Suku Uighur: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox
| group =
| native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|ug-Arab|ئۇيغۇرلار}}|{{lang|ug-Cyrl|Уйғурлар}}|{{lang|ug-Latn|Uyghurlar}}}}
| image = Uyghur man in Kashgar.jpg
| image_caption = Seorang pria Uighur di [[Kashgar]]
| total = {{circa|'''13,5 juta'''}}{{NoteTag|name=PopulationDispute|Jumlah populasi suku Uighur diperselisihkan oleh pemerintah Tiongkok dan organisasi Uighur di luar Tiongkok. [[#Populasi|§ Bagian Populasi]] di artikel ini membahas lebih lanjut mengenai perselisihan.}}
| region1 = [[Tiongkok]]<br />(terutama di [[Xinjiang]])
| pop1 = 11,8 juta
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Geographic Distribution and Population of Ethnic Minorities|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/indexeh.htm|website=China Statistical Yearbook 2021|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Suku Uighur di Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
| pop2 = 223.100 (2009)
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.almaty-kazakhstan.net/kazakhstan/demographics/ |title= Ethnic groups of Kazakhstan in 2009 |publisher = www.almaty-kazakhstan.net |access-date= 1 February 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170210121530/http://www.almaty-kazakhstan.net/kazakhstan/demographics/ |archive-date= 10 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Агентство Республики Каписью на 26,1% и составила 10098,6 тыс. человек. Увеличилась численность узбеков на 23,3%, составив 457,2 тыс. человек, уйгур – на 6%, составив 223,1 тыс. человек. Снизилась численность русских на 15,3%, составив 3797,0 тыс. человек; немцев – на 49,6%, составив 178,2 тыс. человек; украинцев – на 39,1%, составив 333,2 тыс. человек; татар – на 18,4%, составив 203,3 тыс. человек; других этносов – на 5,8%, составив 714,2 тыс. человек.</ref>
| region3 = [[Suku Uighur di Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| pop3 = 200.000 (2010)
| ref3 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Чей Кашмир? Индусов,Пакистацев или уйгуров?|url=https://dzen.ru/a/Y7nr3SMGQETzz7ag|access-date=29 Jan 2023}}</ref>
| region4 = [[Suku Uighur di Turki|Turki]]
| pop4 = 100.000–300.000
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://east-turkistan.net/about-the-uyghurs/|title=About The Uyghurs|date=4 March 2021|publisher=East Turkistan Government in Exile|access-date=11 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002101421/https://east-turkistan.net/about-the-uyghurs/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region5 = [[Suku Uighur di Kirgizstan|Kirgizstan]]
| pop5 = 200.000
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Национальная самобытность: О жизни уйгуров в Кыргызстане |url=https://www.mk.kg/social/2021/04/14/nacionalnaya-samobytnost-o-zhizni-uygurom-v-kyrgyzstane.html |work=[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]] |language=ru |date=14 April 2021}}</ref>
| region6 = [[Uzbekistan]]
| pop6 = 48.500 (2019)
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Uyghur|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/uig|website=Ethnologue|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>
| region7 = [[Uighur Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]
| pop7 = 8.905 (per Biro Sensus AS 2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009–2013 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html |website=United States Census Bureau |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> – 15.000 (per estimasi ETGE 2021)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Samantha |title=Uighur Rally Puts Genocide in Focus Ahead of US-China Talks |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/uighur-rally-puts-genocide-in-focus-ahead-of-us-china-talks/ |access-date=25 March 2021 |agency=Courthouse News |date=18 March 2021}}</ref>
| ref7 =
| region8 = [[Arab Saudi]]
| pop8 = 8.730 (2018)
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web |title =Uyghurs in Saudia Arabia|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/uig}}</ref>
| region9 = [[Australia]]
| pop9 = 5.000–10.000
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sbs.com.au/news/uighur-abuse-australia-urged-to-impose-sanctions-on-china|title= Uighur abuse: Australia urged to impose sanctions on China|work= www.sbs.com.au|access-date= 11 September 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180911120528/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/uighur-abuse-australia-urged-to-impose-sanctions-on-china|archive-date= 11 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region10 = [[Rusia]]
| pop10 = 3.696 (2010)
