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{{Infobox_President
'''Jean-Bertrand Aristide''' (lahir [[15 Juli]] [[1953]]) adalah seorang politikus [[Haiti]] dan bekas [[pastor]] [[Katolik Roma]] yang menjadi [[Daftar Presiden Haiti|Presiden Haiti]] pada [[1991]] dan kemudian terpilih lagi dan menjabat sebagai Presiden sejak [[2001]] hingga disingkirkannya pada [[2004]]. Aristide adalah pemimpin Haiti yang terpilih secara demokratis dan populer di antara rakyat Haiti yang miskin.
| name = Jean-Bertrand Aristide
| image = Jean-Bertrand Aristide.jpg
| nationality = [[Haiti]]
| office = [[Presiden Haiti]]
| term_start4 = [[7 Februari]] [[1991]]
| term_end4 = [[30 September]] [[1991]]
| predecessor4 = [[Ertha Pascal-Trouillot]]
| successor4 = [[Raoul Cédras]]
| term_start3 = [[1993]]
| term_end3 = [[1994]]
| predecessor3 = [[Marc Bazin]]
| successor3 = [[Émile Jonassaint]]
| term_start2 = [[1994]]
| term_end2 = [[1996]]
| predecessor2 = [[Émile Jonassaint]]
| successor2 = [[René Préval]]
| term_start = [[7 Februari]] [[2001]]
| term_end = [[29 Februari]] [[2004]]
| predecessor = [[René Préval]]
| successor = [[Boniface Alexandre]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|7|15}}
| birth_place = [[Port-Salut]], [[Haiti]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Lavalas]]
| spouse = |
}}
'''Jean-Bertrand Aristide''' ({{lahirmati|[[Port-Salut]], [[Haiti]]|15|7|1953}}) adalah seorang politikus [[Haiti]] dan bekas [[pastor]] [[Katolik Roma]] yang menjadi [[Presiden Haiti]] pada [[1991]] dan kemudian terpilih lagi dan menjabat sebagai Presiden sejak [[2001]] hingga disingkirkannya pada [[2004]]. Aristide adalah pemimpin Haiti yang terpilih secara demokratis dan populer di antara rakyat Haiti yang miskin.
 
Para kritik mengatakan bahwa ia memerintah sebagai seorang diktator dan korup sehingga digulingkan oleh sebuah kudeta militer (September 1991) dan tersingkir pada 2004 ketika sejumlah bekas tentara melakukan pemberontakan ([[Februari 2004]]). Penyingkirannya yang kedua menimbulkan kontroversi karena Aristide mengaku bahwa ia dipaksa meninggalkan negaranya di bawah tekanan Amerika Serikat dan diculik serta disingkirkan ke sebuah negara di Afrika. Sebaliknya, AS menolak pernyataan itu dan mengatakan bahwa Aristide meninggalkan negaranya dengan sukarela.
 
== Pendidikan dan pelayanan di gereja ==
Aristide dilahirkan di Port-Salut, Haiti. Ia mendapatkan pendidikannya di sekolah-sekolah [[Salesian]] di [[Port-au-Prince]] dan di Kolese Notre Dame, dan lulus pada [[1974]]. Kemudian ia menjalani pendidikan novisiat di La Vega, lalu kembali ke Haiti untuk belajar [[filsafat]] di ''Grand Seminaire Notre Dame'' dan [[psikologi]] di [[Universitas Negara Haiti]]. Setelah menyelesaikan studi pasca-sarjananya pada [[1979]], ia berkeliling di [[Eropa]], belajar di [[Italia]] dan [[Israel]]. Aristide kembali ke Haiti pada [[1983]] untuk ditahbiskan menjadi seorang imam Salesian.
 
Aristide diangkat menjadi pastor di sebuah gereja kecil di Port-au-Prince dan kemudian dipindahkan ke gereja yang lebih besar di pemukiman kumuh La Saline. Di sana ia mendapatkan sapaan kesayangan dalam bahasa Creole "Titide" atau "Titid" (Aristide kecil). Aristide menjadi penganjur [[teologi pembebasan]], dan menjadi tokoh terkemuka di sayap yang radikal dari Gereja Katolik di Haiti (''ti legliz'' — dari [[bahasa Creole Haiti]] yang berarti "gereja kecil"). Homili-homilinya disebarluaskan lewat stasun radio Katolik di seluruh negeri. Rezim [[Jean-Claude Duvalier|Duvalier]] berulang kali berusaha membungkamnya. Aristide berhasil selamat karena rezim itu sendiri rontok pada April [[1986]]. Pada bulan [[September]] [[1988]], Aristide dipecat dari Ordo [[Serikat Salesian|SalesianSalesiannya]]nya dengan alasan "menghasut hingga membangkitkan kebencian dan kekerasan (serta) meningkatkan konflik antar-kelas." [http://www.cnn.com/resources/newsmakers/world/namerica/aristide.html]
 
Pada [[1995]] Aristide meninggalkan jabatan imamatnya. Tahun [[1996]] ia menikah dengan [[Mildred Trouillot]], seorang warga negara [[Amerika Serikat]] dan daripadanya ia memperoleh dua orang anak perempuan.
 
== Masa jabatan kepresidenan pertama dan kudeta ==
<!--==First presidency and coup==
Setelah kekerasan dan pemilu nasional yang gagal pada [[1987]], jajak pendapat [[1990]] dilakukan dengan hati-hati. Aristide mengumumkan pencalonannya sebagai presiden dan setelah kampanye selama enam minggu, "pastor kecil" itu terpilih dengan 67% suara. Selama kampanyenya itu, Aristide menjuluki pengikut-pengikutnya "Lavalas", yang berarti "banjir" atau "badai" dalam bahasa Creole Haiti.
Following the violence at the abortive national elections of [[1987]], the [[1990]] polls were approached with caution. Aristide announced his candidacy for the presidency and following a six-week campaign, during which he dubbed his followers "Lavalas" — "the flood" or "torrent" in Haitian Creole — the "little priest" was elected President with 67 percent of the vote.
 
