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Baris 49: Setelah pembangunannya, gerbang ini digunakan sebagai sebuah pintu masuk seremonial simbolis ke India Britania bagi personel kolonial yang penting. Gerbang ini telah disebut sebagai simbol "penaklukan dan kolonisasi" untuk memperingati warisan kolonial Britania. Gerbang ini juga merupakan monumen tempat pasukan Britania terakhir meninggalkan India pada tahun 1948, setelah kemerdekaan India. Gerbang ini terletak di tepi laut pada suatu sudut, di seberang [[Hotel The Taj Mahal Palace]] dan menghadap ke [[Laut Arab]]. Saat ini, monumen ini identik dengan kota Mumbai, dan merupakan salah satu objek wisata utama. Gerbang ini juga merupakan tempat berkumpul bagi penduduk setempat, pedagang kaki lima, dan para fotografer yang merayu jasa pemotretan. Gerbang ini memiliki arti penting bagi komunitas Yahudi setempat karena telah menjadi tempat untuk perayaan [[Hanukkah]], dengan penyalaan [[menorah (Hanukkah)\|menorah]], sejak tahun 2003. Terdapat lima dermaga yang terletak di pintu gerbang, dua di antaranya digunakan untuk operasi feri komersial. == Sejarah dan arti penting == {{multiple image\|perrow=1/1\|total_width=200\|\| align=left\|caption_align=left \| image1 = Gateway of India, Bombay. 1911.JPG\|caption1=Gerbang tahun 1924 \| image2 = Departure of British Troops from India - 28 February 1948 - Gateway of India.jpg\|caption2=Keberangkatan pasukan Britania terakhir dari pintu gerbang ini pada tahun 1948}} Gerbang ini dibangun untuk memperingati kedatangan George V, Kaisar India dan Mary dari Teck, Ratu Permaisuri, di India di Apollo Bunder, Mumbai (saat itu Bombay) pada 2 Desember 1911 sebelum [[Delhi Durbar\|Delhi Durbar tahun 1911]]; ini merupakan kunjungan pertama seorang raja Britania ke India.{{sfn\|Dupée, Jeffrey N.\|2008\|p=114}}{{sfn\|Anthony Hewitt\|1993\|p=173}}{{sfn\|Timothy H. Parsons\|2014\|p=3}} Namun, mereka hanya bisa melihat sebuah model monumen kardus,{{efn-ua\|group=note\|While Dupée (2008) notes that the king and queen passed through a "temporarily constructed mock cardboard and [[pastiche]] structure",{{sfn\|Dupée, Jeffrey N.\|2008\|p=114}} de Bruyn et al. (2008) note the same simply as a "fake cardboard structure"{{sfn\|de Bruyn, Pipa\|2008\|p=92}}.}} karena pembangunan baru dimulai setelah tahun 1915.{{sfn\|Dupée, Jeffrey N.\|2008\|p=114}}{{sfn\|de Bruyn, Pipa\|2010\|p=92}} Batu fondasi untuk gerbang ini diletakkan pada 31 Maret 1913 oleh gubernur Bombay saat itu, [[George Clarke, Baron Sydenham dari Combe ke-1\|Sir George Sydenham Clarke]] dengan desain akhir dari [[George Wittet]] untuk gerbang tersebut disetujui pada Agustus 1914.{{sfn\|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999\|p=42}}{{sfn\|de Bruyn, Pipa\|2010\|p=92}} Sebelum dibangunnya gerbang ini, Apollo Bunder berfungsi sebagai sebuah tempat pemancingan asli.{{sfn\|Gillian Tindall\|1992\|p=6-7}} Antara tahun 1915 dan 1919 pekerjaan berlanjut di Apollo Bunder untuk melakukan reklamasi tanah tempat gerbang ~~itu~~ini akan dibangun, bersamaan dengan pembangunan sebuah tembok laut.{{sfn\|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999\|p=42}}{{sfn\|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999\|p=42}} [[Gammon India]] telah melaksanakan pekerjaan konstruksi untuk gerbang ini.{{sfn\|Renu Saran\|2014\|loc = ch. on 'Gateway of India}}{{efn-ua\|group=note\|Gammon India claims to have done India's first pre-cast reinforced concrete piling for the foundations of the gateway.{{sfn\|B. Karunakar\|2011\|loc= ch. on 'Gammon India Ltd.'}}<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.gammonindia.com/projects/landmark-project-for-gammon-india.htm \|title=Landmark Projects \|website=www.gammonindia.com \|access-date=23 September 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219044719/http://www.gammonindia.com/projects/landmark-project-for-gammon-india.htm \|archive-date=19 February 2019 \|url-status=live }}</ref>}} Fondasinya selesai pada tahun 1920 sementara konstruksinya selesai pada tahun 1924.{{sfn\|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra\|1995\|p=118}}{{sfn\|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra1999\|p=42}} Gerbang ini dibuka untuk umum pada 4 Desember 1924 oleh raja muda saat itu, [[Rufus Isaacs, Marquess dari Reading ke-1]].{{sfn\|Sharada DwivediRahul Mehrotra\|1995}} Setelah kemerdekaan India, pasukan Britania terakhir yang meninggalkan India, Batalion Pertama [[Somerset Light Infantry]], melewati gerbang ini dengan salvo 21 meriam, sebagai bagian dari upacara pada 28 Februari 1948, menandai berakhirnya [[Kemaharajaan Britania]].