Gunung Taranaki: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Infobox Gunung|name=Gunung Taranaki|other_name=Gunung Egmont|photo=Mt_Taranaki.JPG|photo_caption=Pemandangan Gunung Taranaki|elevation_m=2518|elevation_ref=|prominence_m=2308|prominence_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title = Peaklist.org: Oceania | url = http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/OceaniaP1500m.html | accessdate = 2007-03-04 |archive-date = 2020-10-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201006030454/http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/OceaniaP1500m.html |dead-url = no }}</ref>|listing=|map=New Zealand#Pacific Ocean|label_position=left|location=[[Pulau Utara]], [[Selandia Baru]]|coordinates={{coord|39|17|47|S|174|03|53|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|topo=NZMS 169 Egmont National Park|type=[[Stratovolcano]]|age=|last_eruption=1854|first_ascent=Ernst Dieffenbach &amp; James Heberly, 1839 <ref>{{cite web | title = Pouakai Circuit: Egmont National Park (NZ DOC) | url = http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/egmont/features/pouakai-circuit/ | accessdate = 2007-03-04 | archive-date = 2014-11-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141103172403/http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/national-parks/egmont/features/pouakai-circuit/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>|easiest_route=Mount Taranaki Summit Track ([[trail]]) <ref>{{cite web | title = Mount Taranaki Summit Track (NZ DOC) | url = http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/taranaki/taranaki/mount-taranaki-summit-track/ | accessdate = 2007-03-04 | archive-date = 2013-12-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131221092844/http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/taranaki/taranaki/mount-taranaki-summit-track/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>}}<nowiki> </nowiki>'''Gunung Taranaki''', atau '''Gunung Egmont''', adalah [[gunung berapi kerucut]] aktif di wilayah [[Taranaki]] di pesisir barat [[Pulau Utara]] Selandia Baru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gns.cri.nz/content/download/6149/33766/file/QuickFacts%20%20MtTaranaki.pdf|title=Volcano Fact Sheet: Mount Taranaki / Egmont Volcano|year=2010|publisher=GNS Science|access-date=2012-01-10|archive-date=2014-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303005440/http://gns.cri.nz/content/download/6149/33766/file/QuickFacts%20%20MtTaranaki.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>'Likely to erupt in the future', Neal & Alloway 1991, as quoted in [http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjgg/1997/6.pdf New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics] {{Webarchive}}</ref> Meskipun gunung itu lebih sering disebut sebagai Taranaki, gunung ini memiliki dua nama resmi di bawah kebijakan nama alternatif Dewan Geografi Selandia Baru. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/consultation-decisions/a-to-z/whanganui/faq.aspx|title=What is the difference between alternative naming and dual naming?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524140145/http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/consultation-decisions/a-to-z/whanganui/faq.aspx|archive-date=24 May 2010|dead-url=yes|access-date=19 March 2010}}</ref> Gunung setinggi {{Convert|2518|m|ft}} itu memiliki kerucut sekunder, Puncak Fanthams ({{Lang-mi|Panitahi}}) setinggi {{Convert|1966|m|ft}}, di sisi selatannya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/wanganui/dawson-falls-east-egmont-brochure-and-map.pdf|title=Dawson Falls and East Egmont Walks|date=2015|publisher=Department of Conservation|access-date=8 July 2017|archive-date=2012-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307220007/http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/wanganui/dawson-falls-east-egmont-brochure-and-map.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Karena kemiripannya dengan [[Gunung Fuji]], Taranaki menjadi modellokasi penggantisyuting film ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' karena kemiripannya dengan [[Gunung Fuji]].<ref name="TeAra">{{Cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/taranaki-region/page-3|title=Taranaki Region - The mountain|last=Lambert|first=Ron|date=13 July 2012|website=Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=2016-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322180143/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/taranaki-region/page-3|dead-url=no}}</ref>

== Penamaan ==

Selama berabad-abad gunung itu disebut Taranaki oleh Māori. Kata Māori ''tara'' berarti puncak gunung, dan ''naki'' diperkirakan berasal dari ''ngaki'', yang berarti "bersinar", merujuk pada sifat musim dingin yang diselimuti salju putih yang memancar di lereng atas. Gunung itu juga dinamai Pukehaupapa dan Pukeonaki oleh iwi yang tinggal di wilayah itu pada zaman kuno.<ref name="TeAra" /><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/78445421/history-reveals-taranakis-peak-was-once-known-by-a-different-name| title=History reveals Taranaki's peak was once known by a different name| first=Deena| last=Coster| publisher=Taranaki Daily News| date=1 April 2016| access-date=2019-06-29| archive-date=2017-07-23| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723022731/http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/78445421/History-reveals-Taranakis-peak-was-once-known-by-a-different-name| dead-url=no}}</ref>

