Divisi Atomwaffen: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox militant organization
|name=Divisi Atomwaffen
| other_name = Front Resistensi Nasional-Sosialis
| country = [[United States]] (negara asal)
| leader = Brandon Russell (2013–2017)<br>[[John Cameron Denton]] (2017–?)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/atomwaffen-division|title=Atomwaffen Division/National Socialist Order
|date=3 July 2022|work=[[Center for International Security and Cooperation]]|quote=Following Russell’s arrest and imprisonment, he was replaced as leader of AWD by John Cameron Denton}}</ref><br>[[List of Atomwaffen Division members in the United States who faced criminal charges#Aiden Bruce-Umbaugh|Kaleb Cole]] (?–2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/neo-nazi-gets-7-years-for-threats-sent-to-reporters-activists-/6393271.html
|date=3 July 2022|work=[[Voice of America]]|title=Neo-Nazi Gets 7 Years for Threats Sent to Reporters, Activists|quote=Investigators said [Cole] became a leader of Atomwaffen Division after another leader was arrested on explosives charges.}}</ref><br>[[James Mason (neo-Nazi)|James Nolan Mason]] (penasihat)<ref>""[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/atomwaffen-division Atomwaffen Division/National Socialist Order], [[Center for International Security and Cooperation]], January 14, 2022 "Mason is a former member of the American Nazi Party and serves as an advisor to AWD."</ref>
| founder = [[Brandon Russell]]
| foundation = 2013<ref name=extremist>{{cite web| url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/atomwaffen-division| title=AtomWaffen Division| work=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]| access-date=August 27, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202225601/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/atomwaffen-division| archive-date=December 2, 2019| url-status=live}}</ref>
| financing = [[Penyeludupan senjata api]], [[perampokan]], [[Pencucian uang]], [[Narkoba]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web | url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2019/12/19/transnational-white-terror-exposing-atomwaffen-and-the-iron-march-networks/ | title=Transnational White Terror: Exposing Atomwaffen And The Iron March Networks | website=[[Bellingcat]] | date=December 20, 2019 | access-date=December 20, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220082035/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2019/12/19/transnational-white-terror-exposing-atomwaffen-and-the-iron-march-networks/ | archive-date=December 20, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=February 23, 2018}}</ref>|motives=Kudeta terhadap pemerintah Amerika Serikat melalui terorisme dan perang gerilya|ideology=[[Alt-Right]]<br />▼
| predecessor = [[Iron March]]<ref name=extremist/><ref name="Upchurch 2021">{{cite journal |author-last=Upchurch |author-first=H. E. |date=22 December 2021 |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CTC-SENTINEL-102021.pdf |title=The Iron March Forum and the Evolution of the "Skull Mask" Neo-Fascist Network |url-status=live |editor1-last=Cruickshank |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Hummel |editor2-first=Kristina |journal=[[CTC Sentinel]] |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=27–37 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |location=[[West Point, New York]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044425/https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CTC-SENTINEL-102021.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=ironmarch>{{cite news | url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/437pkd/the-obscure-neo-nazi-forum-linked-to-a-wave-of-terror | title=The Obscure Neo-Nazi Forum Linked to a Wave of Terror | first=James | last=Poulter | work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] | date=March 12, 2018 | access-date=June 18, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070220/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/437pkd/the-obscure-neo-nazi-forum-linked-to-a-wave-of-terror | archive-date=May 4, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ironmarch2>{{cite web | url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2019/02/15/visions-chaos-weighing-violent-legacy-iron-march | title=Visions of Chaos: Weighing the Violent Legacy of Iron March | work=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] | access-date=June 18, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623232641/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2019/02/15/visions-chaos-weighing-violent-legacy-iron-march | archive-date=June 23, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| motives = {{Tree list}}
▲
[[Supremasi kulit putih]]<br />▼
** Instigasi daripada pembersihan etnis dan pendeklarasian perang ras terhadap non-kulit putih
[[Antisemitisme]]<br />▼
*** Pendirian sebuah negara-etnis berkulit putih yang didasarkan dengan Ideologi [[Nazisme]]
{{Tree list/end}}
[[Homofobia]]<br />▼
| area = [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Britania Raya]], [[Kanada]], [[Jerman]], [[Negara Baltik]], [[Rusia]], [[Switzerland]], [[Italia]], [[Finland]], [[Irlandia]] dan negara-negara eropa lainnya
