Yakub bergulat dengan malaikat: Perbedaan antara revisi

Hosea 12:4 menyebutnya sebagai seorang "malaikat" ([[malak]]). Sehingga, [[Targum Onkelos]] memakai kalimat "karena aku telah melihat [[Malaikat Allah]] berhadapan muka", dan [[Targum Palestina]] memakai kalimat "karena aku telah melihat para Malaikat Allah berhadapan muka".<ref>Anthony Hanson ''The Prophetic Gospel: Study of John and the Old Testament'' 056704064X 2006 Page 76 "The Targum of Onkelos offers 'because I have seen the Angel of the Lord face to face',14 and the Targum of Palestine 'because I have seen the Angels of the Lord face to face'.i5 No doubt this substitution was facilitated by Hosea 12.4, where</ref>

== Penafsiran ==

Identitas lawan gulat Yakub merupakan bahan perdebatan,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Green|editor1-first=Thomas A|title=Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/martialartsworld00gree|date=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576071502|page=[https://archive.org/details/martialartsworld00gree/page/n817 788]|edition=illustrated}}</ref> ada yang menyebutnya sebagai orang dalam mimpi, penglihatan nubuat, malaikat (seperti [[Mikael]] dan [[Samael]]), roh pelindung sungai, Yesus, atau Allah.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Ellens|editor1-first=J. Harold|editor2-last=Rollins|editor2-first=Wayne G.|editor1-link=J. Harold Ellens|title=Psychology and the Bible: From Genesis to apocalyptic vision|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275983499|page=77|edition=illustrated}}</ref>

=== Penafsiran Yahudi ===

Dalam [[Kitab Hosea|Hosea]] 12:4, lawan Yakub disebut sebagai ''[[malakh]]'' yang artinya "malaikat": "Ia bergumul dengan Malaikat dan menang; ia menangis dan memohon belas kasihan kepada-Nya. Di Betel, ia bertemu dengan Dia, dan di sanalah Dia berfirman kepadanya". Rentang waktu antara teks Kejadian dan Hosea masih tak jelas, karena keduanya sama-sama merupakan bagian dari [[Perjanjian Lama]] yang dibuat pada [[zaman Bait Allah Kedua]] dan ''malakh'' dianggap merupakan perbaikan dari teks tersebut pada masa berikutnya, dan mewakili penafsiran Yahudi awal dari kisah tersebut.<ref>"the word is regarded as a gloss by many writers" Myrto Theocharous [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6aoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 Lexical Dependence and Intertextual Allusion in the Septuagint of the Twelve Patriarchs]</ref>

[[Moshe ben Maimon]] meyakini bahwa peristiwa tersebut adalah "penglihatan nubuat",<ref name="Springer" /> sementara [[Rashi]] meyakini bahwa Yakub bergulat dengan malaikat penjaga [[Esau]] (diidentifikasikan sebagai [[Samael]]),<ref>{{cite book|author1=Howard Schwartz|author2=Elliot K. Ginsburg|title=Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195327137|page=359|edition=illustrated, reprint, annotated}}</ref> kakak kembarnya.<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Shammai Engelmayer]]|author2=Joseph S. Ozarowski|author3=David Sofian|editor1-last=Lipman|editor1-first=Steve|title=Common Ground: The Weekly Torah Portion Through the Eyes of a Conservative, Orthodox, and Reform Rabbi|url=https://archive.org/details/commongroundweek0000engl|date=1997|publisher=Jason Aronson|isbn=9780765759924|page=[https://archive.org/details/commongroundweek0000engl/page/50 50]}}</ref>

[[Zvi Kolitz]] (1993) referredmenyebut to JacobYakub "wrestlingbergulat withdengan GodAllah".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Zvi Kolitz|authorlink1=Zvi Kolitz|title=Confrontation: The Existential Thought of Rabbi J.B. Soloveitchik|date=1993|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|isbn=9780881254310|page=50}}</ref>

Akibat cedera di pangkal paha YusufYakub akibat bergulat, Yahudi dilarang menyantap daging yang menutupi sendi pangkal paha,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ze'ev Maghen|authorlink1=Ze'ev Maghen|title=After Hardship Cometh Ease: The Jews as Backdrop for Muslim Moderation|url=https://archive.org/details/afterhardshipcom0000magh|date=2006|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110184549|page=[https://archive.org/details/afterhardshipcom0000magh/page/117 117]|edition=reprint}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=John R. Kohlenberger|editor1-last=Kohlenberger|editor1-first=John R.|title=The Essential Evangelical Parallel Bible: New King James Version, English Standard Version, New Living Translation, the Message|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialevangel0000unse|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195281781|page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialevangel0000unse/page/77 77]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Tremper Longman]]|author2=[[David E. Garland]]|editor1-last=Longman|editor1-first=Tremper|editor2-last=Garland|editor2-first=David E.|title=Genesis-Leviticus|date=2008|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=9780310230823|page=255|edition=revised}}</ref> seperti yang disebutkan dalam {{Alkitab|Kejadian 32:32}}.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Eli Yassif|title=The Hebrew Folktale: History, Genre, Meaning|date=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253002624|page=13}}</ref>