{{sfn\|Robert W. Bradnock\|1994}}{{sfn\|Jan Morris\|2005\|p=195}}{{efn-ua\|group=note\|Morris (2005) writes about the gateway, "This was where the British landed: and this where, in the end, they left. The Gateway of India did not see many ceremonial arrivals after all, during its three decades under British rule, but it formed the background to one historical departure — the last parade with which, in 1947, the British said goodbye to their Indian Empire."{{sfn\|Jan Morris\|2005\|p=195}}}} N. Kamala, profesor di [[Universitas Jawaharlal Nehru]],<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/nkamala \|title=N. Kamala \|website=jnu.ac.in \|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University \|access-date=19 September 2019 \|archive-date=2023-04-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405085336/https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/nkamala \|dead-url=no }}</ref> menyebut gerbang ini sebagai sebuah "permata di mahkota" dan sebuah "simbol penaklukan dan kolonisasi".{{sfn\|SimonSt-Pierre\|2000\|p=245\|loc=chpt. 13}}{{efn-ua\|group=note\|Kamala (2000) writes, "Through the Gateway, the imperial traveller could perceive in his mind's eye the vision of a subject-nation, a nation constructed and processed in and for his gaze. As Tejaswini Niranjana points out, one of the professed aims of English education was to give the colonized, "along with the English language, models of national culture" (1992, 107),{{sfn\|Tejaswini Niranjana\|1992\|p=107}} the stated objectives being to "give a liberal English education to the middle and upper classes, in order that we may furnish them with both the materials and models for the formation of a national literature" (Trevelyan 1838, 175).{{sfn\|Charles Edward Trevelyan\|1838\|p=175}} While various notions of India—indeed, various Indias—may have pre-existed British colonization, this one monolithic nation, India, was constructed only in English translation. The Gateway of India looked outward, welcoming the colonizer, a symbol and facilitator of appropriation, but it also looked inward, bringing a people together (and driving them apart) as they dutifully defined their nation in the curiously perceived neutrality of the English language."{{sfn\|SimonSt-Pierre\|2000\|p=245\|loc=chpt. 13}}}} Monumen ini memperingati warisan pemerintahan kolonial Britania; yakni kunjungan pertama seorang raja Britania ke India dan penggunaannya sebagai titik masuk bagi personel kolonial terkemuka ke India Britania.{{sfn\|SimonSt-Pierre\|2000\|p=245}} Saat ini gerbang tersebut identik dengan kota Mumbai.<ref name="deccan">{{cite news \| url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gateway-india-be-digitally-719577.html \| title=Gateway of India to be digitally preserved \| date=21 February 2019 \| newspaper=Deccan Herald \| accessdate=13 August 2019 \| author=Bose, Mrityunjay \| location=Mumbai \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813105317/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gateway-india-be-digitally-719577.html \| archive-date=13 August 2019 \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kulkarni">{{Cite news \|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-passenger-jetty-promenade-planned-at-apollo-bunder-2128420 \|title=Passenger jetty, promenade planned at Apollo Bunder \|last=Kulkarni \|first=Dhaval \|date=25 September 2015 \|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis \|access-date=20 September 2019 \|last2=Shaikh \|first2=Ateeq \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209032404/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-passenger-jetty-promenade-planned-at-apollo-bunder-2128420 \|archive-date=9 December 2015 \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn-ua\|group=note\|The gateway has also been featured in films shot in or with stories based in Mumbai. Ranjani Mazumdar (2010), referring to the 1989 Indian film ''[[Parinda]]'', writes, "In a city where the rich and poor live cheek by jowl, where disenchantment is the experience of the majority, Mumbai Noir has become synonymous with urban decay, crime, claustrophobia, and an assortment of characters marked by some sort of death wish...Karan is soon sucked into a vortex of violence in a narrative that consciously uses Mumbai's familiar locations like the Gateway of India, the Babulnath Temple, the fountains and various abandoned factories...Urban space is not just the backdrop but a central character in the film and the use of the Gateway of India to stage a bloody climax paved the way for a new imagination of violence."