Aristide tookmenduduki officejabatannya on Februarypada 7, Februari 1991, becomingdan menjadi pemimpin Haiti's secondkedua yang democraticallyterpilih electedsecara leaderdemokratis (seelihat [[Leslie Manigat]]). LikeSeperti Manigat, heia wasdipaksa forcedmelepaskan outjabatannya ofdalam officetempo afterkurang lessdari thansetahun. aSebuah year:[[kudeta]] onmiliter pada [[September 30 September]], [[1991]] amemaksa militaryAristide [[coupmeninggalkan d'état]]negerinya. forcedKetika Aristide tomenjabat flee.presiden, terjadi Thereeksodus was a largebesar-scalebesaran exodus ofdari [[boatmanusia peopleperahu]] when Aristide was in office. The [[UnitedPengawal StatesPantai Coast GuardAS]] rescued a total ofmenyelamatkan 41,.342 Haitianswarga Haiti duringpada 1991 anddan 1992, morelebih thandari thekeseluruhan numberpengungsi of rescued refugees from the previousselama 10 yearstahun combinedsebelumnya. AfterSetelah Aristide fledpergi, theAS Unitedmenolak Statesmemberikan deniedstatus refugee statuspengungsi tokepada futurepara boatmanusia peopleperahu. Hal Thisini is only differentberbeda ''de jure'' fromdengan thekesepakatan agreementyang dibuat [[Ronald Reagan]] made withdengan Jean-Claude Duvalier beginningsejak intahun 19811981—pada insaat whichitu, thosemereka caughtyang ontertangkap thedi highsamudra seasbebas byoleh thePengawal CoastPantai Gaurddipulangkan weredan returned and onlyhanya ''eightdelapan'' ofdari 23,.000 Haitianpencari asylumasilum seekersHaiti wereyang acceptedditerima intodi the United StatesAS (Paul Farmer, ''Pathologies of Power'' p. &nbsp;36).
 
Aristide spenthidup hisdi exilepembuangan indi [[Venezuela]] anddan thenkemudian in thedi [[UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat]],. workingIa hardbekerja tokeras developuntuk internationalmengembangkan supportdukungan internasinoal. Under U.S.Di andbawah internationaltekanan pressureAS, therezim militarymiliter regimetakluk, backeddan downpasukan-pasukan andAS U.S.dikerahkan troopske were deployed in the countryHaiti. OnPada [[October15 15Oktober]], [[1994]], Aristide returnedpulang toke Haiti tountuk completemenyelesaikan hismasa termjabatannya. inEmbargo office.dan Theblokade embargolaut andyang navaldilakukan blockagepada imposedmasa duringpembuangan Aristide's exilemerupakan waspukulan ahebat strongterhadap blow toekonomi Haiti's alreadyyang weaksudah economylemah. Aristide disbanded the Haitianmembubarkan [[armytentara]] ofHaiti yang terdiri dari banyak perwira yang terlatih manydi [[SchoolSekolah of the AmericasAmerika]] trained officers anddan establishedmembentuk asuatu civilianpasukan [[policepolisi]] forcesipil. InDalam thepemilu ''[[NationalDewan Assembly ofNasional Haiti |Assemblée Nationale]]'' elections ofbulan JuneJuni [[1995]], asebuah koalisi multi-party coalitionpartai, the ''Organisation Politique Lavalas'' (OPL) won amenang convincingdengan victorymutlak.
 
Masa jabatan pertama Aristide berakhir pada Februari 1996, dan konstitusi tidak mengizinkannya untuk mencalonkan diri untuk kedua kalinya. Terjadi pertikaian tentang apakah Aristide harus menjabat selama tiga tahun yang tidak dijalaninya ketika ia hidup di pembuangan sebelum pemilu yang baru itu, atau apakah masa jabatannya itu harus dihitung persis sejak tanggal pelantikannya. Di bawah tekanan AS keputusan yang terakhirlah yang diambil. [[René Préval]], seorang sekutu terkemuka Aristide dan Perdana Menteri sejak 1991 di bawah Aristide, mencalonkan diri pada pemilu presiden 1995 dan meraih 88% suara. Hal ini menandakan pertama kalinya dalam sejarah Haiti terjadi transisi kekuasaan secara damai dan demokratis.
Aristide's first term ended in February 1996, and the constitution did not allow him to serve consecutive terms. There was some dispute over whether Aristide should serve the three years he had lost in exile prior to new elections, or whether his term in office should instead be counted strictly according to the date of his inauguration; under U.S. pressure, it was decided that the latter should be the case. [[René Préval]], a prominent ally of Aristide and Prime Minister since 1991 under Aristide, ran during the 1995 presidential election and took 88% of the vote. This marked the first time in Haitian history that there was a peaceful and democratic transition of power.
 
== Masa jabatan kepresidenan kedua dan pemberontakan ==
==Second presidency and rebellion==
InPada lateakhir [[1996]], Aristide brokememutuskan fromhubungan thedengan OPL anddan createdmembentuk asebuah new[[partai politicalpolitik]] partybaru, the [[Fanmi Lavalas]]. The OPL, holdingyang themenguasai majoritysuara inmayoritas thedi [[Senate ofSenat Haiti|Sénat]] anddan thedi [[ChamberDewan of Deputies ofPerwakilan Haiti|Chambre des Députés]], renamedmengganti itselfnamanya themenjadi [[Struggling People's Organization|Organisation du Peuple en Lutte]] (Organisasi Rakyat Berjuang), maintainingdan themempertahankan OPLsingkatan acronymOPL-nya. ElectionsPemilu inpada April 1997 foruntuk theSenat Senatehanya drew only aboutmenghasilkan 5% percentdari ofsuara registeredyang votersterdaftar anddan werediwarnai plaguedoleh withtuduhan-tuduhan allegationskecurangan. of fraud; thePemerintah Préval government refused to acceptmenolak themenerima resultshasilnya.
 
