Berkeley, California: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

 

 

== Sejarah ==

Chochen/Huichin dari suku bangsa Indian [[Ohlone]] ketika bangsa-bangsa Eropa pertama tiba. Sisa-sisa keberadaan mereka di wilayah ini, termasuk lubang-lubang di berbagai formasi batu karang yang dahulu digunakan untuk menggiling biji [[oak]] dari pohon-pohon asli daerah ini, dan [[gundukan kerang]] yang kini hampir diratakan dan tertutupi di sepanjang pantai [[Teluk San Francisco]] di muara [[Strawberry Creek]]. Artefak-artefak lainnya ditemukan pada tahun 1950-an di daerah pusat kota ketika sebuah bangunan komersial sedang diperbaiki, dekat aliran Strawberry Creek yang sama.

 

Nenek moyang bangsa Eropa pertama (kebanyakan sesungguhnya berdarah campuran dan dilahirkan di Amerika) tiba bersamaan dengan [[Ekspedisi De Anza]] pada 1776, yang kini ditandai oleh petunjuk pada U.S. [[Interstate 80]] yang merentang sepanjang garis pantai Teluk San Francisco di Berkeley. Hasil Ekspedisi De Anza adalah didirikannya Spanish [[Presidio San Francisco|Presidio]] Spanyol di pintu masuk Teluk San Francisco ("[[Golden Gate]]") yang terletak di sebelah barat Berkeley. Di antara tentara-tentara yang bertugas di Presidio adalah [[Luís María Peralta|Luís Peralta]]. Karena pelayananannya kepada [[Raja Spanyol]], ia dianugrahi sebidang tanah yang luas di pantai timur Teluk San Francisco ("contra costa") untuk dijadikan ''[[ranch]]'', termasuk bagian yang kini menjadi Kota Berkeley.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

By the 1870's the [[Transcontinental Railroad]] had reached its terminus in Oakland. In [[1876]], a branch line of the [[Central Pacific Railroad]] was laid from Oakland into what is now downtown Berkeley. That same year, the main line of the transcontinental railroad into Oakland was re-routed, putting the right-of-way along the bayshore through Ocean View.

Berkeley's slow growth ended abruptly with the [[1906 San Francisco Earthquake|Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906]]. The city and other parts of the East Bay somehow managed to escape even moderate damage from the massive temblor, and hundreds if not thousands of refugees flowed across the Bay. Rapid growth continued right up to the [[Crash of 1929]]. The [[Great Depression]] hit Berkeley hard, but not as hard as many other places in the U.S. thanks in part to the University.

 

 

The postwar years saw moderate growth of the City, but events on the U.C. campus began to build up to the recognizeable activism of the sixties. In the 1950's, [[McCarthyism]] induced the University to demand a loyalty oath from its professors, many of whom refused to sign any such oath on the principle of freedom of thought. In 1960, a U.S. House committee ([[HUAC]]) came to San Francisco to investigate the influence of communists in the Bay Area. Their inquisition was met by protestors, including many from the University. Meanwhile, a number of U.C. students became active in support of the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. Finally, the University in [[1964]] provoked a massive student protest by banning the distribution of political literature on campus. This protest became known as the [[Free Speech Movement]]. As the [[Vietnam War]] rapidly escalated in the ensuing years, so did student activism

 

Perhaps the crowning event of the Berkeley Sixties scene was the conflict over a parcel of University property south of the contiguous campus site which came to be called "[[People's Park, Berkeley|People's Park]]".

The battle over the disposition of People's Park resulted in a month-long occupation of Berkeley by the [[United States National Guard|National Guard]] on orders of then-Governor [[Ronald Reagan]]. In the end, the park remained undeveloped, and remains so today. A spin-off "People's Park Annex" was established at the same time by activist citizens of Berkeley on a strip of land above the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] subway construction along Hearst Avenue northwest of the U.C. campus. The land had also been intended for development, but was peacefully turned over to the City and is now [[Ohlone Park]].

 

 

Although many think of the 60s as the heyday of Liberalism in Berkeley, it remains one of the most overwhelmingly progressive cities in the United States, with its 2004 presidential vote going more than 90% for John Kerry (54,419 votes) to only 6.7% for George W. Bush (4,010 votes).

 

 

 

==Geology==

Most of Berkeley lies on a rolling sedimentary plain, rising gently from sea level to the base of the [[Berkeley Hills]]. From there, the land rises dramatically. The highest peak along the ridgeline above Berkeley is [[Grizzly Peak (Berkeley Hills)|Grizzly Peak]], elevation 1,754 feet (535 m). A number of small creeks run from the hills to the Bay through Berkeley: [[Codornices Creek|Codornices]], [[Schoolhouse Creek|Schoolhouse]], Marin and [[Strawberry Creek|Strawberry]] are the principal streams. Most of these are largely culverted below the hills.