{{sfn\|Helio San Miguel\|2012\|loc= chpt. on 'Mumbai Noir'}}<br/>There is also a 1957 Indian film titled ''Gateway of India'' featuring the monument, starring [[Madhubala]] and [[Om Prakash]].{{sfn\|Deepa Gahlot2015\|loc=chpt. on 'Gateway of India (1957)'}}}} Sejak pembangunannya, gerbang ini tetap merupakan salah satu di antara bangunan pertama yang terlihat oleh pengunjung yang tiba di Bombay melalui laut.{{sfn\|Chatterji, Monojit\|1997\|pp=233-234}}{{efn-ua\|group=note\|Tindall (1992) writes, "If Bombay is, as some think, an Indian city with a Western façade, then the Gateway and the Taj{{efn-ua\|group=note\|Referring to the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel\|Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] located opposite the gateway, both visible together from the sea.}} are this façade in spite of their determinedly oriental opulence."{{sfn\|Gillian Tindall\|1992\|p=12}} While Dupée (2008) writes, "The city's dramatical imperial arch graced the harbor's approach, lending substance to the characterization that Bombay was the "gateway" or "front door" to the subcontinent, not unlike, according to one author, the [[Arc de Triomphe]]'s as entryway into the city of [[Paris]]...The arch of honey-colored basalt was not completed until 1924, but once erected it became for travellers the city's dominant architectural icon. The Taj Mahal Hotel, situated nearby, also faced the harbour, commanding a stunning view of the sea and, dependent upon the traveller's aesthetic tastes, lending an imposing grandeur to the city's image."{{sfn\|Dupée, Jeffrey N.\|2008\|p=114}} Yet Monojit (1997) notes, "Visible from way out at sea, it was the first sight of normality in what was to be an alien land...Today, the Gateway is a favourite promenade spot for thousands of Bomabyites...the Gateway that once symbolised Imperial rule still symbolises the city's closeness to the West, its contact with the outside world."{{sfn\|Chatterji, Monojit\|1997\|p=233}}}} ==Lihat pula==▼ Sejak tahun 2003, gerbang ini telah menjadi lokasi bagi komunitas Yahudi setempat untuk menyalakan menorah untuk perayaan Hanukkah setiap tahun.<ref name="hanukkah"/><ref>{{cite news \| url=https://religionnews.com/2018/12/14/photos-of-the-week-52/ \| title=Photos of the Week \| date=14 December 2018 \| newspaper=Religion News Service \| accessdate=16 August 2019 \| author=Doyle, Kit \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816171233/https://religionnews.com/2018/12/14/photos-of-the-week-52/ \| archive-date=16 August 2019 \| url-status=live }}</ref> Ritual ini dimulai oleh [[Gavriel Holtzberg\|Rabi Gavriel Noach Holtzberg]] dari ''[[chabad]]'' di Mumbai (terletak di [[Nariman House]]).<ref name="hanukkah">{{cite news \| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hanukkah-lights-up-at-gateway-of-india-with-a-wish-to-spread-light-and-love/ \| title=Hanukkah lights up at Gateway of India, with a wish to spread light and love \| newspaper=Indian Express \| date=21 December 2014 \| accessdate=16 August 2019 \| author=Iyer, Kavitha \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816171256/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hanukkah-lights-up-at-gateway-of-india-with-a-wish-to-spread-light-and-love/ \| archive-date=16 August 2019 \| url-status=live }}</ref> Ia juga menjadi tempat berdoa setelah [[Serangan teroris Mumbai November 2008\|serangan teroris Mumbai 2008]] yang menargetkan, antara lain, Nariman House.<ref>{{cite news \| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/baby-moshe-s-grandparents-in-mumbai-to-conduct-prayers/story-6EZOIHtEqO8s5KpQ3Zpb1K.html \| title=Baby Moshe's grandparents in Mumbai, to conduct prayers \| date=25 December 2008 \| newspaper=Hindustan Times \| accessdate=16 August 2019 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816171231/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/baby-moshe-s-grandparents-in-mumbai-to-conduct-prayers/story-6EZOIHtEqO8s5KpQ3Zpb1K.html \| archive-date=16 August 2019 \| url-status=live }}</ref> Rabi Holtzberg kehilangan nyawanya dalam serangan teroris tahun 2008 tersebut.