NewPemilu electionsbaru inpada MayMei [[2000]] occurredterjadi forhampir almostuntuk the entirekeseluruhan ''Assemblée Nationale''. OppositionStasiun-ownedstasiun radio stationsmilik reportedoposisi turnoutmelaporkan of aroundhanya 10%, butpemilih electionyang officialsikut pemilu, andtetapi internationalpara observerspengamat reportedinternasional aroundmelaporkan 60% turnout.pemilih yang Theberpartisipasi. FL wonmenang adengan sweepingkemenangan victorybesar, buttetapi themetode-metode methodsyang useddigunakan by theoleh ''Conseil Electoral Provisoire'' (CEP) indalam countingmenghitung thesuara votesditolak wereoleh rejectedpartai-partai by opposition partiesoposisi, which unitedyang asbersatu thesebagai ''Convergence Democratique'' (Persatuan Demokratik - CD) and demandeddan thatmenuntut theagar electionspemilmu beitu ignoreddiabaikan. The president of thePresiden CEP fledmeninggalkan thenegara countrydan andsejumlah a number of members of theanggota CEP alsojuga resignedmengundurkan butdiri, thetetapi remainingsisa-sisa membersanggotanya acceptedmenerima tountuk validatemengesahkan thehasil-hasilnya, resultssesuai asdengan theytuntutan werepara demandedpendukung by the supporters of thePartai Lavalas party.
 
Aristide memenangkan pemilu presiden pada November [[2000]] dengan 91.8% suara. Kebanyakan partai oposisi memboikot pemilu ini, dan menyatakan bahwa mereka tidak akan mendapatkan kesempatan yang adil. Setelah pemilu, [[Organisasi Negara-negara Amerika]] (OAS) mengeluarkan laporan bahwa pemilu itu tidak adil dan bahwa metodologi penghitungan suaranya cacat. Pendukung-pendukung Aristide mengklaim bahwa laporan OAS direkayasa oleh AS semata-mata berdasarkan kebencian terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan presiden. Mereka pun mempertanyakan mengapa organisasi itu menunggu hingga hasil pemilu diumumkan untuk menantang metodologinya, dan menyatakan bahwa OAS tahu betul tentang proses penghitungan suara itu sebelumnya.
Aristide won the presidential election in November [[2000]] with 91.8% of the vote. Most of the opposition parties boycotted this election, claiming that they had no fair chance. After the election, the [[Organization of American States]] issued a report that the election was unfair and that the methodology for counting votes was flawed. Aristide supporters have claimed that the OAS report was engineered by the U.S. solely based on hostility to the president's policies. They also have questioned why the organization waited until after the election results to challenge the methodology, saying it was aware of the vote-counting process beforehand. The International Organization of Independent Observers, a private volunteer organization, reported that the election went over smoothly and they witnessed no irregularities. [http://www.quixote.org/haiti/elections/Election_Press_Release_22may2000.html] However, the majority of Western governments claimed the election was blatantly rigged. At this time, the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]] worked with the [[European Union]] to block a $440 million loan from the [[Inter-American Development Bank]] to Haiti.
 
Organisasi Internasional Pengamat Independen, sebuah organisasi relawan swasta, melaporkan bahwa pemilu itu berlangsung lancar dan bahwa mereka tidak menemukan penyimpangan. . [http://www.quixote.org/haiti/elections/Election_Press_Release_22may2000.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040812101521/http://www.quixote.org/haiti/elections/Election_Press_Release_22may2000.html |date=2004-08-12 }} Namun kebanyakan pemerintah Barat menyatakan bahwa pemilu itu terang-terangan dicurangi. Pada saat itu, pemerintahan [[Bill Clinton]] bekerja sama dengan [[Uni Eropa]] untuk memblokir pinjaman sebesar USD 440 juta dari [[Bank Pembangunan Antar-Amerika]] kepada Haiti.
On [[February 7]], [[2001]], Aristide was sworn in for his second term as President of Haiti. That same day, the CD swore in [[Gerard Gourgue]] as head of a new provisional government. Aristide agreed to reform the CEP, but he did not include any supporters of the opposition in the new body. [[Jean-Marie Chérestal]] was made the new Prime Minister in March 2001. The CD rejected both changes and in response the Government tried to have Gourgue arrested. The economy suffered as political control stalled. Aristide made moves to placate the opposition — in June 2001 certain senators holding contested seats resigned — but talks between the FL and the CD repeatedly failed. There was an attempted coup in mid-December 2001 and Cherestal resigned in January [[2002]], as the economy continued to slump.
 
Pada [[7 Februari]] [[2001]], Aristide disumpah untuk jabatan keduanya sebagai Presiden Haiti. Pada hari yang sama, CD mengambil sumpah atas [[Gerard Gourgue]] sebagai kepala pemerintahan sementara yang baru. Aristide setuju untuk memperbarui CEP, tetapi ia tidak mengikutsertakan para pendukung pihak oposisi di lembaga yang baru. [[Jean-Marie Chérestal]] diangkat menjadi Perdana Menteri yang baru pada Maret 2001. CD menolak kedua perubahan dan sebagai jabawannya, pemerintah berusaha menangkap Gourgue. Ekonomi negara menderita ketika kontrol politik macet. Aristide mempersalahkan pihak oposisi — pada Juni 2001 sejumlah senator yang menduduki kursi yang diperebutkan mengundurkan diri — namun percakapan antara FL dan CD berulang kali gagal. Pertengahan Desember 2001 terjadi upaya kudeta, dan Cherestal mengundurkan diri pada Januari [[2002]], sementara ekonomi terus memburuk.
Due to the objections of the opposition, elections were not held as scheduled in late [[2003]], and consequently the terms of most legislators expired in January, forcing Aristide to rule by decree. He promised to organize elections within six months, but the opposition refused to accept anything less than Aristide's resignation.
 
