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Baris 456: </gallery> Timbal adalah kontaminan logam berat yang paling umum.<ref>{{harvnb\|Di Maio\|2001\|p=208}}</ref> Tingkatannya di lingkungan perairan masyarakat industri diperkirakan dua sampai tiga kali tingkatan di masa pra-industri.<ref>{{harvnb\|Perry\|Vanderklein\|1996\|p=208}}</ref> Sebagai komponen [[tetraetil timbal]], {{chem2\|(CH\|3\|CH\|2\|)\|4\|Pb}}, timbal digunakan secara luas dalam [[bensin]] selama tahun 1930-~~1970an~~1970-an.<ref>{{harvnb\|Love\|1998\|p=208}}</ref> Meskipun penggunaan bensin bertimbal sudah lenyap dari bumi Amerika Utara pada tahun 1996, tanah di sekitar jalan yang dibangun sebelum masa ini mengandung timbal dalam konsentrasi tinggi.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hendrickson\|2016\|p=42}}</ref> Penelitian terakhir menunjukkan korelasi statistik yang signifikan antara laju penggunaan bensin bertimbal dan tingkat kriminalitas dengan kekerasan di Amerika Serikat; dengan memperhitungkan jeda waktu 22 tahun (untuk usia rata-rata kriminal dengan kekerasan), kurva kejahatan dengan kekerasan sebanding dengan kurva paparan timbal.<ref>{{harvnb\|Reyes\|2007\|pp=1, 20, 35–36}}</ref> Logam berat lainnya yang dicatat untuk sifat potensi bahayanya, biasanya sebagai polutan toksik lingkungan, termasuk mangan (kerusakan sitem saraf pusat);<ref>{{harvnb\|Emsley\|2011\|p=311}}</ref> kobalt dan [[nikel]] ([[karsinogen]]);<ref>{{harvnb\|Wiberg\|2001\|pp=1474, 1501}}</ref> tembaga,<ref name="Tokar" /> seng,<ref>{{harvnb\|Eisler\|1993\|pp=3, passim}}</ref> selenium<ref>{{harvnb\|Lemony\|1997\|p=259}}; {{harvnb\|Ohlendorf\|2003\|p=490}}</ref> dan [[perak]]<ref>{{harvnb\|State Water Control Resources Board\|1987\|p=63}}</ref> (gangguan [[sistem endokrin\|endokrin]], [[kelainan bawaan]], atau efek keracunan umum pada ikan, tumbuhan, unggas, atau organisme air lainnya); timah, sebagai [[organotimah]] (kerusakan sistem saraf pusat);<ref>{{harvnb\|Scott\|1989\|pp=107–108}}</ref> antimon (ditengarai karsinogen);<ref>{{harvnb\|International Antimony Association\|2016}}</ref> dan [[talium]] (kerusakan sistem saraf pusat).<ref name="Tokar" />{{#tag:ref\|Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag dan Sb terdaftar dalam ''Daftar Polutan Beracun'' yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Amerika Serikat;<ref>{{harvnb\|United States Government\|2014}}</ref> Mn, Co, dan Sn terdaftar dalam ''Inventaris Polutan Nasional'' yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia.<ref>{{harvnb\|Australian Government\|2016}}</ref>\|group=n}}{{#tag:ref\|Tungsten bisa jadi logam berat beracun lainnya.<ref name="United States Environmental Protection Agency 2014">{{harvnb\|United States Environmental Protection Agency\|2014}}</ref>\|group=n}} Baris 665: Logam berat sampai [[puncak besi\|sekitar besi]] (dalam tabel periodik) sebagian besar terbentuk melalui [[nukleosintesis stelar\|nukleosintesis bintang]]. Dalam proses ini, unsur yang lebih ringan mulai dari hidrogen hingga [[silikon]] mengalami reaksi [[Fusi nuklir\|fusi]] berturut-turut di dalam bintang, melepaskan cahaya dan panas dan membentuk unsur yang lebih berat dengan nomor atom yang lebih tinggi.<ref name="Cox">{{harvnb\|Cox\|1997\|pp=73–89}}</ref> Logam berat yang lebih berat biasanya tidak terbentuk melalui cara ini karena reaksi fusi yang melibatkan inti tersebut akan lebih mengkonsumsi energi daripada melepaskan energi.