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls |title= Перепись населения России 2010 года |trans-title=Russian census 2010 |access-date= 3 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120201195659/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls |archive-date= 1 February 2012 }}</ref>
| region11 = [[India]]
| pop11 = ~3.500
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Kumar |date=December 18, 2016 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/12/18/for-uighur-exiles-kashmir-is-heaven |url-status=live |access-date=September 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005130734/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/12/18/for-uighur-exiles-kashmir-is-heaven |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |title=For Uighur exiles, Kashmir is heaven |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |language=en-IN }}</ref>
| region12 = [[Turkmenistan]]
| pop12 = ~3.000
| ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://xn--e1adcaacuhnujm.xn--p1ai/ujgury.html |language= ru |script-title= ru:Uyghur |publisher= Historyland |access-date= 3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212012052/http://xn--e1adcaacuhnujm.xn--p1ai/ujgury.html |archive-date = 12 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region13 = [[Afganistan]]
| pop13 = 2.000
| ref13 = <ref>{{cite news |last1=Gunter |first1=Joel |title=Afghanistan's Uyghurs fear the Taliban, and now China too |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58342790 |access-date=27 August 2021 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=27 August 2021}}</ref>
| region14 = [[Jepang]]
| pop14 = 2.000 (2021)
| ref14 = <ref>{{cite web |title=ウイグル族 訪れぬ平安{{nbsp}}... 日本暮らしでも「中国の影」 |url=https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/world/20211106-OYT1T50026/ |website=読売新聞オンライン |access-date=14 July 2022 |language=ja |date=6 November 2021}}</ref>
| region15 = [[Swedia]]
| pop15 = 2.000 (2019)
| ref15 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/2019/10/where-the-uighurs-are-free-to-be/|title=Where the Uighurs are free to be|first=Bertil|last=Lintner|date=31 October 2019|website=Asia Times|access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref>
| region16 = [[Kanada]]
| pop16 = ~1.555 (2016)
| ref16 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic+origin&TABID=1|title= Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]|first= Government of Canada, Statistics|last= Canada|website= www12.statcan.gc.ca|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180428023042/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic+origin&TABID=1|archive-date= 28 April 2018|date= 8 February 2017}}</ref>
| region17 = [[Jerman]]
| pop17 = ~750 (2013)
| ref17 = <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shichor |first1=Yitzhak |title=Nuisance Value: Uyghur activism in Germany and Beijing–Berlin relations |journal=Journal of Contemporary China |date=July 2013 |volume=22 |issue=82 |pages=612–629 |doi=10.1080/10670564.2013.766383 |s2cid=145666712 }}</ref>
| region18 = [[Finlandia]]
| pop18 = 327 (2021)
| ref18 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Language according to age and sex by region, 1990-2021 |url=https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/ |website=stat.fi |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>
| region19 = [[Mongolia]]
| pop19 = 258 (2000)
| ref19 = <ref name="Dynamic1983-2008">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cxls0x450.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722221549/http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cxls0x450.xls|url-status=dead|title=Khovd Aimak Statistical Office. 1983–2008 Dynamics Data Sheet|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>
| region20 = [[Ukraina]]
| pop20 = 197 (2001)
| ref20 = <ref>[http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20&n_page=5 State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141008110958/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20&n_page=5 |date= 8 October 2014 }} (Ukrainian)</ref>
| languages = {{hlist|'''[[Bahasa Uighur|Uighur]]'''<br />[[Bahasa Äynu|Äynu]], [[Bahasa Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[Bahasa Rusia|Rusia]]
}}
| religions = Mayoritas [[Islam Sunni]]
| related_groups = [[Suku Uzbek|Uzbek]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Central Asia and the Caucasus: Transnationalism and Diaspora|year=2004|page=31|author=Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale|quote=The Uighurs, too, are Turkic Muslims, linguistically and culturally more closely related to the Uzbeks than the Kazakhs.}}</ref> [[Turk Ili]], [[Suku Äynu|Äynu]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| ibox-order = ug, zh
| order = st
<!-- Uyghur -->| uig = ئۇيغۇرلار