Karena keberatan dari pihak oposisi, pemilu tidak dapat dilaksanakan sesuai rencana pada akhir [[2003]]. Akibatnya, masa jabatan kebanyakan anggota parlemen berakhir pada Januari, sehingga Aristide terpaksa memerintah dengan dekret. Ia menjanjikan pemilu dalam enam bulan, tetapi oposisi menolak semuanya, kecuali pengunduran diri Aristide.
In 2004, attacks and threats continued against journalists who criticised Aristide. The climate of terror was sustained by the continuing impunity in the cases of two murdered journalists. Aristide extended his control over television but radio continued to be the most popular news media.
 
Pada 2004, para wartawan yang mengkritik Aristide mengalami serangan-serangan dan ancaman. Suasana teror berlanjut dengan dibebaskannya para pelaku pembunuhan dua orang wartawan. Aristide memperluas kontrolnya terhadap televisi, tetapi radio tetap menjadi media berita yang paling populer.
The situation deteriorated steadily throughout the year. Aristide clung to power by relying on gang-members known as ''chimères,'' organised into militia known as "popular organisations" with the task for sustaining a climate of terror in the ranks of the opposition and the press. His regime was further discredited by the appearance of "Special Brigades," a parallel police force which, like the "Tontons Macoutes" under the Duvaliers (1957–86) and the "Attachés" under General [[Raoul Cédras]] (1991–94), did the regime’s dirty work (torture and executions) and extorted money from the population.
Aristide cracked down in response to protests. Several dozen people were killed or wounded by ''chimères'' during demonstrations calling for his departure that steadily increased in size. The press was also the victim of violence. Reporters Without Borders registered some 30 cases of attacks or threats against journalists in 2003, and this was not exhaustive.
 
Situasi terus merosot sepanjang tahun itu. Aristide bertahan dengan mengandalkan anggota-anggota geng yang dikenal sebagai ''chimères,'' yang diorganisasi menjadi milisi yang dikenal sebagai "organisasi rakyat" yang ditugasi mempertahankan suasana teror di kalangan oposisi dan pers. Rezimnya semakin buruk namanya dengan munculnya "Brigade Khusus," sebuah pasukan polisi paralel yang, seperti "Tontons Macoutes" di bawah rezim Duvalier (1957–86) dan "Attachés" di bawah Jenderal [[Raoul Cédras]] (1991–94), melakukan pekerjaan kotor rezimnya (penyiksaan dan pembunuhan) dan memeras uang dari penduduk.
Aristide's opponents continued to accuse him of being corrupt and of using violence to attack political opponents. He maintained close ties not only to the Haitian police force, but also to street gangs such as the "[[Cannibal Army]]"[http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/H/HAITI?SITE=DCTMS&SECTION=HOME]. His government built parks and facilities for the gangs in exchange for cooperation with his government. After the assassination of the leader of the Cannibal Army, [[Amiot Metayer]], who had begun committing excessive acts of violence, that gang turned solidly against Aristide and joined the opposition.
 
Sebagai balasan Aristide mengambil tindakan terhadap protes-protes itu. Beberapa puluh orang dibunuh atau dilukai oleh ''chimères'' dalam berbagai demonstrasi yang menuntutnya pergi yang semakin bertambah besar. Pers pun menjadi korban kekerasan. "Wartawan Tanpa Perbatasan" mencatat sekitar 30 kasus penyerangan atau ancaman terhadap wartawan pada 2003, dan jumlah itu belum tuntas.
In [[January 2004]], political violence between Aristide supporters and supporters of the opposition escalated sharply, and on [[February 5]], [[2004]], a rebel group calling itself the [[Revolutionary Artibonite Resistance Front]] (of which the Cannibal Army formed part) seized control of Haiti's fourth-largest city, [[Gonaïves]], marking the beginning of a [[2004 Haiti Rebellion|major revolt]] against Aristide. By [[February 22]], the rebels had captured Haiti's second-largest city, [[Cap-Haïtien]], and effectively split Haiti between a rebel-held north and a government-held south. The rebellion, led by former [[Cap-Haïtien]] police chief [[Guy Philippe]], has been referred to as a "military coup" by Aristide's lawyer, who claimed that the heavy weaponry used by the rebels were shipped in from the [[Dominican Republic]].[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/02/25/1613200]
 
Lawan-lawan Aristide terus menuduhnya korup dan menggunakan kekerasan untuk menyerang lawan-lawan politiknya. Aristide mempertahankan hubungan yang erat bukan hanya dengan polisi Haiti, tetapi juga dengan geng-geng jalanan, seperti "[[Tentara Kanibal]]"[http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/H/HAITI?SITE=DCTMS&SECTION=HOME] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402063944/http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/H/HAITI?SITE=DCTMS&SECTION=HOME |date=2004-04-02 }}. Pemerintahnya membangun taman-taman dan berbagai fasilitas untuk geng-geng itu sebagai ganti kerjasama mereka dengan pemerintah. Setelah pembunuhan pemimpin Tentara Kanibal, [[Amiot Metayer]], yang telah mulai melakukan tindak kekerasan yang berlebihan, geng itu berbalik melawan Aristide dan bergabung dengan oposisi.
As the end of [[February 2004|February]] approached, rebels continued to advance to within miles of the capital, [[Port-au-Prince]].
 