The Berkeley Hills are part of the [[Pacific Coast Ranges]], and run in a northwest-southeast alignment. In Berkeley, the hills consist mainly of a soft, crumbly rock with outcroppings of harder material of old (and extinct) volcanic origin. Some of these [[rhyolite]] formations can be seen in several city parks and in the yards of a number of private residences. One such park is [[Indian Rock Park]] in the northeastern part of Berkeley near the Arlington/Marin Circle.

 

 

In 1868, a large earthquake did occur on the southern segment of the Hayward Fault in the vicinity of today's city of [[Hayward, California|Hayward]] (hence, how the fault got its name). This quake destroyed the county seat of Alameda County then located in [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]] and it was subsequently moved to Oakland. It was strongly felt in San Francisco, causing major damage, and waking up one Samuel Clemens a.k.a. [[Mark Twain]]. It was regarded as the "Great San Francisco Quake" prior to 1906. The quake produced a furrow in the ground along the faultline in Berkeley, across the grounds of the new School for the Blind which was noted by one early University of California professor. Although no significant damage was reported to what few buildings then existed in Berkeley, the 1868 quake did destroy the vulnerable adobe home of Domingo Peralta in north Berkeley.

 

==Demographics==

 

The city's population is rather large, with a significant portion in transient residence attending UC Berkeley. As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 102,743 people, 44,955 households, and 18,656 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 3,792.5/km² (9,823.3/mi²), one of the highest in California. There were 46,875 housing units at an average density of 1,730.3/km² (4,481.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 59.17% [[Race (U.S. census)|White]], 13.63% [[Race (U.S. census)|Black]] or [[Race (U.S. census)|African American]], 0.45% [[Race (U.S. census)|Native American]], 16.39% [[Race (U.S. census)|Asian]], 0.14% [[Race (U.S. census)|Pacific Islander]], 4.64% from [[race (U.S. census)|other races]], and 5.57% from two or more races. 9.73% of the population were [[Race (U.S. census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (U.S. census)|Latino]] of any race.

 

The median income for a household in the city was $44,485, and the median income for a family was $70,434. Males had a median income of $50,789 versus $40,623 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $30,477. 20.0% of the population and 8.3% of families were below the [[poverty line]]. 13.4% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

 

Berkeley has modified its original grid roadway structure through use of diverters and barriers, moving most traffic out of neighborhoods and onto arterial streets (visitors often find this confusing, because the diverters are not shown on all maps). Berkeley maintains a separate grid of arterial streets for bicycles, called [[Bicycle Boulevards]], with bike lanes and lower amounts of car traffic than the major streets to which they often run parallel.

 

 

===Transportation past===

 

The first electric rail service in Berkeley was provided by several small [[streetcar]] companies starting in the late 1800's. Most of these were eventually bought up by the [[Key System]] of [["Borax" Smith]] who added lines and improved equipment. The Key System's streetcars were operated by its East Bay Street Railways division. Principal lines in Berkeley ran on Euclid, The Arlington, College, Telegraph, Shattuck, and Grove (today's Martin Luther King Jr. Way). The last streetcars ran in [[1948]].

===Bicycle and Pedestrian Paths===

*[[Ohlone Greenway]]

*[[San Francisco Bay Trail]]

*I-80 Bridge - opened in 2002, a green, arch-suspension bridge spanning Interstate 80, for bikes and pedestrians only, giving access from the city at the foot of Addison Street to the San Francisco Bay Trail and the Berkeley Marina.

*Berkeley's Network of Historic Pathways - Berkeley has a network of charming and historic pathways that link the winding neighborhoods found in the hills. If you have the stamina, you can look out over the panoramic landscape that makes the East Bay so unique. Some sets of stairs are quite challenging, and are falling prey to time and weather, so use caution when picking a path. You can find a complete guide to the pathways at [http://www.berkeleypaths.org/paths/stories/discover.htm Berkeley Path Wanderers Association]

 

=== Neighborhoods ===

 

 

Further from the university campus, the influence of the University quickly becomes less visible. Most of Berkeley's neighborhoods are primarily made up of detached houses, often with separate [[in-law unit]]s in the rear, although larger apartment buildings are also common in many neighborhoods. Commercial activities are concentrated along the major avenues and at important intersections. In the southeastern corner of the city is the [[Claremont, Oakland/Berkeley, California|Claremont District]], home to the [[Claremont Hotel]]; and the [[Elmwood, Berkeley, California|Elmwood District]], with a small shopping area on College Avenue. West of Elmwood is [[South Berkeley, Berkeley, California|South Berkeley]], known for its weekend [[flea market]] at the [[Ashby Station|Ashby BART station]]. West of (and including) San Pablo Avenue is [[West Berkeley, Berkeley, California|West Berkeley]], the former unincorporated town of [[Ocean View, Berkeley, California|Ocean View]]. West Berkeley contains the remnants of Berkeley's industrial area, much of which has been replaced by retail and office uses with the decline of manufacturing in the United States. North of Downtown is the [[North Berkeley, Berkeley, California|North Berkeley]] neighborhood, which has been nicknamed the "Gourmet Ghetto" because of the concentration of well known restaurants and other food-related businesses. Further north are [[Northbrae, Berkeley, California|Northbrae]], a master-planned subdivision from the early 20th Century, and [[Thousand Oaks, Berkeley, California|Thousand Oaks]]. Above these last three neighborhoods, in the northeastern part of Berkeley, is the [[Berkeley Hills, Berkeley, California|Berkeley Hills]]. The neighborhoods of the Berkeley Hills such as [[Cragmont, Berkeley|Cragmont]] and [[La Loma Park]] are notable for their dramatic views, winding streets, and numerous public stairways and paths.