<ref name = "hanukkah"/> ▲== Lihat pula == * [[Daftar objek wisata di Mumbai]] == Catatan kaki == {{notelist-ua\|30em}} == Referensi == === Catatan dan laporan berita === {{reflist\|30em}} === Buku dan jurnal === {{Refbegin\|40em}} * {{cite book\|ref = {{harvid\|Civic Affairs\|1961}}\|title=Civic Affairs\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOkmAQAAIAAJ\|year=1961\|publisher=P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801100847/https://books.google.com/books?id=aOkmAQAAIAAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref = {{harvid\|Bombay Civic Journal\|1975}}\|title=The Bombay Civic Journal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4zRyapZSRMC\|year=1975\|publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801100847/https://books.google.com/books?id=N4zRyapZSRMC\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=A. K. Bag\|title=History of Technology in India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDshAQAAIAAJ\|year=2001\|publisher=Indian National Science Academy\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801100848/https://books.google.com/books?id=lDshAQAAIAAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Ajoy Kumar Sen\|title=Tourism in India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ugbAAAAIAAJ\|year=1991\|publisher=Modern Book Agency}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Anthony Hewitt\|title=Corridors of Time: Distant Footsteps Through the Empire 1914-1948\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHduAAAAMAAJ\|year=1993\|publisher=Pentland\|isbn=978-1-85821-092-6\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801100848/https://books.google.com/books?id=GHduAAAAMAAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=B.K. Chaturvedi\|title=Tourist Centers Of India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLcFkhRZPYC\|year=2002\|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.\|isbn=978-81-7182-137-2\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801100848/https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLcFkhRZPYC\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=B. Karunakar\|title=Corporate Champions: Excellent Companies of India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqKoDwAAQBAJ\|date=7 December 2011\|publisher=SAGE Publishing India\|isbn=978-81-321-1919-7\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101855/https://books.google.com/books?id=aqKoDwAAQBAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite journal \| ref=harv \| title=Religion and identity in India's heritage tourism \| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-tourism-research_2008-07_35_3/page/790 \| author=Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan \| journal=Annals of Tourism Research \| year=2008 \| volume=35 \| issue=3 \| pages=790–808 \| doi=10.1016/j.annals.2008.06.004 \| display-authors=et al. }} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Berlitz\|title=Berlitz Pocket Guide India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0StHDwAAQBAJ\|date=1 August 2017\|publisher=Apa Publications\|isbn=978-1-78573-058-0\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101921/https://books.google.com/books?id=0StHDwAAQBAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Bombay State Road Transport Corporation\|title=State Transport Review\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbWAAAAMAAJ\|volume=9\|year=1958\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101857/https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbWAAAAMAAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{Britannica\|72526\|Mumbai - Cultural Life\|Chakravarthi Raghavan}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Charles Edward Trevelyan\|title=On the Education of the People of India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGNJAAAAIAAJ\|year=1838\|publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans\|author-link=Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101857/https://books.google.com/books?id=zGNJAAAAIAAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite journal \| ref=harv \| title=Gateway to the globe \| author=Chatterji, Monojit \| journal=The World Today \| year=1997 \| volume=53 \| issue=8/9 \| pages=233–234 \|jstor=40475975}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=DK Travel\|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K51tBAAAQBAJ\|date=1 October 2014\|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited\|isbn=978-0-241-01348-9\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101857/https://books.google.com/books?id=K51tBAAAQBAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=de Bruyn, Pipa\|display-authors=et al.