| headquarters = {{plainlist|
'''Divisi Atomwaffen''' ({{lang-en|Atomwaffen Division}}, "Atomwaffen" adalah kata bahasa Jerman yang berarti "Senjata Atom"), adalah sebuah organisasi teroris neo-Nazi yang berbasis di Amerika Serikat. Organisasi ini didirikan tahun 2013 dan operasi besarnya berada di Florida, tetapi ada pula anggota dari negara-negara bagian lain seperti Texas dan Montana. Grup ini adalah bagian [[alt-right]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.phillymag.com/news/2018/01/29/suspect-penn-student-murder-neo-nazi-ties/|title=Report: Suspect in Penn Student’s Murder Has Neo-Nazi Ties|date=2018-01-29|work=Philadelphia Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/alt-right-charles-manson-atomwaffen_us_5a146921e4b03dec824892e6|title=The Maniac Neo-Nazis Keeping Charles Manson's Race War Alive|last=Mathias|first=Christopher|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|quote=Even within the alt-right — a loose association of white supremacists and fascists — the Atomwaffen Division is considered extreme.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/atomwaffen-nazi-murder-bomb-plot_us_5a70825ae4b00d0de2240328|title=1 Neo-Nazi Group. 5 Murders In 8 Months.|last=Mathias|first=Christopher|date=2018-01-31|work=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref name="Mayo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/alt-right-groups-target-campuses-with-fliers|title=Alt Right Groups Target Campuses with Fliers|last=Marilyn Mayo|date=December 7, 2016|publisher=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref><ref name="FlieringCollege">{{Cite press release|title=ADL: White Supremacist Group Redoubling Hate Fliering Efforts on Campus|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|date=September 11, 2017|url=https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/adl-white-supremacist-group-redoubling-hate-fliering-efforts-on-campus}}</ref> tetapi dalam kelompok itu pun grup ini sudah dianggap ekstrem.▼
* [[Texas]], Amerika Serikat (AWD)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/atomwaffen-division|title=Atomwaffen Division|newspaper=Southern Poverty Law Center }}</ref>
* [[Saare County|Saaremaa]], Estonia (FKD)
* [[Thuringia]], Jerman (AWDD)
* [[British Columbia]], Kanada (NO)
* [[Savona]], Italia (NOS)
* [[Tampere]], Finlandia (AWDSS)
}}
| ideology = {{Tree list}}
*[[Neo-nazisme]]
** Anti-Amerikanisme
**[[Anti-kapitalisme]]
** [[Anti-komunisme]]
** [[Nazisme|Nazisme esoterik]]
** [[Futurisme]]
** Millenarianisme
** [[Neo-fasisme]]<ref name="Upchurch 2021"/>
** Satanisme ONA]]<ref name="Upchurch 2021"/> ''(factions)''
** Extremisme sayap-kanan
** Nasionalisme kulit putih
| position = [[fasisme|Kanan jauh]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|crimes=Pembunuhan dan rencana pemboman
|attacks=Pembunuhan 5 orang, termasuk Blaze Bernstein
|status=aktif|size=80+ (2018)
|website={{url|https://atomwaffendivision.org/}}
<br>
*'''Bendera NSRF:'''
[[File:NationalSocialistResistanceFront.jpg|175px|border]]
}}
▲'''Divisi Atomwaffen''' ({{lang-en|Atomwaffen Division}}, "Atomwaffen" adalah kata bahasa Jerman yang berarti "Senjata Atom") atau sering dipanggil sebagai '''Front Resistensi Nasional-Sosialis''', adalah sebuah organisasi teroris neo-Nazi yang berbasis di Amerika Serikat. Organisasi ini didirikan tahun 2013 dan operasi besarnya berada di Florida, tetapi ada pula anggota dari negara-negara bagian lain seperti Texas dan Montana. Grup ini adalah bagian [[alt-right]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.phillymag.com/news/2018/01/29/suspect-penn-student-murder-neo-nazi-ties/|title=Report: Suspect in Penn Student’s Murder Has Neo-Nazi Ties|date=2018-01-29|work=Philadelphia Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/alt-right-charles-manson-atomwaffen_us_5a146921e4b03dec824892e6|title=The Maniac Neo-Nazis Keeping Charles Manson's Race War Alive|last=Mathias|first=Christopher|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|quote=Even within the alt-right — a loose association of white supremacists and fascists — the Atomwaffen Division is considered extreme.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/atomwaffen-nazi-murder-bomb-plot_us_5a70825ae4b00d0de2240328|title=1 Neo-Nazi Group. 5 Murders In 8 Months.|last=Mathias|first=Christopher|date=2018-01-31|work=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref name="Mayo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/alt-right-groups-target-campuses-with-fliers|title=Alt Right Groups Target Campuses with Fliers|last=Marilyn Mayo|date=December 7, 2016|publisher=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref><ref name="FlieringCollege">{{Cite press release|title=ADL: White Supremacist Group Redoubling Hate Fliering Efforts on Campus|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|date=September 11, 2017|url=https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/adl-white-supremacist-group-redoubling-hate-fliering-efforts-on-campus}}</ref> tetapi dalam kelompok itu pun grup ini sudah dianggap ekstrem.