Pada [[Januari 2004]], kekerasan politik antara pendukung-pendukung Aristide dengan pendukung-pendukung kubu oposisi meningkat tajam, dan pada [[5 Februari]] [[2004]], sebuah kelompok pemberontak yang menamai dirinya [[Front Perlawanan Artibonite Revolusioner]] (di antara anggotanya adalah Tentara Kanibal) merebut kekuasaan di kota keempat terbesar Haiti, [[Gonaïves]], menandai permulaan [[Pemberontakan Haiti 2004|pemberontakan besar]] melawan Aristide. Pada [[22 Februari]] para pemberontak telah merebut kota kedua terbesar Haiti, [[Cap-Haïtien]], dan secara efektif membagi dua Haiti antara bagian utara yang dikuasai kaum pemberontak dan bagian selatan yang dikuasai pemerintah. Kaum pemberontak, yang dipimpin oleh bekas kepala polisi [[Cap-Haïtien]] [[Guy Philippe]], disebut sebagai "kudeta militer" oleh pengacara Aristide, yang mengklaim bahwa persenjataan berat yang digunakan oleh kaum pemberontak telah dikirim dari [[Republik Dominika]].[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/02/25/1613200] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115041640/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04%2F02%2F25%2F1613200 |date=2007-11-15 }}
==Departure from Haiti==
In the early morning of [[February 29]], [[2004]], after being harshly condemned by the governments of [[France]] and the [[United States]], Aristide flew on a US-dispatched airplane to the [[Central African Republic]]. The circumstances surrounding this flight are a matter of controversy.
 
Menjelang akhir [[Februari 2004|Februari]], kaum pemberontak terus maju hingga hanya beberapa kilometer dari ibu kota, [[Port-au-Prince]].
According to a ''[[Washington Times]],'' article of April, 2004
: Mr. Aristide, who accuses the [[United States]] and [[France]] of conspiring to force him out of power, filed a lawsuit in [[Paris]] last week accusing unnamed French officials of "death threats, kidnapping and sequestration" in connection with his flight to Africa.
: The [[George W. Bush|Bush administration]] insists that Mr. Aristide had personally asked for help and voluntarily boarded a U.S. plane. "He drafted and signed his letter of resignation all by himself and then voluntarily departed with his wife and his own security team," Mr. Powell said[http://www.washtimes.com/world/20040406-124703-4585r.htm].
 
== Meninggalkan Haiti ==
Many media sources reported that Aristide had resigned and been refused asylum by [[South Africa]]. On [[March 1]], [[2004]], US Congresswoman [[Maxine Waters]] (D-CA), along with [[Randall Robinson]], a family friend of the Aristides, each reported that Aristide had told them using a smuggled cellular telephone that he had been forced to resign against his will by United States diplomats and [[U.S. Marines|Marines]], and that he was abducted against his will, and continued to be held hostage by an undisclosed armed military guard [http://www.democracynow.org/index.pl?issue=20040301], [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20040229/ts_nm/haiti_usa_dc_13].
Pagi-pagi buta [[29 Februari]] [[2004]], setelah dikecam keras oleh pemerintah [[Prancis]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]], Aristide terbang dalam sebuah pesawat yang dikirim oleh AS ke [[Republik Afrika Tengah]]. Keadaan di sekitar penerbangan ini diperdebatkan.
When asked whether Aristide was guarded in the [[Central African Republic]] by [[France|French]] officers, the French [[Defense Minister]] answered that Aristide was protected, not imprisoned, and that he would leave when he could; and that France had many officers present in the Central African Republic following the recent events in that country, but that they did not control Aristide's comings and goings[http://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/communiques/2004/i020304/020304.htm].
 
Menurut sebuah artikel dalam ''[[Washington Times]],'' April, 2004
Both Maxine Waters and United States congressman [[Charles Rangel]][http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20040301/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/us_haiti_20], who also reported talking to Aristide via cellular telephone, said that Aristide said he had not been handcuffed while being led away, while the Agence France Press reported that the caretaker at Aristide's house claimed that Aristide had been handcuffed and led away at gunpoint[http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ft/20040302/bs_ft/1077690805324]. Other reports of Aristide being led away by heavily armed American troops have been made by an Aristide bodyguard and an Orthodox missionary[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/story.jsp?story=497303]. Aristide told [[CNN]] that there were unidentified civilian Americans and Haitians who had forced him to resign and board the plane leaving Haiti[http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20040302/ts_nm/haiti_aristide_kidnap_dc_9].
: Aristide, yang menuduh [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Prancis]] bersekongkol untuk memaksanya melepaskan kekuasaannya, mengajukan tuntutan hukum di [[Paris]] minggu lalu, sambil menuduh pejabat-pejabat Prancis yang tidak disebut namanya melakukan "ancaman pembunuhan, penculikan dan pengasingan" sehubungan dengan penerbangannya ke Afrika..
: Pemerintahan [[George W. Bush]] bersikeras bahwa Aristide secara pribadi telah meminta bantuan dan dengan sukarela menumpang sebuah pesawat AS. "Ia sendiri yang menyusun konsep dan menandatangani surat pengunduran dirinya dan kemudian dengan sukarela berangkat dengan istrinya dan tim pengamanannya sendiri," kata [Colin] Powell [http://www.washtimes.com/world/20040406-124703-4585r.htm].
 
