Ekonomika ekologis: Perbedaan antara revisi

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k Bot: Mengganti kategori yang dialihkan Ekonomi lingkungan menjadi Ekonomika lingkungan
 
(28 revisi perantara oleh 7 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{for|the academic journal|Ecological Economics (jurnal)}}
{{Distinguish|Ekonomi lingkungan}}
{{Anti-consumerism sidebar}}
{{Ekonomi}}
'''Ekonomi ekologis''' (juga disebut '''ekonomi-eko''', '''ekolonomi''' atau '''bioekonomi''' dari [[Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen|Georgescu-Roegen]]) adalah suatu bidang penelitian akademis [[transdisiplin]] dan [[antardisiplin]] yang membahas saling ketergantungan dan [[koevolusi]] [[ekonomi]] manusia dan [[ekosistem]] alam, baik secara intertemporal maupun spasial.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anastasios Xepapadeas |year=2008 |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=ecological+economics&edition=current&button_search=GO |title=Ecological economics |work=[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]] 2nd Edition |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan }}</ref> Dengan memperlakukan ekonomi sebagai subsistem ekosistem Bumi yang lebih besar, dan dengan menekankan pada pelestarian [[modal alami]], bidang '''ekonomi ekologis''' dibedakan dari [[ekonomi lingkungan]], yang merupakan analisis [[ekonomi arus utama]] tentang lingkungan.<!-- <ref>http://www.eoearth.org/article/Environmental_and_ecological_economics Lead Author: Robert Nadeau Article Topics: Ecological economics and Environmental economics Last Updated: August 26, 2008</ref> --><ref>Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh (2001). "Ecological Economics: Themes, Approaches, and Differences with Environmental Economics," ''Regional Environmental Change'', 2(1), pp. [http://www.ima.kth.se/utb/mj2694/pdf/Bergh.pdf 13-23] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031133858/http://www.ima.kth.se/utb/mj2694/pdf/Bergh.pdf |date=2008-10-31 }} (press '''+''').</ref>
 
Ekonomi ekologis dicetuskan pada tahun 1980-an sebagai disiplin modern melalui karya dan interaksi antara berbagai akademisi Eropa dan Amerika (lihat bagian tentang [[Ekonomi ekologis#Sejarah dan perkembangan|Sejarah dan perkembangan]] di bawah ini). Bidang ilmu yang terkait yakni [[ekonomi hijau]], secara umum merupakan bentuk subjek terapan yang lebih politis.<ref>[[Robert C. Paehlke|Paehlke R.]] (1995). ''Conservation and Environmentalism: An Encyclopedia'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=9WUqqgfrBHQC&printsec=frontcover#PRA2-PA315,M1 p. 315]. [[Taylor & Francis]].</ref><ref>[[Molly Scott Cato|Scott Cato, M.]] (2009). ''Green Economics''. [[Earthscan]], London. {{ISBN|978-1-84407-571-3}}.</ref>
'''Ekonomi ekologis''' (juga disebut '''ekonomi-eko''', '''ekolonomi''' atau '''bioekonomi''' dari [[Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen|Georgescu-Roegen]]) adalah suatu bidang penelitian akademis [[transdisiplin]] dan [[antardisiplin]] yang membahas saling ketergantungan dan [[koevolusi]] [[ekonomi]] manusia dan [[ekosistem]] alam, baik secara intertemporal maupun spasial.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anastasios Xepapadeas |year=2008 |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=ecological+economics&edition=current&button_search=GO |title=Ecological economics |work=[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]] 2nd Edition |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan }}</ref>
 
