oleh [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] dan [[Penyaliban Yesus|disalibkan]] atas perintah [[Prefek]] Romawi, [[Pontius Pilatus]].<ref name=Hertzog1>William A. Herzog. ''Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus'' (4 Jul 2005) {{ISBN|0664225284}} pp. 1–6</ref><ref name="MAPowell168" /><ref name=JDunn339>''Jesus Remembered'' by James D. G. Dunn 2003 {{ISBN|0-8028-3931-2}} p. 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".</ref><ref name="autogenerated145" >{{cite book |author=Crossan, John Dominic |title=Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusrevolutiona00cros |isbn=0-06-061662-8 |year=1995 |publisher=HarperOne |quote=That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus ... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact. |page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusrevolutiona00cros/page/145 145]}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Sapsaphas Madaba.jpg|jmpl|Sebagian [[Peta Madaba]] kuno menunjukkan dua tempat yang mungkin menjadi lokasi baptisan]]
[[Berkas:Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg|jmpl|Penggambaran [[Bronzino]] mengenai [[Penyaliban Yesus]] dengan tiga paku, tanpa tali, dan suatu penunjang berdiri ''hypopodium'', {{circa|1545}}]]
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== Teori mitos Yesus ==
{{Utama|Teori mitos Yesus}}
[[Berkas:Noel Coypel The Resurrection of Christ.jpg|jmpl|''The Resurrection of Christ'' ("[[Kebangkitan
[[Teori mitos Yesus]] adalah "pandangan bahwa tokoh y ang dikenal sebagai [[Yesus Kristus|Yesus dari Nazaret]] tidak pernah ada dalam sejarah."<ref>{{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Gullotta |first=Daniel N.|title=On Richard Carrier’s Doubts: A Response to Richard Carrier’s On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt|journal=Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus|year=2017|volume=15|issue=2–3|pages=310–346|doi=10.1163/17455197-01502009}}</ref>
Dalam kesarjanaan modern, teori mitos Yesus adalah [[:en:fringe theory|teori yang dikesampingkan]] dan pada umumnya tidak mempunyai dukungan dari para sarjana.{{sfnp|Van Voorst|2003|pp=658, 660}}{{sfnp|Fox|2005|p=48}}{{sfnp|Burridge|Gould|2004|p=34}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Historisitas Alkitab]]
* [[Kronologi kehidupan Yesus]]
* [[
* [[Pencarian akan Yesus historis]]
* [[Sensus Kirenius]]
* [[Daftar nama tempat dalam Perjanjian Baru#Berhubungan dengan Yesus Kristus|Tempat dalam Perjanjian Baru yang berhubungan dengan Yesus]]
* [[
== Catatan ==
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== Sumber ==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Raymond E. |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=Doubleday |year=1997 |url=
* Daniel Boyarin (2004). ''Border Lines. The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity''. University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Doherty, Earl (1999). ''The Jesus Puzzle. Did Christianity Begin with a Mythical Christ?: Challenging the Existence of an Historical Jesus''. ISBN 0-9686014-0-5
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* [[Vittorio Messori|Messori, Vittorio]] (1977). ''Jesus hypotheses''. St Paul Publications. ISBN 0-85439-154-1
* New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, New Revised Standard Version. (1991) New York, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-528356-2
* {{Cite book|last=Price|first=Robert M.|authorlink=Robert M. Price|title=Deconstructing Jesus|url=https://archive.org/details/deconstructingje00pric|year=2000|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, N.Y.|isbn=1-57392-758-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Price|first=Robert M.|authorlink=Robert M. Price|title=The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable is the Gospel Tradition?|url=https://archive.org/details/incredibleshrink00pric|year=2003|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, N.Y.|isbn=1-59102-121-9}}
* Wells, George A. (1988). ''The Historical Evidence for Jesus''. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-429-X
* Wells, George A. (1998). ''The Jesus Myth''. ISBN 0-8126-9392-2
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