Banyak sumber melaporkan bahwa Aristide telah mengundurkan diri dan ditolak permohonan perlindungannya oleh [[Afrika Selatan]]. Pada [[1 Maret]] [[2004]], [[Maxine Waters]], seorang anggota Kongres AS (Demokrat, California), bersama dengan [[Randall Robinson]], seorang sahabat keluarga Aristide, masing-masing melaporkan bahwa Aristide telah mengatakan kepada mereka melalui sebuah telepon seluler yang diselundupkan bahwa ia telah dipaksa mengundurkan diri oleh para diplomat dan [[marinir]] AS, dan bahwa ia telah diculik dan terus disandera oleh suatu pengawal militer bersenjata yang tidak disebutkan [http://www.democracynow.org/index.pl?issue=20040301] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226110851/https://www.democracynow.org/index.pl?issue=20040301%20 |date=2018-12-26 }}, [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20040229/ts_nm/haiti_usa_dc_13].
The United States vice-president [[Dick Cheney]] and Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]] both reported that Aristide had resigned willingly[http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040302-024937-3556r.htm], [http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&amp;c=Article&amp;cid=1078139090204&amp;call_pageid=968332188492&amp;col=968705899037]. The [[Associated Press]] reported that the Central African Republic tried to get Aristide to stop repeating his charges to the press[http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040302-1154-aristideexile.html]. Aristide has further alleged that the resignation statement that is being touted was altered to remove a conditional statement in which he stated, "'If I am obliged to leave in order to avoid bloodshed."[http://www.reuters.co.uk/printerFriendlyPopup.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=467806]; this was confirmed by a Reuters translation of Aristide's original statement, which matches up word for word except for the one line, in which the conditional has been removed. On [[14 March]] [[2004]], he left the [[Central African Republic]] for [[Jamaica]], to the dismay of the French and American governments, who felt that his presence in the area would have a destabilizing effect on Haiti. The American ambassador to Haiti, James Foley, issued a warning to Aristide to stay at least 150 miles away from Haiti at all times. [[Condoleezza Rice]] is reported to have said that she did not want him in the Western Hemisphere[http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/2004/200403/20040316.html] .
Ketika ditanya apakah Aristide dikawal di [[Republik Afrika Tengah]] oleh perwira-perwira [[Prancis]], [[Menteri Pertahanan]] Prancis menjawab bahwa Aristide dilindungi, bukan ditahan, dan bahwa ia akan pergi apabila ia dapat; dan bahwa Prancis mempunyai banyak perwira yang hadir di Republik Afrika Tengah, setelah sejumlah kejadian di negara itu, tetapi bahwa mereka tidak mengontrol keluar-masuknya Aristide [http://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/communiques/2004/i020304/020304.htm].
 
Maxine Waters dan anggota Kongres AS [[Charles Rangel]][http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20040301/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/us_haiti_20], yang juga dilaporkan berbicara dengan Aristide lewat telepon seluar, mengatakan bahwa Aristide menyebutkan ia tidak diborgol ketika dibawa pergi, sementara AFP melaporkan bahwa penjaga di rumah Aristide mengklaim bahwa Aristide diborgol dan dibawa dengan todongan senjata [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ft/20040302/bs_ft/1077690805324]. Laporan-laporan lain tentang Aristide yang dibawa pergi dengan pasukan-pasukan Amerika yang bersenjata lengkap dibuat oleh seorang pengawal Aristide dan seorang misionaris Ortodoks [http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/story.jsp?story=497303] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310073130/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/story.jsp?story=497303 |date=2005-03-10 }}. Aristide mengatakan kepada [[CNN]] bahwa ada orang-orang sipil Amerika dan Haiti yang tidak beridentifikasi yang telah memaksanya mengundurkan diri dan naik ke pesawat yang berangkat meninggalkan Haiti [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20040302/ts_nm/haiti_aristide_kidnap_dc_9].
[[Lawrence Wilkerson]], former chief of staff to [[Colin Powell]], also commented on Aristide in an interview with [[Amy Goodman]]:
 
Wakil Presiden AS [[Dick Cheney]] dan Menteri Luar Negeri [[Colin Powell]] sama-sama melaporkan bahwa Aristide telah mengundurkan diri dengan sukarela [http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040302-024937-3556r.htm], [http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&amp;c=Article&amp;cid=1078139090204&amp;call_pageid=968332188492&amp;col=968705899037]. [[Associated Press]] melaporkan bahwa Republik Afrika Tengah berusaha memaksa Aristide menghentikan tuduhan-tuduhannya lewat pers [http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040302-1154-aristideexile.html]. Aristide lebih jauh menuduh bahwa pernyataan pengunduran dirinya yang disebut-sebut itu telah diubah untuk menyingkirkan pernyataan bersyaratnya yang berbunyi, "'Kalau saya terpaksa pergi untuk menghindari pertumpahan darah."[http://www.reuters.co.uk/printerFriendlyPopup.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=467806]; hal ini dikuatkan oleh sebuah terjemahan oleh [[Reuters]] terhadp pernyataan asli Aristide, yang cocok kata demi kata kecuali untuk satu baris, di mana persyaratan itu telah dihapus. Pada [[14 Maret]] [[2004]], Aristide meninggalkan [[Republik Afrika Tengah]] dan berangkat ke [[Jamaika]], sehingga menimbulkan kecemasan pada pihak pemerintah Prancis dan Amerika, yang merasa bahwa kehadirannya di daerah itu akan menyebabkan ketidakstabilan di Haiti. Duta besar Amerika untuk Haiti, James Foley, mengeluarkan peringatan kepada Aristide agar tetap berada sekurang-kurangnya 150 mil dari Haiti setiap saat. [[Condoleezza Rice]] dilaporkan pernah mengatakan bahwa ia tidak menginginkan kehadiran Aristide di belahan bumi barat [https://web.archive.org/web/20040405181619/http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/2004/200403/20040316.html] .
: AMY GOODMAN: Why say that the president, Aristide, had an obsession with power? This was a man who was the democratically elected president of Haiti, certainly got a higher percentage of the vote than President Bush got in this country.
: COL. LAWRENCE WILKERSON: Please, don't refer to the percentage of vote as equatable to democracy, as equatable to the kinds of institutions we have reflecting democracy in America[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/11/22/1515240].
 