[[James Cook]] menamakannya Gunung Egmont pada 11 Januari 1770<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-McNTasm-t1-body-d4.html |title=Chapter IV. — Cook completes his survey, 1769 and 1770 |publisher=NZETC|accessdate=21 February 2013|archive-date=2012-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022130727/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-McNTasm-t1-body-d4.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> setelah John Perceval, Earl ke-2 Egmont, seorang mantan Lord of the Admiralty yang mendukung konsep penjelajahan laut untuk [[Terra Australis|Terra Australis Incognita]]. Cook menggambarkannya sebagai "ketinggian luar biasa dan tutup atasnya ditutupi salju abadi," dikelilingi oleh "negara datar ... yang membuat suasana baik, berpakaian kayu dan warna hijau".<ref>{{cite book |title =The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. I: The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771 | pages =232–233 | coauthors= |editor=Beaglehole, J.C. | editor-link=John Cawte Beaglehole| year =1968 | publisher =Cambridge University Press | url = | oclc=223185477}}</ref>

Ketika [[Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne]] mendarat di Taranaki pada tanggal 25 Maret 1772 ia menamai gunung itu Pic Mascarin. Dia tidak mengetahui kunjungan Cook sebelumnya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history-nz.org/discovery4.html|title=The discovery of New Zealand - Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne|author= Robbie Whitmore|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=2021-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807214143/http://history-nz.org/discovery4.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Gunung itu memiliki nama resmi sebagai Egmont di peta sampai 29 Mei 1986, ketika Menteri Pertanahan memutuskan bahwa "Gunung Taranaki" akan menjadi alternatif dan nama resmi yang setara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/consultation-decisions/a-to-z/honokawa/report/index.aspx|title=27 March 2009 Place Name Proposal Report|publisher=Land Information New Zealand|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=2010-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524133012/http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/consultation-decisions/a-to-z/honokawa/report/index.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Nama Egmont masih berlaku untuk taman nasional yang mengelilingi puncak dan ahli [[geologi]] masih sering menyebut puncak itu sebagai Egmont.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/australia/new_zealand/egmont_monitoring.html|title=Egmont Volcanic Seismic Monitoring Network & Contingency Plan|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003344/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/australia/new_zealand/egmont_monitoring.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Taranaki secara geologis masih merupakan gunung muda, setelah memulai aktivitas sekitar 135.000 bertahun-tahun lalu. Aktivitas gunung berapi terbaru adalah produksi [[kubah lava]] di kawah dan runtuh di sisi gunung dipada tahun 1850-an atau 1860-an.<ref name="pukeariki">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pukeariki.com/Research/TaranakiStories/TaranakiStory/id/599/title/volcanic-taranaki.aspx|title=Volcanic Taranaki|publisher=[[Puke Ariki]]|access-date=18 March 2010|archive-date=2013-02-01|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201005636/http://www.pukeariki.com/Research/TaranakiStories/TaranakiStory/id/599/title/volcanic-taranaki.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vn=241030|title=Taranaki (Egmont)|website=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=2017-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510111320/http://volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vn=241030|dead-url=no}}</ref> Antara 1755 dan 1800, sebuah letusan mengirim [[aliran piroklastik]] ke sisi timur laut gunung,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/5763785/Mt-Taranaki-volcano-history-revised|title=Mt Taranaki volcano history revised|last=Leighton Keith|work=Taranaki Daily News|date=11 October 2011|access-date=11 October 2011|archive-date=2011-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011081340/http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/5763785/Mt-Taranaki-volcano-history-revised|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan letusan abu sedang terjadi sekitar 1755, dengan ukuran aktivitas Ruapehu pada 1995/1996. Letusan besar terakhir terjadi sekitar 1655. Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari 9.000 tahun terakhir, letusan kecil secara periodik telah terjadi kira-kira setiap 90 tahun, dengan letusan besar setiap 500 tahun.

* [[Cincin Api Pasifik]]

* [https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=241030 <nowiki>"Taranaki [ Egmont ]"</nowiki>]. Program Vulkanisme Dunia. [[Institusi Smithsonian]]. 11 Januari 2009.

* [http://www.peakbagging.org.nz/wiki/Taranaki,_Mt Climbing Taranaki - dari peakbagging.org.nz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618192537/https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=241030 |date=2023-06-18 }}

* [http://www.virtualoceania.net/newzealand/photos/volcanic/taranaki/ Foto untuk Mt Egmont] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101204336/http://www.virtualoceania.net/newzealand/photos/volcanic/taranaki/ |date=2023-01-01 }}

* [http://www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/info/taranakiegmont Gunung Berapi Taranaki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525100002/http://www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/info/taranakiegmont |date=2017-05-25 }}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060302143534/http://www.pukeariki.com/en/stories/naturalworld/volcanictaranaki.asp Taranaki Gunung Berapi] - Puke Ariki

[[Kategori:Gunung berapi di Selandia Baru]]