''Atomwaffen'' mengajak anggotanya untuk membakar bendera dan konstitusi Amerika Serikat, serta menyerang pemerintah AS serta kaum minoritas (terutama orang [[Yahudi]]). Keanggotaan kelompok ini didominasi anak muda. Divisi Atomwaffen juga aktif mengirimkan poster ke kampus universitas. Cabang kelompok ini di San Antonio, Texas, dicap sebagai kelompok kebencian oleh [[Southern Poverty Law Center]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2017/active-hate-groups-2016|title=Active Hate Groups 2016|date=February 15, 2017|work=Intelligence Report|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref><ref name="phillips">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/06/11/a-neo-nazi-with-explosives-and-a-framed-photo-of-timothy-mcveigh-is-not-a-threat-judge-rules/|title=A neo-Nazi with explosives and a framed photo of Timothy McVeigh is not a threat, judge rules|last=Phillips|first=Kristine|date=June 11, 2017|work=Washington Post|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref>
Baris 25 ⟶ 58:
Kelompok ini menyiarkan penciptaannya pada situs web neo-Nazi, IronMarch.org, pada bulan Oktober 2015. Situs web tersebut juga merupakan pendahulu Vanguard America dan National Action.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/02/22/atomwaffen-and-siege-parallax-how-one-neo-nazi%E2%80%99s-life%E2%80%99s-work-fueling-younger-generation|title=Atomwaffen and the SIEGE parallax: how one neo-Nazi’s life’s work is fueling a younger generation|last=|first=|date=22 February 2018|website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> Menurut Chicago Maroon, sebuah koran mahasiswa independen dari Universitas Chicago, Divisi Atomwaffen menggambarkan diri mereka sendiri sebagai "sekelompok kamerad yang sangat fanatis dan ideologis, yang melakukan aktivisme dan pelatihan militer. Pelatihan militer tangan, lengan, dan bentuk lainnya. Terkait aktivisme, kami menyebarkan kesadaran di dunia nyata melalui jalur-jalur yang tidak biasa."