\|title=Frommer's India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1ksAQAAMAAJ\|date=4 March 2008\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|isbn=9780470556108\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801101857/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1ksAQAAMAAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book \| ref=harv\| url=https://books.google.com/?id=poQPvwEACAAJ&dq=frommers+india+2008 \| title=Frommer's India \| publisher=Wiley \| author=de Bruyn, Pipa\| display-authors=et al. \| year=2010 \| isbn=9780470556108\| access-date=2019-11-18\| archive-date=2023-08-01\| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102359/https://books.google.com/books?id=poQPvwEACAAJ&dq=frommers+india+2008&hl=en\| dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Deepa Gahlot\|title=Take-2: 50 Films That Deserve a New Audience\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ\|date=1 October 2015\|publisher=Hay House, Inc\|isbn=978-93-84544-85-0\|author-link=Deepa Gahlot\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102401/https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book \| ref=harv \| url=https://books.google.com/?id=UpT2CwAAQBAJ&dq=queen+mary+king+george+cardboard+structure \| title=Traveling India in the Age of Gandhi \| publisher=University Press of America \| author=Dupée, Jeffrey N. \| year=2008 \| isbn=9781461693116 \| access-date=2019-11-18 \| archive-date=2023-08-01 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102400/https://books.google.com/books?id=UpT2CwAAQBAJ&dq=queen+mary+king+george+cardboard+structure&hl=en \| dead-url=no ~~9781461693116~~}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Gillian Tindall\|title=City of Gold: The Biography of Bombay\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKwmBWs-jGMC\|year=1992\|publisher=Penguin Books India\|isbn=978-0-14-009500-5\|author-link=Gillian Tindall\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102359/https://books.google.com/books?id=fKwmBWs-jGMC\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Helio San Miguel\|title=World Film Locations: Mumbai\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsCrDwAAQBAJ\|date=21 September 2012\|publisher=Intellect Books\|isbn=978-1-84150-679-1}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author1=Jagir Singh Bajwa\|author2=Ravinder Kaur\|title=Tourism Management\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVXCiwdwPxsC\|year=2007\|publisher=APH Publishing\|isbn=978-81-313-0047-3\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102420/https://books.google.com/books?id=TVXCiwdwPxsC\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Jan Morris\|title=Stones of Empire: The Buildings of the Raj\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zD1Ugfq9KwC\|year=2005\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-280596-6\|author-link=Jan Morris\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102900/https://books.google.com/books?id=8zD1Ugfq9KwC\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Kirpal Sigh Annie Mathew\|title=Middle School Social Sciences\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyohfLCDOUkC\|publisher=Frank Brothers\|isbn=978-81-8409-103-8\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102900/https://books.google.com/books?id=RyohfLCDOUkC\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite journal \| ref=harv\|title='The Viceroys are Disappearing from the Roundabouts in Delhi': British symbols of power in post-colonial India \| author=McGarr, Paul M. \| journal=Modern Asian Studies \| year=2015 \| volume=49 \| issue=3 \| pages=787–831 \| doi=10.1017/s0026749x14000080}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Melody S. Mis\|title=How to Draw India's Sights and Symbols\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsWERNisCTgC\|date=15 December 2004\|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc\|isbn=978-1-4042-2732-3\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102901/https://books.google.com/books?id=JsWERNisCTgC\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Narasingha Prosad Sil\|title=Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTDPlJPyV_MC\|year=1997\|publisher=Susquehanna University Press\|isbn=978-0-945636-97-7\|author-link=Narasingha Sil\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102902/https://books.google.com/books?id=pTDPlJPyV_MC\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author= P. K. Agrawal\|title=Indian Culture, Art and Heritage\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cJmDwAAQBAJ\|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan\|isbn=978-93-5266-926-4\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102902/https://books.google.com/books?id=1cJmDwAAQBAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Renu