=== Penafsiran Kristen ===

Penafsiran bahwa "Yakub bergulat dengan Allah" (dicantumkan dengan nama ''[[Israel (nama)|Isra-'el]]'') merupakan hal umum dalam teologi Protestan, yang didukung oleh [[Martin Luther]] dan [[Yohanes Calvin]] (meskipun Calvin meyakini bahwa peristiwa tersebut "hanyalah sebuah penglihatan"),<ref name="Springer" >{{cite book|editor1-last=Loades|editor1-first=Ann|editor2-last=McLain|editor2-first=Michael|title=Hermeneutics, the Bible and Literary Criticism|date=1992|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349219865|pages=133–4|edition=illustrated|chapter=Wrestling with the Angel: A Study in Historical and Literary Interpretation}}</ref>

serta para penulis pada masa berikutnya seperti [[Joseph Barker (pendeta)|Joseph Barker]] (1854)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Joseph Barker|title=Seven Lectures on the Supernatural Origin & Divine Authority of the Bible. By J. Barker. Containing his reply to the Rev. Mr. Sergeant, etc|date=1854|publisher=George Turner|page=87}}</ref> atau [[Peter L. Berger]] (2014).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter L. Berger|authorlink1=Peter L. Berger|title=Redeeming Laughter: The Comic Dimension of Human Experience|date=2014|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110354003|page=88|edition=2, reprint}}</ref>

Menurut tafsiran-tafsiran Kristen, kedekatan istilah "pria" dan "Allah" dalam teks tersebut juga dipakai sebagai perwujudan [[Kristofani]]. [[J. Douglas MacMillan]] (1991) menyatakan bahwa malaikat yang bergulat dengan Yakub adalah "penampilanpenampakan pra-inkarnasi dari Kristus dalam wujud manusia."<ref>{{cite book|last=MacMillan|first=J. Douglas|author-link=J. Douglas MacMillan|title=Wrestling with God: Lessons from the life of Jacob|url=https://archive.org/details/wrestlingwithgod0000macm|year=1991|publisher=Evangelical Press of Wales|page=[https://archive.org/details/wrestlingwithgod0000macm/page/56 56]}}</ref>

Suatu penafsiran Kristen dari peristiwa Alkitab tersebut menyatakan "Yakub berkata, 'Aku melihat Allah bertatapberhadapan muka'. Pernyataan yakub tak menandakan bahwa 'pria' yang bergulat dengannya adalah Allah. Selain itu, pada pernyataan serupa lainnya, saat orang melihat 'malaikat Allah,' ini menunjukkan klaim melihat wajah Allah."<ref name="Genesis-Leviticus"/>

=== Penafsiran Muslim ===

Cerita tersebut tak disebutkan dalam [[al-Qur'an]], namun dibahas dalam tafsiran-tafsiran Muslim.<ref name=IbnKathir>{{cite web |author=Ibn Kathir |title=The Story of Ya'qub (Jacob) |work=The Stories of the Prophets |url=http://sunnahonline.com/library/stories-of-the-prophets/296-story-of-prophet-yaqub| accessdate=24 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="NoegelWheeler2010">{{cite book|last1=Noegel |first1=Scott B. |author2=Brannon M. Wheeler |title=The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-1-4617-1895-6 |pages=160–162 |chapter=Jacob |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNAWAgAAQBAJ&pg=160}}</ref> Tafsiran terhadap kisah tersebut dijelaskan dalam penjelasan kisah-kisah lain yang dibahas dalam Taurat, seperti [[Zipora di penginapan|Musa diserang oleh seorang malaikat]],<ref name=Wheeler>{{cite book|last1=Wheeler|first1=Brannon M.|title=Moses in the Quran and Islamic Exegesis|date=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780700716036|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Wj9Ld4kUEC&pg=PA55|language=en}}</ref> dan menjelaskan aturan makan Yahudi.<ref name=IbnKathir/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wheeler|first1=Brannon|title=Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis|date=2002|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9780826449566|pages=114–115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkTUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|language=en}}</ref> Seperti beberapa ahli tafsir Yahudi, para ahli tafsir Islam menyebut peristiwa tersebut sebagai hukuman bagi Yakub karena gagal memberikan [[zakat]] untuk Allah namun membuat sebuah tawaran seperti [[zakat]] untuk Esau.<ref name=Wheeler/>