| uly = Uyghurlar
| usy = Уйғурлар
| uipa = {{IPA-all|ujɣurˈlɑr|}}
<!-- Chinese -->| s = {{linktext|维吾尔}}
| t = {{linktext|維吾爾}}
| p = Wéiwú'ěr
| w = {{tone superscript|Wei2-wu2-erh3}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|wei|2|.|wu|2|.|er|3}}
| tp = Wéi-wú-ěr
| bpmf = ㄨㄟˊ ㄨˊ ㄦˇ
}}
{{Contains special characters|Uyghur}}
'''Suku Uighur''' adalah sebuah suku bangsa [[Suku bangsa Turkik|Turkik]] yang berasal dari dan secara budaya terikat dengan daerah [[Asia Tengah]] dan [[Asia Timur|Timur]] secara umum. Suku Uighur diakui sebagai [[bangsa tituler|kebangsaan tituler]] di Daerah Otonomi Uighur [[Xinjiang]] di [[Tiongkok Barat Laut]]. Suku bangsa ini adalah salah satu dari [[Suku bangsa minoritas di Tiongkok|55 suku bangsa minoritas yang secara resmi diakui pemerintah Tiongkok]].<ref name="Celtic">{{cite news|date=28 August 2006|title=The mystery of China's celtic mummies|work=[[The Independent]]|location=London|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-meeting-of-civilisations-the-mystery-of-chinas-celtic-mummies-413638.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403234936/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-meeting-of-civilisations-the-mystery-of-chinas-celtic-mummies-413638.html|archive-date=3 April 2008}}</ref>
Suku Uighur secara tradisi menghuni berbagai [[oasis]] yang tersebar di [[Gurun Taklamakan]] di [[Cekungan Tarim]]. Oasis-oasis ini dalam sejarahnya pernah menjadi negara independen atau dikontrol oleh banyak [[peradaban]] yaitu oleh [[Sejarah Tiongkok|Tiongkok]], [[Kekaisaran Mongol|Mongol]], [[Kekaisaran Tibet|Tibet]] dan berbagai pemerintahan Turkik. Suku Uighur perlahan mulai memeluk agama Islam pada abad ke-10, dan sebagian besar suku Uighur sudah teridentifikasi sebagai pemeluk agama Islam pada abad ke-16. Islam sejak saat itu memainkan peranan penting terhadap budaya dan identitas suku Uighur.
Diperkirakan 80% dari suku Uighur di Xinjiang masih tinggal di [[Cekungan Tarim]].{{sfn|Dillon|2004|p=24}} Suku Uighur lainnya di Xinjiang sebagian besar tinggal di [[Ürümqi]], ibu kota dari [[Xinjiang]], kota yang berlokasi di daerah historis [[Dzungaria]]. Komunitas terbesar suku Uighur yang tinggal di luar Xinjiang adalah [[County Taoyuan#Uighur Taoyuan|Uighur Taoyuan]] di [[County Taoyuan]], provinsi [[Hunan]] bagian utara-tengah.<ref name="english.people.com.cn">{{cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/english/200012/28/eng20001228_59085.html|title=Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese|date=29 December 2000|newspaper=People's Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016232615/http://english.people.com.cn/english/200012/28/eng20001228_59085.html|archive-date=16 October 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=15 March 2007}}</ref> Komunitas [[diaspora]] suku Uighur yang signifikan terdapat di negara-negara rumpun Turkik lainnya yaitu [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kirgizstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] dan Turki.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/ps053.pdf
|title= Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations
|access-date= 28 August 2011
|url-status= dead
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103523/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/ps053.pdf
|archive-date= 27 September 2011
}}</ref> Komunitas lebih kecil tinggal di Arab Saudi, Yordania, Australia, Rusia dan Swedia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castets |first1=Rémi |title=The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows |journal=China Perspectives |date=1 October 2003 |volume=2003 |issue=5 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.648 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/648 |language=fr |issn=2070-3449|doi-access=free }} "The rest of the Diaspora is settled in Turkey (about 10,000 people) and, in smaller numbers, in Germany, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Canada, the US, India and Pakistan."</ref>