Saran\|title=Monuments of India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHNOBAAAQBAJ\|date=19 August 2014\|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd\|isbn=978-93-5165-298-4\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102904/https://books.google.com/books?id=xHNOBAAAQBAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Sarina Singh\|title=Lonely Planet India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA783\|date=15 September 2010\|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications\|isbn=978-1-74220-347-8}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author1=Sharada Dwivedi\|author2=Rahul Mehrotra\|title=Bombay: The Cities Within\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RuhOAAAAMAAJ\|year=1995\|publisher=India Book House\|isbn=978-81-85028-80-4\|author1-link=Sharada Dwivedi}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author1=Sharada Dwivedi\|author2=Rahul Mehrotra\|title=Fort walks: around Bombay's Fort area\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTRuAAAAMAAJ\|year=1999\|publisher=Eminence Designs\|isbn=978-81-900602-3-3\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801103410/https://books.google.com/books?id=rTRuAAAAMAAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|first1=Sherry\|last1= Simon\|first2=Paul \|last2=St-Pierre\|title=Changing the Terms: Translating in the Postcolonial Era\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmJ5O0ZOwqsC\|year=2000\|publisher=University of Ottawa Press\|isbn=978-0-7766-0524-1\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801103423/https://books.google.com/books?id=cmJ5O0ZOwqsC\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Shobhna Gupta\|title=Monuments of India\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC\|year=2003\|publisher=Har-Anand Publications\|isbn=978-81-241-0926-7\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801103402/https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Robert W. Bradnock\|title=South Asian Handbook\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=le8uAQAAIAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Trade & Travel Publications}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Tejaswini Niranjana\|title=Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SELEnpv0CJkC\|date=8 January 1992\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-91136-9\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801103404/https://books.google.com/books?id=SELEnpv0CJkC\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite book\|ref=harv\|author=Timothy H. Parsons\|title=The Second British Empire: In the Crucible of the Twentieth Century\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urpKBAAAQBAJ\|date=7 August 2014\|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers\|isbn=978-1-4422-3529-8\|access-date=2019-11-18\|archive-date=2023-08-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801103404/https://books.google.com/books?id=urpKBAAAQBAJ\|dead-url=no}} * {{cite journal \| ref=harv \| title=Weathering impact on the colour of building stones of the 'Gateway of India' monument \| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-geology_2005-09_48_6/page/788 \| author=Tiwari, L. B. \| display-authors=et al. \| journal=Environmental Geology \| year=2005 \| volume=48 \| issue=6 \| pages=788–794 \| doi=10.1007/s00254-005-0020-4 \| bibcode=2005EnGeo..48..788T }} {{refend}} == Pranala luar == {{commons category}} * [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gateway+Of+India+Mumbai/@18.9222281,72.8346631,2a,75y,222.56h,90.21t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1snjNnaONbfz98G8zuMYztCg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!2sGateway+Of+India+Mumbai!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543!3m4!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543 Interactive 360° imagery of the gateway] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184812/https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gateway+Of+India+Mumbai/@18.9222281,72.8346631,2a,75y,222.56h,90.21t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1snjNnaONbfz98G8zuMYztCg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!2sGateway+Of+India+Mumbai!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543!3m4!1s0x3be7d1c73a0d5cad:0xc70a25a7209c733c!8m2!3d18.9219841!4d72.8346543 \|date=2022-07-13 }} * {{osmrelation-inline\|6356858}} {{~~Portalbar~~Portal\|India~~\|Arsitektur\|state=collapsed~~}} [[Kategori:Bangunan batu]]