[[Lawrence Wilkerson]], bekas kepala staf di bawah [[Colin Powell]], juga memberikan komentarnya tentang Aristide dalam sebuah wawancara dengan [[Amy Goodman]]:
After arriving in [[Jamaica]], Aristide gave a full interview, in which he claimed the following specifics (note: The US has neither confirmed nor denied these details, but has insisted that Aristide left willingly): He had met with US ambassador James Foley on [[February 28]], [[2004]] — the day before the rebels were supposed to attack the capital. Foley agreed that Aristide should go on national television to appeal to the nation to remain calm, as he had done the night before. When he arrived at his residence, it was surrounded by "thousands" of troops, mostly Americans, which made him feel intimidated. The Americans told him they would provide him security as they escorted him to the media; however, instead, they took him straight to a white unmarked airplane with a US flag on the side. He was then obligated to board, followed by US troops in full gear who changed into civilian clothes once on board. On board were his wife and 19 members of [[Steele Foundation]], a private military company.
 
: AMY GOODMAN: Mengapa anda mengatakan bahwa Presiden Aristide terobsesi dengan kekuasaan? Dia adalah o rang yang terpilih sebagai presiden Haiti secara demokratis, jelas dengan persentase suara yang lebih tinggi daripada yang diperoleh Presiden Bush di negeri ini.
Aristide's account was directly backed up by two witnesses: a pilot and Aristide aide, Franz Gabriel; and an American security guard on the security detail, who told the ''Washington Post'' about the subterfuge to lure Aristide away: "That was just bogus. It's a story they fabricated"[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61549-2004Mar15].
: KOL. LAWRENCE WILKERSON: Tolong, jangan menganggap persentase suara sama dengan demokrasi, sama dengan jenis-jenis institusi yang kita miliki yang mencerminkan demokrasi di Amerika [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/11/22/1515240] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115034247/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F11%2F22%2F1515240 |date=2007-11-15 }}.
 
Setelah tiba di [[Jamaika]], Aristide memberikan sebuah wawancara lengkap, dan di dalamnya ia mengklaim hal-hal berikut (catatan: AS tidak mengonfirmasi ataupun menyangkal rincian-rincian ini, tetapi tetap menegaskan bahwa Aristide pergi dengan sukarela): Ia bertemu dengan dubes AS James Foley pada [[28 Februari]] [[2004]] — sehari sebelum para pemberontak direncanakan untuk menyerang ibu kota. Foley setuju bahwa Aristide tampil di televisi nasional untuk meminta agar seluruh bangsa tetap tenang, seperti yang telah dilakukannya semalam sebelumnya. Ketika ia tiba di tempat tinggalnya, rumahnya dikepung oleh "ribuan" pasukan, kebanyakan Amerika, yang membuatnya merasa terintimidasi. Orang-orang Amerika mengatakan kepadanya bahwa mereka akan menyediakan pengamanan kepadanya sementara mereka mengantarkannya ke stasiun TV. Namun, sebaliknya, mereka langsung membawanya ke sebuah pesawat putih yang tidak bernama, dengan bendera Amerika di sisinya. Aristide kemudian dipaksa naik ke pesawat, diikuti oleh pasukan-pasukan AS yang bersenjata lengkap yang mengganti pakaian dengan pakaian sipil begitu mereka tiba di pesawat. Di atas pesawat, sudah ada istrinya dan 19 anggota dari [[Steele Foundation]], sebuah perusahaan militer swasta.
On [[May 31]], [[2004]], Aristide and his family flew to [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]], along with [[Congress of the United States|US Congressmen]] from the [[Congressional Black Caucus]]. South Africa characterized his stay as "temporary".
 
Laporan Aristide secara langsung didukung oleh dua orang saksi: seorang pilot dan seorang pembantu Aristide, Franz Gabriel; dan seorang pengawal keamanan Amerika yang memberikan rincian keamanan, yang menceritakan kepada ''Washington Post'' tentang tipuan yang digunakan untuk memancing agar Aristide pergi: "Ini semua cuma tipuan. Ini cuma cerita yang mereka reka-reka"[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61549-2004Mar15] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050922090144/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61549-2004Mar15 |date=2005-09-22 }}.
One year after his departure from Haiti several high ranking members of his government have been arrested or convicted for drug trafficking by the U.S. Government, including the Airport Director and Head of Palace Security. Many have implicated Aristide, however no charges have been filed against the former President.
 
Pada [[31 Mei]] [[2004]], Aristide dan keluarganya terbang ke [[Johannesburg]], [[Afria Selatan]], bersama-sama dengan sejumlah [[Kongres Amerika Serikat|anggota Kongres]] dari [[Kaukus Kulit Hitam Kongres]]. Afrika Selatan menggambarkan masa tinggal Aristide di sana hanya "sementara".
Jean-Bertrand Aristide's dramatic departure from Haiti is the second time the president has been forced into exile.
 
Setahun setelah ia meninggalkan Haiti, beberapa pejabat tinggi pemerintahannya ditangkap atau dinyatakan bersalah karena melakukan penjualan obat bius oleh pemerintah AS, termasuk direktur bandara dan kepala keamanan istana. Banyak yang menyatakan Aristide terlibat, tetapi tak satupun tuduhan yang telah diajukan terhadap diri bekas presiden ini.
Mr Aristide, Haiti's first freely elected president in 200 years of independence, had defiantly insisted he would remain in office until his term officially expired in 2006.
 
== Perkembangan terakhir ==
But the sweeping rebellion which had largely encircled the capital - coming on top of years of complaints about his second election - proved too much, and he left the country on 29 February.
Pada pemilu 2006 untuk menetapkan Presiden yang permanen dan mengakhiri pemerintahan sementara [[Boniface Alexandre]], [[René Préval]] dinyatakan sebagai pemenang. Préval selama ini dikenal sebagai orang yang dekat dengan Aristide. Timbul spekulasi bahwa naiknya Préval menjadi Presiden Haiti akan membuka jalan bagi kepulangan Aristide ke Haiti, dan ke panggung politik negara itu. Namun selama kampanyenya, Préval menyatakan bahwa dia "akan menjadi dirinya sendiri".
 