 

===Points of interest===

*[[Berkeley Repertory Theatre]]

*[[Cloyne Court Hotel]], a member of the [[University Students' Cooperative Association]]

 

== Wali kota ==

* [[Tom Bates]], Wali kota Berkeley (terpilih 2002), menikah dengan Anggota Dewan Perwakilan California dan bekas wali kota Berkeley Loni Hancock

 

== Kota kembar ==

Berkeley menyatakan kota-kota berikut sebagai [[kota kembar]]nya:

 

* [[List of Nobel laureates associated with University of California, Berkeley|List of Nobel laureates associated with UC Berkeley]]

* [[List of University of California, Berkeley faculty|List of UC Berkeley faculty]]

 

==Trivia==

*In [[1986]] Berkeley officially became a [[Nuclear Free Zone]] after a local vote, disallowing the operation of [[nuclear reactor]]s within city limits and preventing work from being done on [[nuclear weapon]]s within its borders. This is somewhat ironic, given Berkeley's past: the [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] played a major role in the development of nuclear weapons in the [[Manhattan Project]], and a nuclear research center, [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]], is located in the hills above the city. Street signs posted at the city borders declaring its Nuclear Free Zone status are the most noticeable effect of the measure. The University once housed a small research [[nuclear reactor|reactor]], which was decommissioned in the 1990s, though the University denies that this had anything to do with the Act.

* Berkeley celebrates "Indigenous People's Day" rather than [[Columbus Day]].

*In 1989, Berkeley banned the use of [[polystyrene]] packaging for keeping [[McDonald's]] hamburgers warm. This was one of the earliest events in the [[Plastic recycling|plastics]] [[recycling]] movement in the U.S.

*Before he served as a general in the [[American Civil War]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] owned tracts of land in Berkeley, although he did not reside here.

*Berkeley's police department, under its first chief [[August Vollmer]] early in the 20th century, was the first in the U.S. to require that officers have a college degree. This department developed the [[lie detector]] test, and was one of the first to use fingerprints and radios. In [[1973]], Berkeley's city council enacted its well-known Berkeley [[Marijuana]] Initiative. The act ordered Berkeley police to make "no arrests and issue no citations for violations of marijuana laws."

*The City of Berkeley is home to a number of well-known artists, architects, composers, writers and thinkers: [[Fritjof Capra]], [[Susan Griffin]], [[Christopher Alexander]], [[Rita Moreno]], [[Michael Parenti]], [[Michael Lerner]], [[Michael Chabon]], and others. The city also has more independent publishers per capita than any other city in the country, and more bookstores per capita. Additionally, many famous bands have originated in Berkeley, including [[Operation Ivy (band)|Operation Ivy]] and [[Green Day]]. Berkeley, being one of the birthplaces of underground and independent comics, is also noted as a haven for cartoonists, including [[Dan Clowes]] and [[Adrian Tomine]].

*Berkeley has become known as a [[gourmet food]] center. There are a number of specialty food shops and restaurants, such as the [http://www.berkeleybowl.com/ Berkeley Bowl Supermarket], the [[Chez Panisse]] restaurant, regarded as the birthplace of [[California cuisine]]. Its proprietor, [[Alice Waters]], has been called "the mother of American cooking." Among the shops, [http://cheeseboardcollective.coop/ The Cheese Board Collective] is a well-known, cooperatively-run bakery and cheese shop.

*Since the [[1970s]], the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] system (BART), a [[metro]] train system, has linked Berkeley to [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] and the other cities of the Bay Area. Berkeley has nevertheless maintained its own character. Originally the planners of BART proposed an above-ground route through Berkeley, but Berkeley residents voted for a subway instead, whose extra cost was funded by a [[bond]] issue. Consequently, BART runs entirely underground through Berkeley, but above ground in the neighboring city of [[Albany, California|Albany]].

*The city is also the birthplace of the nation's first community funded radio station, [[KPFA]], the flagship station of the [[Pacifica Network]].

*Fewer people live in Berkeley today than did 55 years ago. Few other cities in the western United States can make this claim.

*In [[1966]], the first [[Peet's Coffee]] opened in Berkeley, at the corner of Vine and Walnut. -->

 

== Pranala luar ==

{{Geolinks-US-cityscale|37.871775|-122.274603}}

 

 

[[Kategori:Kota di California]]

[[Kategori:Kawasan Teluk San Francisco|Berkeley]]

[[Kategori:Kota Universitas]]