=== Pandangan lain ===

Dalam analisis buku tahun 1968 karya filsuf Marxist [[Ernst Bloch]] ''[[Atheism in Christianity]]'', Roland Boer menyatakan bahwa Bloch memandang peristiwa tersebut jatuh dalam kateogirkategori "mitos atau setidaknya legenda". Boer menyatakan bahwa ini adalah contoh "Tuhan pendendam dan haus darah ... dikalahkan oleh para manusia licik yang berniatingin untukmenghindari menutupi ketakutannyamurka-Nya".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Roland Boer|title=Criticism of Heaven: On Marxism and Theology|url=https://archive.org/details/criticismheaven00boer|date=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004161115|pages=[https://archive.org/details/criticismheaven00boer/page/n63 39], 41}}</ref>

Insiden ulatgulat di tepi sungai dibandingkan dengan cerita-cerita [[mitologi Yunani]] dari duel [[Achilles]] dengan dewa sungai [[Scamander]]<ref name="Mills2002">{{cite book |author=Donald H. Mills |title=The Hero and the Sea: Patterns of Chaos in Ancient Myth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKkushEAfT0C&pg=PA145 |date=2002 |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |isbn=978-0-86516-508-3 |pages=145–149}}</ref> damdan [[Menelaus]] yang bergulat dengan dewa laut [[Proteus]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bruce Louden |title=Homer's Odyssey and the Near East |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139494908 |pages=114–118}}</ref> Bersama dengan kisah Perjanjian Lama lainnya, insiden gulat tersebut juga diklaim berdasarkan pada [[mitologi Mesir]] terkait [[Akhenaten]], dimana Yakub adalah Osiris/Wizzer, Esau adalah Set, dan pertandingan gulat tersebut adalah persaingan di antara mereka.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stephen S. Mehler|title=From Light Into Darkness: The Evolution of Religion in Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/fromlightintodar0000mehl|date=2005|publisher=Adventures Unlimited Press|isbn=9781931882491|pages=131–2[https://archive.org/details/fromlightintodar0000mehl/page/131 131]–2|edition=illustrated}}</ref>

* {{cite journal |first=Stephen A. |last=Geller |year=1982 |title=The Struggle at the Jabbok: the Uses of Enigma in a Biblical Narrative |journal=Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society (JANES) |volume=14 |issue= |pages=37–60 |location=New Jork |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |url=httpshttp://archive.is/20130610050641/www.jtsa.edu/Scholars_and_Research/JANES.xml?ss=print |format=[http://www.jtsa.edu/Documents/pagedocs/JANES/1982%2014/Geller14.pdf pdf] |accessdate=June 27, 2013 |archive-date=2013-06-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130610050641/www.jtsa.edu/Scholars_and_Research/JANES.xml?ss=print |dead-url=unfit }} Also in: {{Cite book|first=Stephen A.|last=Geller|chapter=2 - THE STRUGGLE AT THE JABBOK. The uses of enigma in biblical religion (pp. 9ff.)|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=2z_YYiKNJygC&pg=PA9&dq=%22THE+STRUGGLE+AT+THE+JABBOK+The+uses+of+enigma+in+biblical+religion%22#v=onepage&q=%22THE+STRUGGLE+AT+THE+JABBOK+The+uses+of+enigma+in+biblical+religion%22|title=Sacred Enigmas. Literary Religion in the Hebrew Bible|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2z_YYiKNJygC&printsec=frontcover|year=1996|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=London|id=ISBN 978-0-415-12771-4|isbn=0-41512771-8|quote=[I]n the context of the wrestling bout, the name implies that Jacob won this supremacy, linked to that of God's, by a kind of [[theomachy]]. [...] By prevailing over God, he has won the name 'God rules'}} ([http://books.google.com/books?id=2z_YYiKNJygC&pg=PA22&dq=%22in+the+context+of+the+wresding+bout,+the+name+implies+that+Jacob+won+this+supremacy,+linked+to+that+of+God's,+by+a+kind+of+theomachy%22%22By+prevailing+over+God,+he+has+won+the+name%22%22God+rules%22 p. 22]).

* [http://fontes.lstc.edu/~rklein/Documents/Peniel.htm Article about Genesis story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604233811/http://fontes.lstc.edu/~rklein/Documents/Peniel.htm |date=2008-06-04 }}