Sejak tahun 2014,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brouwer|first=Joseph|date=30 September 2020|title=Xi Defends Xinjiang Policy as "Entirely Correct"|work=[[China Digital Times]]|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2020/09/xi-defends-xinjiang-policy-as-entirely-correct/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Davidson|first=Helen|date=18 September 2020|title=Clues to scale of Xinjiang labour operation emerge as China defends camps|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/18/clues-to-scale-of-xinjiang-labour-operation-emerge-as-china-defends-camps}}</ref> [[pemerintah Tiongkok]] telah dituduh oleh berbagai organisasi, seperti [[Human Rights Watch]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/08/31/china-unrelenting-crimes-against-humanity-targeting-uyghurs | title=China: Unrelenting Crimes Against Humanity Targeting Uyghurs | Human Rights Watch | date=31 August 2023 }}</ref> dituduh melakukan [[Penindasan suku Uighur di Tiongkok|penindasan]] yang menyebar luas terhadap suku Uighur yang tinggal di Xinjiang, salah satu bentuknya yaitu sterilisasi paksa<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vanderklippe|first=Nathan|date=9 March 2011|title=Lawsuit against Xinjiang researcher marks new effort to silence critics of China's treatment of Uyghurs|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-lawsuit-against-xinjiang-researcher-marks-new-effort-to-silence/}}</ref><ref name="Falconer">{{Cite news|last=Falconer|first=Rebecca|date=9 March 2021|title=Report: "Clear evidence" China is committing genocide against Uyghurs|work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|url=https://www.axios.com/report-clear-evidence-china-genocide-uyghur-muslims-3c50f075-89c8-47c2-9506-9433e7d5a51a.html}}</ref> dan kerja paksa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chase|first=Steven|date=24 January 2021|title=Canada urged to formally label China's Uyghur persecution as genocide|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-urged-to-formally-label-chinas-uyghur-persecution-as-genocide/}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Brouwer|first=Joseph|date=25 June 2021|title=China Uses Global Influence Campaign To Deny Forced Labor, Mass Incarceration in Xinjiang|work=[[China Digital Times]]|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2021/06/china-uses-global-influence-campaign-to-deny-forced-labor-mass-incarceration-in-xinjiang/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cheng|first=Yangyang|date=10 December 2020|title=The edge of our existence|journal=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] |volume=76 |issue=6 |pages=315–320 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2020.1846417 |bibcode=2020BuAtS..76f.315C |s2cid=228097031}}</ref> Para ahli memperkirakan bahwa setidaknya satu juta suku Uighur telah [[Penangkapan dan penahanan sewenang-wenang|ditahan secara sewenang-wenang]] di [[kamp pengasingan Xinjiang]] sejak tahun 2017;<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Raza|first=Zainab|date=24 October 2019|title=China's 'Political Re-Education of Uyghur Muslims'|journal=[[Asian Affairs]]|volume=50|issue=4|pages=488–501|doi=10.1080/03068374.2019.1672433|s2cid=210448190|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parton|first=Charles|date=11 February 2020|title=Foresight 2020: The Challenges Facing China|journal=The RUSI Journal|volume=165|issue=2|pages=10–24|doi=10.1080/03071847.2020.1723284|s2cid=213331666}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Ess |first1=Margaretha A. |last2=ter Laan |first2=Nina |last3=Meinema |first3=Erik |date=5 April 2021 |title=Beyond 'radical' versus 'moderate'? New perspectives on the politics of moderation in Muslim majority and Muslim minority settings |journal=Religion |publication-place=[[Utrecht University]] |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=161–168 |doi=10.1080/0048721X.2021.1865616 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Pemerintah Tiongkok mengklaim bahwa kamp-kamp ini, yang diciptakan di bawah [[Pemerintahan Xi Jinping|pemerintahan]] [[Xi Jinping]], yang bertujuan untuk memastikan kesetiaan terhadap ideologi [[Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] (PKT), untuk mencegah [[Gerakan kemerdekaan Turkestan Timur|separatisme]], memerangi [[Konflik Xinjiang|terorisme]], dan menyediakan [[Pendidikan vokasi|pelatihan vokasi]] pada suku Uighur.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McCormick|first=Andrew|date=16 June 2021|title=Uyghurs outside China are traumatized. Now they're starting to talk about it.|work=[[MIT Technology Review]]|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/16/1026357/uyghurs-china-minorities-trauma-telehealth-social-media/}}</ref> Berbagai ahli, organisasi HAM dan pemerintah menganggap pelanggaran yang dilakukan terhadap suku Uighur sama dengan [[kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan]], atau bahkan [[Penindasan suku Uighur di Tiongkok|genosida]].
==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193742/http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0813/22/276037_230028707.shtml Map share of ethnic by county of China] (archived 1 January 2016)
* [https://archive.org/details/xinjiang-video-project/Xinjiang-Uyghurs-michael-dillon-documentary-2008.mp4 Xinjiang Video Project] on [[Internet Archive]]
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