Pada tahun 2016, kelompok ini meraih perhatian kampus universitas di seluruh Amerika Serikat karena poster-posternya yang mengajak mahasiswa untuk "Ikuti Nazi Setempat!" dan "Nazi Kembali Datang!" Divisi Atomwaffen memasang poster rekrutmen di Universitas Chicago,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wgntv.com/2016/12/06/neo-nazi-group-claims-responsibility-for-hitler-poster-on-u-of-c-campus/|title=Neo-Nazi group claims responsibility for Hitler poster on U of C campus|date=December 6, 2016|work=WGN-TV|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref><ref name="cm">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2016/12/6/militant-neo-nazi-group-claims-credit-hanging-hitl/|title=Militant Neo-Nazi Group Claims Credit for Hanging Hitler Portrait, Swastikas on Campus Building|last=Thorp|first=Adam|date=5 December 2016|work=Chicago Maroon|newspaper=Chicago Maroon|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731070855/https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2016/12/6/militant-neo-nazi-group-claims-credit-hanging-hitl/|dead-url=yes}}Lebih dari satu parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|work=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|newspaper=</code> yang digunakan ([[Bantuan:Galat CS1#redundant parameters|bantuan]])</ref> [[University of Central Florida|Universitas Central Florida]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://knightnews.com/2015/11/ucfpd-investigating-multiple-nazi-symbols-fliers-at-ucf/|title=UCFPD Investigating Multiple Nazi Symbols, Fliers at UCF|last=Lowe|first=Derek|date=17 November 2015|work=Knight News}}</ref> Universitas Old Dominion di Norfolk, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.maceandcrown.com/2016/03/28/fascist-group-fliers-spotted-on-campus/|title=Campus Reacts After Fascist Group Fliers Posted at ODU Campus|date=29 March 2016|work=Mace and Crown|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731074746/http://www.maceandcrown.com/2016/03/28/fascist-group-fliers-spotted-on-campus/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> serta [[Universitas Boston|U]]<nowiki/>niversitas Boston.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.universityherald.com/articles/29603/20160502/nazi-organization-recruitment-boston-university-poster-discovered-inside-campus.htm/|title=Nazi Organization Recruitment At Boston University? Poster Discovered Inside Campus [VIDEO]|last=Hemingway|first=Mariel|date=2 May 2016|work=University Herald|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731112239/http://www.universityherald.com/articles/29603/20160502/nazi-organization-recruitment-boston-university-poster-discovered-inside-campus.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Kampanye ini dicatat oleh kelompok pemerhati Yahudi, Liga Anti-Defamasi, yang mengatakan bahwa dalam rekrutmen universitas kini ada fokus ''[[alt-right]]'' yang lebih besar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://lasvegas.adl.org/alt-right-groups-target-campuses-with-fliers/|title=Alt-Right Groups Target Campuses with Fliers|date=7 December 2016|work=Anti-Defamation League Las Vegas}}</ref> Seorang anggota Divisi Atomwaffen memprotes di luar kantor Liga Anti-Defamasi di Houston, Texas, memegang sebuah tanda yang berbunyi "Hidup Mary Juga Penting", sebuah referensi kepada [[Mary Phagan]].<ref name="SPLC" />
Baris 49 ⟶ 81:
=== Brandon Russell ===
Pada bulan Mei 2017, setelah Arthurs ditahan, teman kamar ketiganya dan rekan anggota Divisi Atomwaffen, Brandon Russell (21 tahun), ditangkap oleh [[Biro Investigasi Federal|FBI]] dan [[Polisi Tampa]]. Mereka menemukan campuran peledak yang dikenal sebagai heksametilen triperoksida diamina, yang juga digunakan oleh kelompok lain sebagai [[alat peledak improvisasi]] dalam pemboman New York dan New Jersey tahun 2016. Dalam penggeledahan ini, polisi juga menemukan torium dan amerisium, zat-zat radioaktif, di kamar Russell. Di kamar yang sama ditemukan pula foto berbingkai [[Timothy McVeigh]], pelaku [[pemboman Oklahoma City]].<ref name="MiamiHerald">{{Cite news|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/florida-keys/article151953257.html|title=FBI busts 'Atomwaffen' Neo-Nazi in Florida for making explosives — and finds radiation materials|last=Goodhue|first=David|date=May 22, 2017|work=Miami Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tbo.com/news/military/how-did-florida-national-guard-miss-soldiers-neo-nazi-leanings/2324930|title=How did Florida National Guard miss soldier's neo-Nazi leanings?|last=Altman|first=Howard|date=23 May 2017|work=TBO|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616001930/http://www.tbo.com/news/military/how-did-florida-national-guard-miss-soldiers-neo-nazi-leanings/2324930|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Selain itu, ada juga berbagai pernak-pernik Atomwaffen dan propaganda neo-Nazi lain.<ref name="Chokshi">Niraj Chokshi, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/10/us/brandon-russell-sentenced-neo-nazi.html Neo-Nazi Leader in Florida Sentenced to 5 Years Over Homemade Explosives], ''New York Times'' (January 10, 2018).</ref>
Di bulan September 2017, Russell dinyatakan bersalah dalam pengadilan federal karena memiliki dan menyimpan bom yang tidak terdaftar secara ilegal. Pada bulan Januari 2018, ia dimasukkan ke penjara selama lima tahun.
Baris 64 ⟶ 96:
[[Kategori:Organisasi neo-Nazi]]
[[Kategori:Organisasi neo-Nazi di Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Gerakan politik sinkretis]]
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