== Rujukan ==
It is difficult to see how he can stage another comeback, with the United States and France turning against him.
 
Haitian president
Opposition groups demanded Jean-Bertrand Aristide step down
But the former Roman Catholic priest once enjoyed great popular support as a champion of the poor.
 
In 1990, he won the decisive victory which swept him to power as Haiti's first democratically elected president.
 
Months later he was overthrown in a bloody military coup. He sought exile in the US where he campaigned against Haiti's new military rulers.
 
His efforts paid off and he was reinstated in 1994 when the military rulers were forced to step down under international pressure and with the help of 20,000 troops, most of them American.
 
Crises
 
Forbidden to stand for a second consecutive term in 1995, Mr Aristide was replaced by Rene Preval following presidential elections. But he stood in and won the 2000 poll, which was boycotted by opposition groups.
 
His Lavalas Party took more than 80% of the local and parliamentary seats, but international observers criticised the poll.
 
Mr Aristide's second term soon became mired in political, social and economic crises. The opposition refused to recognise the outcome of the 2000 elections. A coup attempt in July 2001 was blamed on former members of the military.
 
Opposition groups claimed that an apparent coup attempt in December of that year had been staged by the government to justify repressive measures.
 
Anti-government protests, which had been frequent and ongoing since the 2000 poll, escalated in late 2003 and turned increasingly violent.
 
Fighter for the poor
 
Jean-Bertrand Aristide was born in 1953 and educated at a Roman Catholic school and seminary.
 
He was ordained in 1982 and became a strong supporter of liberation theology, which pressed the church to engage with social problems, including poverty and oppression. In 1986 he helped to establish a home for street children.
 
Anti-Aristide protester and burning barricade in Gonaives, 2003
Protests against Aristide increased in frequency and intensity in 2003
A stirring orator, he championed the poor, advocated democracy and campaigned against the dictatorship of Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier.
 
But his political stance and growing support angered Haiti's incumbent leaders, and he was the target of several assassination attempts in the 1980s.
 
His political activities were also unpopular with church officials. He was expelled from his religious order in 1988 and left the priesthood in 1994. He later married.
 
Mr Aristide promised to hold parliamentary elections in 2004 and to instigate a programme to help the poor.
 
But he singularly failed to address political divisions, and under his rule Haiti retained its status as the poorest nation in the Americas.
 
Mr Aristide stepped down a day after Washington questioned "his fitness to continue to govern" amid a crisis which, it said, was largely of his making.-->
 
 
==References==
* Demos, Telis (Nov. 14, 2005). "Caribbean Chaos". ''[[Fortune (majalah)|Fortune]]'', hlm. 32.
* FAUNTROY, Christopher G. (September 24, 2002). [http://www.wehaitians.com/for%20democracy%20to%20prosper%20haiti%20aristide%20must%20be%20dealt%20with.html For Democracy to Prosper, Haiti Aristide Must be Dealt With]. ''[http://wehaitians.com./ We Haitians]''.
 
== Pranala luar ==
 
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3379135.stm/ Profil: Jean-Bertrand Aristide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219061343/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3379135.stm |date=2006-02-19 }}
== Pranala luar ==
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3379135.stm/ Profil: Jean-Bertrand Aristide]
* {{en}} [http://news.google.com/news?q=jean-bertrand%20aristide&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=N&tab=in Google News Coverage — ''Jean-Bertrand Aristide'']
* {{en}} [http://www.democracynow.org/static/haiti.shtml Democracy Now! coverageliputan oftentang penyingkiran Aristide's ouster (text/audio/video)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040228053258/http://www.democracynow.org/static/haiti.shtml |date=2004-02-28 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0413-08.htm CommonDreams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109114822/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0413-08.htm |date=2006-01-09 }}: theAS USdan andPrancis Francemenyangkal deniestuduhan Aristide's, charges;tetapi butmenghalangi blockpenyelidikan UNoleh probesPBB
* {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20031031062140/http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2003/countryratings/haiti.htm Haiti's "freedom rating"]
* {{en}} [https://listhost.uchicago.edu/mailman/listinfo/haiti-news Haiti-news list] NewsBerita fromdari Haiti
* {{en}} Naomi Klein, ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[July18 18Juli]], 2005, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1530646,00.html "6/7: the massacrepembantaian ofkaum themiskin pooryang thattidak thedapat worlddiabaikan ignoreddunia: TheAS UStidak cannotdapat acceptmenerima thatbahwa thepresiden HaitianHaiti presidentyang itdigulingkannya oustedmasih stilltetap hasmempunyai supportdukungan"]
* {{en}} [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n08/farm01_.html Paul Farmer, Who Removed Aristide?] ''London Review of Books'' 15 April 2004
* {{en}} [http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Haiti/Who_Is_Aristide.html] ''Who Is Aristide'' byoleh Paul Farmer indalam ''The use of Haiti''
* {{en}} [http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=the_2004_removal_of_jean-bertrand_aristide Garis Timelinewaktu ofperistiwa eventsyang relatingberkaitan todengan Jean-Bertrand Aristide]
 
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[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1953:Aristide, Jean-Bertrand]]
{{succession box|title=[[Presiden Haiti]]|before=[[Ertha Pascal-Trouillot]]|after=[[Raoul Cédras]]|years=1991}}
{{succession box|title=[[Presiden Haiti]]|before=[[Marc Bazin]]|after=[[Émile Jonassaint]]|years=1993–1994}}
{{succession box|title=[[Presiden Haiti]]|before=[[Émile Jonassaint]]|after=[[René Préval]]|years=1994–1996}}
{{succession box|title=[[Presiden Haiti]]|before=[[René Préval]]|after=[[Boniface Alexandre]]|years=2001–2004}}
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Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide"