Erich von Manstein: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 50:
'''Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Lewinski''', dikenal dengan nama '''Erich von Manstein''' (24 November 1887 – 9 Juni 1973), adalah komandan ''[[Wehrmacht]]'', angkatan darat [[Jerman Nazi]] selama [[Perang Dunia Kedua]]. Ia berpangkat [[Marsekal Lapangan]].
Ia lahir di keluarga aristokrat [[Prusia]] yang telah lama berkecimpung di dalam dunia [[militer]]. Manstein bergabung dengan [[angkatan darat]] pada usia yang muda dan pernah bertugas di [[Front Barat (Perang Dunia I)|Front Barat]] dan [[Front Timur (Perang Dunia I)|Front Timur]] selama [[Perang Dunia Pertama]] (1914–18). Ia naik pangkat menjadi kapten menjelang berakhirnya perang dan turut serta dalam upaya Jerman untuk membangun kembali angkatan daratnya selama [[periode antar perang]]. Pada September 1939, setelah dilancarkannya [[invasi Polandia]] pada permulaan [[Perang Dunia Kedua]], ia menjabat sebagai Kepala Staf '''Satuan Darat Selatan''' [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]. [[Adolf Hitler]] lalu memilih [[Rencana Manstein|strategi]] yang disusun oleh Manstein untuk [[Pertempuran Prancis|menyerbu Prancis]] pada Mei 1940, sebuah rencana yang nantinya akan disempurnakan oleh [[Franz Halder]] dan anggota-anggota '''OKH (Oberkommando des Heeres/Komando Tertinggi Angkatan Darat Jerman)''' lainnya. Manstein mengantisipasi serangan balasan dari Sekutu bila invasi dilancarkan lewat [[Belgia]], sehingga ia merancang sebuah operasi yang inovatif yang disebut ''[[Sichelschnitt]]'' ("potongan sabit"). Operasi ini akan melancarkan serangan lewat wilayah [[Ardennes]] dan kemudian pasukan Jerman akan bergerak dengan cepat ke wilayah pesisir [[Selat Inggris]] untuk menjebak pasukan Prancis dan Sekutu di [[Belgia]] dan [[Flandria]]. Rencana ini berhasil dan Manstein naik pangkat menjadi jenderal. Ia kemudian turut serta dalam [[Operasi Barbarossa|invasi Uni Soviet]] pada Juni 1941 dan [[Pengepungan Sevastopol (1941–1942)]], dan kemudian diangkat menjadi marsekal lapangan pada 1 Juli 1942. Ia juga terlibat dalam [[Pengepungan Leningrad]].
Namun, Jerman mulai mengalami kekalahan pada akhir tahun 1942, terutama setelah terjadinya [[Pertempuran Stalingrad]]. Manstein sendiri memimpin operasi penyelamatan di [[Stalingrad]] yang disebut '''Operasi ''Wintergewitter''''' pada Desember 1942, tetapi operasi tersebut mengalami kegagalan. Meskipun begitu, serangan balasan Manstein dalam [[Pertempuran Kharkov Ketiga]] (Februari–Maret 1943) berhasil merebut kembali beberapa wilayah dan menghancurkan tiga angkatan darat Soviet. Ia lalu menjadi salah satu komandan utama dalam [[Pertempuran Kursk]] (Juli–Agustus 1943), salah satu pertempuran tank terbesar dalam sejarah. Akan tetapi, ia pada akhirnya diberhentikan pada Maret 1944 karena ia berselisih pendapat dengan [[Hitler]] terkait dengan jalannya perang. Ia tidak pernah diberi tugas komando lagi dan kemudian ditawan oleh pasukan Britania pada Agustus 1945, beberapa bulan setelah kekalahan Jerman.
Baris 60:
* {{cite book | last = Bartov | first = Omer | authorlink = Omer Bartov | chapter = Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich | pages = 129–150 | title = The Third Reich | editor-last = Leitz | editor-first = Christian |publisher = Blackwell | location = London | year= 1999 | isbn = 978-0-631-20700-9 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | authorlink = Antony Beevor | title = Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege, 1942–1943 | url = https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00beev | year = 1999 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-028458-4 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Barratt | first = Stephen | authorlink = Stephen Barratt | title = Zhitomir- Berdichev | year = 2012 | publisher = Helion | location = Solihull | isbn = 978-1-907677-66-3 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Burleigh | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Burleigh | title = The Third Reich: A New History | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichnewhis00burl | year = 2000 | publisher = Hill and Wang | location = New York | isbn = 0-8090-9326-X | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | authorlink = Richard J. Evans | title = The Third Reich at War | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0 | year = 2008 | publisher = Penguin Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Forczyk | first = Robert | title = Sevastopol 1942: Von Manstein's Triumph | publisher = Osprey | location = Oxford | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-84603-465-7 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Forczyk | first = Robert | title = Manstein: Leadership – Strategy – Conflict | publisher = Osprey | location = Oxford | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-84603-221-9 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Glantz | first = David M. | authorlink = David Glantz | title = When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0 | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, KS | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-7006-0899-7 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Glantz | first1 = David M. | last2 = House | first2 = Jonathan M. | title = The Battle of Kursk | url = https://archive.org/details/battleofkursk0000glan | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, KS | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-7006-1335-9 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite AV media | people = [[Guido Knopp|Knopp, Guido]] (creator, director) | year = 1998 | title = Hitler's Warriors: The Strategist | medium = television documentary | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dueGnewPbFQ | accessdate = 28 May 2014 | time = | location = Germany | publisher = [[ZDF]] | ref = {{sfnRef|Knopp|1998}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Knopp | first = Guido | title = Hitlers Krieger | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerskrieger0000unse | trans_title = Hitler's Warriors | year = 2000 | publisher = Goldmann Verlag | location = Munich | isbn = 3-442-15045-0 | language = German | ref = harv}}
* {{cite journal | last =Kopp | first = Roland | title = Die Wehrmacht feiert. Kommandeurs-Reden zu Hitlers 50. Geburtstag am 20. April 1939 | journal = Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift | year = 2003 | volume = 62 | issue = 2 | pages = 471–535 | publisher = Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt | language = German | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Kosk | first = Henryk P | title = Generalicja Polska: Popularny Słownik Biograficzny. T. 2, M – Ż, suplement | location = Pruszków | publisher = Oficyna Wydawnicza Ajaks | year = 2001 | isbn= 978-83-87103-81-1 | language = Polish | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Lemay | first1 = Benoît | others = Heyward, Pierce (trans.) | title = Erich von Manstein: Hitler's Master Strategist | url = https://archive.org/details/erichvonmanstein0000lema | year = 2010 | publisher = Casemate | location = Havertown, PA; Newbury, Berkshire | isbn = 978-1-935149-26-2 | ref = harv }}
* {{citation | last = Longerich | first = Heinz Peter | authorlink = Peter Longerich | title = Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime | chapter = 10. Hitler and the Mass Murders in Poland 1939/40 | publisher = Emory University | location = Atlanta | year = 2003 | url = http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/10.html | accessdate = 5 August 2014 | ref = {{sfnRef|Longerich, Chapter 10|2003}} | postscript = . | archive-date = 2015-10-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151001222518/http://hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/10.html | dead-url = yes }}
* {{cite book | last = Manstein | first = Erich | editor1-last = Powell | editor1-first = Anthony G | title = Lost Victories: The War Memoirs of Hitler's Most Brilliant General | url = https://archive.org/details/lostvictories0000mans | year = 2004 | origyear = 1955 | publisher = Zenith | location = St. Paul, MN | isbn = 0-7603-2054-3 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = McKale | first = Donald M. | title = Nazis After Hitler: How Perpetrators of the Holocaust Cheated Justice and Truth | url = https://archive.org/details/nazisafterhitler0000mcka | year = 2012 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 978-1-4422-1316-6 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Melvin | first = Mungo | authorlink = Mungo Melvin | title = Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General | url = https://archive.org/details/mansteinhitlersg0000melv_j4h5 | year = 2010 | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicholson | location = London | isbn = 978-0-297-84561-4 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Murray | first1 = Williamson | authorlink1 = Williamson Murray | last2 = Millett | first2 = Allan Reed | title = A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War | url = https://archive.org/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_0 | year = 2000 | publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Mass | isbn = 978-0-674-00680-5 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Nipe | first = George M. Jr. | title = Last Victory in Russia: The SS-Panzerkorps and Manstein's Kharkov Counteroffensive, February–March 1943 | publisher = Schiffer | location = Atglen, PA | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-7643-1186-7 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Paget | first = Baron Reginald Thomas | authorlink = Reginald Paget, Baron Paget of Northampton | title = Manstein: Seine Feldzüge und sein Prozess | language = German | year = 1952 | publisher = Limes Verlag | location = Wiesbaden | oclc = 16731799 | ref = harv}}
Baris 83:
* {{cite book | last1 = Smelser | first1 = Ronald | last2 = Davies | first2 = Edward | title = [[The Myth of the Eastern Front]]: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture | year=2008 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-71231-6 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book |last = Thomas |first = Franz | year = 1998 | title = Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z | trans_title = The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z | language = German | location = Osnabrück, Germany | publisher = Biblio-Verlag | isbn = 978-3-7648-2300-9 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite journal | title = Fritz von Manstein: Jan. 10, 1944 | date = 10 January 1944 | work = [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] | publisher = [[Time Warner]] | url = http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19440110,00.html | accessdate = 9 September 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Time''|1944}} | journal = | archive-date = 2013-08-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130826233756/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19440110,00.html | dead-url = yes }}
* {{cite journal | title = Obituary: Field Marshal von Manstein: An outstanding German soldier | date = 13 June 1973 | newspaper = [[The Times]] | url = https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!msg/soc.history.war.world-war-ii/AEii3yIjpYU/Wy8ixLB72f4J | accessdate = 19 August 2012 | format = transcript | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Times'', 13 June 1973}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard | authorlink = Gerhard Weinberg | title = A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II | year = 2005 | origyear = 1994 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-521-85316-3 | ref = harv }}
Baris 98:
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|accessdate=13 May 2016
|archive-date=2022-01-02
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102164851/https://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/biografie-erich-von-manstein.html
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{{Lifetime|1887|1973|Manstein, Erich von}}
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1887]]▼
[[Kategori:Marsekal Lapangan Jerman Nazi]]
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