Menurut ahli ekonomi ekologis [[:de:Malte Michael Faber|Malte Faber]], ekonomi ekologis didefinisikan oleh fokusnya pada alam, keadilan, dan waktu. Masalah [[keadilan antargenerasi]], [[proses tak terbalikkan|tak terbalikannya]] perubahan lingkungan, [[ketidakpastian]] hasil jangka panjang, dan panduan [[pembangunan berkelanjutan]] analisis dan penilaian ekonomi ekologis.<ref name=Faber2008>Malte Faber. (2008). How to be an ecological economist. ''Ecological Economics'' '''66'''(1):1-7. [https://ideas.repec.org/p/awi/wpaper/0454.html Preprint].</ref> Ahli ekonomi ekologis telah mempertanyakan pendekatan ekonomi arus utama fundamental seperti [[analisis biaya-manfaat]], dan pemisahan nilai-nilai ekonomi dari penelitian ilmiah, berpendapat bahwa ekonomi tak terhindarkan lebih bersifat [[Ekonomi normatif|normatif]] daripada [[Ekonomi positif|positif]] (yakni deskriptif).<ref name=Victor2008>Peter Victor. (2008). Book Review: Frontiers in Ecological Economic Theory and Application. ''Ecological Economics'' '''66'''(2-3).</ref> Analisis posisi, yang berupaya menggabungkan masalah waktu dan keadilan, diusulkan sebagai alternatif.<ref>Mattson L. (1975). Book Review: ''Positional Analysis for Decision-Making and Planning'' by Peter Soderbaum. ''The Swedish Journal of Economics''.</ref><ref>Soderbaum, P. 2008. ''Understanding Sustainability Economics''. Earthscan, London. {{ISBN|978-1-84407-627-7}}. pp.109-110, 113-117.</ref> Ekonomi ekologis berbagi beberapa perspektifnya yang sama dengan [[ekonomi feminis]], termasuk fokus pada nilai-nilai [[keberlanjutan]], alam, keadilan, dan kepedulian.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aslaksen|first1=Iulie|authorlink1=Iulie Aslaksen|last2=Bragstad|first2=Torunn|last3=Ås|first3=Berit|authorlink3=Berit Ås|editor1-last=Bjørnholt|editor1-first =Margunn|editor1-link=Margunn Bjørnholt|editor2-last=McKay|editor2-first =Ailsa|editor2-link=Ailsa McKay|title=Counting on Marilyn Waring: New Advances in Feminist Economics|year=2014|publisher=Demeter Press/Brunswick Books|chapter=Feminist Economics as Vision for a Sustainable Future|pages=21–36|isbn=9781927335277}}</ref>
==Lihat pula==
 
{{Portal|Ilmu|Lingkungan|Ekologi|Ilmu Bumi}}
== Sejarah dan perkembangan ==
Anteseden ekonomi ekologis dapat ditelusuri kembali pada [[Romantisisme]] abad ke-19 serta beberapa ekonom politik [[Abad Pencerahan]] pada masa itu. Kekhawatiran terhadap populasi diekspresikan oleh [[Thomas Malthus]], sementara [[John Stuart Mill]] meramalkan konsep [[Ekonomi kondisi mapan|keunggulan dari ''kondisi stasioner'' suatu perekonomian]]. Mill dengan demikian mengantisipasi wawasan mendatang dari para ekonom ekologis modern, tetapi tanpa memiliki pengalaman mereka tentang biaya sosial dan ekologis dari [[ekspansi ekonomi pasca-Perang Dunia II]]. Pada tahun 1880, ekonom [[ekonomi Marxian|Marxian]] [[Sergei Podolinsky]] berusaha untuk mengajukan [[teori nilai kerja]] berdasarkan [[energi yang terkandung]]; karyanya dibaca dan dikritik oleh [[Karl Marx|Marx]] dan [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bellamy Foster|first1=John|first2=Paul|last2=Burkett|title=Ecological Economics and Classical Marxism: The "Podolinsky Business" Reconsidered|journal=Organization & Environment|date=March 2004|volume=Vol. 17, No. 1|pages=32–60|url=http://johnbellamyfoster.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2014/07/OandE-2004-Foster-Burkett-32-60.pdf|accessdate=31 August 2018|archive-date=2018-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104237/http://johnbellamyfoster.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2014/07/OandE-2004-Foster-Burkett-32-60.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Otto Neurath]] mengembangkan pendekatan ekologis berdasarkan [[ekonomi alami]] pada saat dipekerjakan oleh [[Republik Soviet Bayern]] pada tahun 1919. Dia berpendapat bahwa sistem pasar gagal untuk memperhitungkan kebutuhan generasi masa depan, dan bahwa ekonomi sosialis membutuhkan [[kalkulasi dalam barang|kalkulasi dalam bentuk barang]], pelacakan seluruh material yang berbeda, daripada memadukannya menjadi uang sebagai [[bentuk nilai|ekuivalen umum]]. Dalam hal ini dia dikritik oleh para ekonom [[neoliberalisme|neoliberal]] seperti [[Ludwig von Mises]] dan [[Freidrich Hayek]] dalam apa yang kemudian dikenal sebagai [[perdebatan kalkulasi sosialis]].<ref name="between science and politics">[[Nancy Cartwright|Cartwright Nancy]], [[J. Cat]], [[L. Fleck]], and [[T. Uebel]], 1996. Otto Neurath: philosophy between science and politics. [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref>
 
Perdebatan tentang [[energi dalam]] sistem ekonomi juga dapat ditelusuri kembali ke [[Frederick Soddy]] (1877–1956), seorang ahli [[radiokimia]] pemenang [[Nobel Kimia|Hadiah Nobel]]. Dalam bukunya ''[[Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt]]'' (1926), Soddy mengkritik kepercayaan ekonomi yang berlaku sebagai sebuah mesin gerak abadi, yang mampu menghasilkan kekayaan tak terbatas—sebuah kritik yang dikembangkan oleh para ahli ekonomi ekologis kemudian seperti Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen dan Herman Daly.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/12/opinion/12zencey.html Zencey, Eric. (2009, April 12). Op-ed. ''New York Times'', p. WK9.] Accessed: December 23, 2012.</ref>
 
== Lihat pula ==
{{Portal|Ilmu|Lingkungan|Ekologi|Ilmu Bumikebumian}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Ekologi pertanian]]
* [[Ekologi yang mendalam]]
* [[Perlambatan (ekonomi)]]
* [[Ekonomi Bumi]] (pusat pemikir kebijakan)
* [[Ekososialisme]]
* [[Ekofeminisme]]
* [[Model kompetisi ekologis]]
* [[Nilai ekologis bakau]]
* [[Emergi|Sintesis emergi]]
* [[Akuntansi energi]]
* [[Kualitas energi]]
* [[Ekonomi lingkungan]]
* [[Akuntansi hijau]]
* [[Pembangunan manusia (ekonomi)]]
* [[Ekologi manusia]]
* [[Demokrasi inklusif]]
* [[Indeks Kesejahteraan Ekonomi Berkelanjutan]]
* [[Lembaga Internasional untuk Ekonomi Ekologis]]
* [[Akuntansi modal alam]]
* [[Ekonomi sumber daya alam]]
* [[Garis besar politik hijau]]
* [[Metabolisme sosial]]
* [[Bumi Wahana Antariksa]]
* [[Ekonomi kondisi mapan]]
* [[Termoekonomi]]
{{div col end}}
 
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* Common, M. and Stagl, S. 2005. ''Ecological Economics: An Introduction''. New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Costanza, R., Cumberland, J. H., Daly, H., Goodland, R., Norgaard, R. B. (1997). ''An Introduction to Ecological Economics'', St. Lucie Press and International Society for Ecological Economics, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/An_Introduction_to_Ecological_Economics_%28e-book%29 (e-book at the Encyclopedia of Earth)]
* Costanza, R., Stern, D. I., He, L., Ma, C. (2004). Influential publications in ecological economics: a citation analysis. ''Ecological Economics'' 50(3-4): 261-292. - http://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeecolec/v_3A50_3Ay_3A2004_3Ai_3A3-4_3Ap_3A261-292.htm
* Daly, H. (1980). ''Economics, Ecology, Ethics: Essays Toward a Steady-State Economy'', W.H. Freeman and Company, {{ISBN|0716711796}}.
* Daly, H. and Townsend, K. (eds.) 1993. ''Valuing The Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics''. Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: MIT Press.
* Daly, H. (1994). “Steady-state Economics”. In: ''Ecology - Key Concepts in Critical Theory'', edited by C. Merchant. Humanities Press, {{ISBN|0391037951}}.
* Daly, H., and J.B. Cobb (1994). ''For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future''. Beacon Press, {{ISBN|0807047058}}.
* Daly, H. (1997). ''Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development''. Beacon Press, {{ISBN|0807047090}}.
* Daly, H. (2015). "Economics for a Full World." ''Great Transition Initiative'', https://www.greattransition.org/publication/economics-for-a-full-world.
* Daly, H., and J. Farley (2010). ''Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications''. Island Press, {{ISBN|1597266817}}.
* Georgescu-Roegen, N. 1975. Energy and economic myths. ''Southern Economic Journal'' 41: 347-381.
* Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1999). ''The Entropy Law and the Economic Process''. iUniverse Press, {{ISBN|1583486003}}.
Baris 54 ⟶ 63:
* Greer, J. M. (2011). ''The Wealth of Nature: Economics as if Survival Mattered''. New Society Publishers, {{ISBN|0865716730}}.
* Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). [http://www.newtechnologyandsociety.org ''Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment''], New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, {{ISBN|0865717044}}, 464 pp.
* Kevlar, M. (2014) [http://greenscore.ca/articles/eco-economics-20141013 Eco-Economics on the horizon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817075344/http://greenscore.ca/articles/eco-economics-20141013 |date=2017-08-17 }}, Economics and human nature from a behavioural perspective.
* [[Tim Jackson (economist)|Jackson, Tim]] (2009). ''[[Prosperity Without Growth|Prosperity without Growth - Economics for a finite Planet]]''. London: Routledge/Earthscan. {{ISBN|9781849713238}}.
* Krishnan R, Harris J.M., and N.R. Goodwin (1995). ''A Survey of Ecological Economics''. Island Press. {{ISBN|978-1-55963-411-3}}.
Baris 69 ⟶ 78:
* Vinje, Victor Condorcet (2015) ''Economics as if Soil & Health Matters''. Nisus Publications.
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{cleanup|section|reason=raw URLs & getting out of control|date=November 2012}}
* [http://www.ecoeco.org.br/ Brazilian Society for Ecological Economics]
* [http://eartheconomics.org Earth Economics]
* ''[http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolecon Ecological Economics]'' (journal)
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070722213223/https://www.ecoeco.org/education_encyclopedia.php Ecological Economics Encyclopedia]''
* ''[http://www.inderscience.com/ijge/ International Journal of Green Economics]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004062643/http://ecoeco.org/ International Society for Ecological Economics]
* [http://www.ussee.org/ US Society of Ecological Economics]
 
Sekolah dan institut:
Schools and institutes:
* [[Gund Institute for Ecological Economics]] - http://www.uvm.edu/giee
* {{cite web |url=http://www.economics.rpi.edu/pl/phd-economics |title=PhD in Ecological Economics |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website=economics.rpi.edu |publisher=[[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] |access-date= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818230912/http://www.economics.rpi.edu/pl/phd-economics |archive-date=2016-08-18 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
Baris 86 ⟶ 94:
* Green Economics Institute - https://web.archive.org/web/20140520020258/http://www.greeneconomics.org.uk/
 
Data lingkungan:
Environmental data:
* EarthTrends World Resources Institute - https://web.archive.org/web/20081204023722/http://earthtrends.wri.org/index.php
* Eco-Economy Indicators: http://www.earth-policy.org/Indicators/
* NOAA Economics of Ecosystems Data & Products – https://web.archive.org/web/20081221150404/http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=ecosystems
 
Serbaneka:
Miscellaneous:
* New Economics Foundation (NEF)- http://www.neweconomics.org
* Green Economist - http://greeneconomist.org/
Baris 97 ⟶ 105:
* An ecological economics article about reconciling economics and its supporting ecosystem - https://web.archive.org/web/20060111191147/http://www.fs.fed.us/eco/s21pre.htm
* "Economics in a Full World", by Herman E. Daly - https://web.archive.org/web/20081217023718/http://sef.umd.edu/files/ScientificAmerican_Daly_05.pdf
* {{cite web |url=http://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Environmental_and_ecological_economics |title=Environmental and ecological economics |author=Robert Nadeau |date=2008 |website=The Encyclopedia of Earth |access-date=11 February 2017}} (A thorough account of the historical development of ecological economics)
* Steve Charnovitz, "Living in an Ecolonomy: Environmental Cooperation and the GATT," [[Kennedy School of Government]], April 1994.
* [http://www.wiserearth.org/organization/limitToMasterid/809/limitToType/aof Global list of Ecological Economics related Organizations on WiserEarth]
Baris 108 ⟶ 116:
 
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