<ref>{{harvnb\|Cox\|1997\|pp=32, 63, 85}}</ref> Sebaliknya, sebagian besar disintesis (dari unsur dengan nomor atom yang lebih rendah) melalui [[Tangkapan neutron\|penangkapan neutron]], dengan dua moda utama penangkapan berulang ini adalah [[proses s]] dan [[proses r]]. Dalam proses s ("s" singkatan dari "''slow''", '''lambat'''), tangkapan tunggal dipisahkan oleh tahun atau dekade, sehingga inti yang tidak stabil mengalami [[peluruhan beta]],<ref>{{harvnb\|Podosek\|2011\|p=482}}</ref> Sementara dalam proses r ("''rapid''", '''cepat'''), tangkapan terjadi lebih cepat ~~dari pada~~daripada peluruhan nuklir. Oleh karena itu, proses s membutuhkan jalur yang kurang lebih jelas: sebagai contoh, inti kadmium-110 yang stabil dibombardir secara berturut-turut oleh neutron bebas di dalam bintang sampai membentuk inti kadmium-115 yang tidak stabil dan meluruh membentuk indium-115 (yang hampir stabil, dengan waktu paruh {{val\|30000}} kali usia alam semesta). Inti ini menangkap neutron dan membentuk indium-116, yang tidak stabil, dan meluruh membentuk timah-116, dan seterusnya.<ref name="Cox" /><ref>{{harvnb\|Padmanabhan\|2001\|p=234}}</ref>{{#tag:ref\|Dalam beberapa kasus, misalnya dengan adanya [[fotodisintegrasi\|sinar gamma energi tinggi]] atau dalam suatu [[proses rp\|lingkungan kaya hidrogen pada suhu sangat tinggi]], inti subjek dapat mengalami kehilangan neutron atau menarik proton yang menghasilkan (relatif jarang) [[inti p\|isotop yang kekurangan neutron]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Rehder\|2010\|pp=32, 33}}</ref>\|group=n}} Sebaliknya, tidak ada jalur seperti itu dalam proses r. Proses s berhenti di bismut karena dua unsur berikutnya, polonium dan astatin, memiliki waktu paruh pendek, yang meluruh menjadi bismut atau timbal. Proses r sangat cepat sehingga bisa melewati zona ketidakstabilan ini dan terus membentuk unsur yang lebih berat seperti [[thorium]] dan uranium.<ref>{{harvnb\|Hofmann\|2002\|pp=23–24}}</ref> Logam berat memadat di planet-planet sebagai hasil proses evolusi dan destruksi bintang. Bintang kehilangan sebagian besar massa mereka saat [[Kehilangan massa bintang\|terlontar]] di akhir masa hidup mereka, dan kadang-kadang, sebagai hasil penggabungan [[bintang neutron]],<ref>{{harvnb\|Hadhazy\|2016}}</ref>{{#tag:ref\|Pelontatan materi ketika dua bintang neutron bertabrakan dikaitkan dengan interaksi [[gaya Tidal]], kemungkinan gangguan kerak bumi, dan guncangan akibat panas (itulah yang terjadi jika Anda meletakkan akselerator ke dalam mobil saat mesin masih dingin).<ref>{{harvnb\|Choptuik\|Lehner\|Pretorias\|2015\|p=383}}</ref>\|group=n}} akan meningkatkan kelimpahan unsur yang lebih berat daripada helium di [[medium antarbintang\|media antar bintang]]. Ketika daya tarik gravitasi menyebabkan materi ini menyatu dan runtuh, [[Hipotesis nebula\|terbentuklah bintang dan planet baru]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Cox\|1997\|pp=83, 91, 102–103}}</ref> Baris 745: {{quote box\|width=20%\|align=left\|bgcolor=cornsilk\|quote=Semakin tinggi kerapatan proyektil, semakin efektif daya tembusnya pada pelat baja yang berat;... [[Osmium\|Os]], [[iridium\|Ir]], [[platinum\|Pt]], dan [[rhenium\|Re]] ... mahal ... [[Uranium\|U]] menawarkan kombinasi yang menarik antara kepadatan tinggi, biaya terjangkau dan ketangguhan fraktur yang tinggi.\|source=AM Russell and KL Lee<br />''Structure–property relations<br />in nonferrous metals'' (2005, p. 16)}} Dalam persenjataan militer, tungsten atau uranium digunakan dalam [[Perisai Chobham#Modul logam berat\|pelapisan perisai tempur]]<ref>{{harvnb\|Rockhoff\|2012\|p=314}}</ref> dan [[Penetrator energi kinetik\|proyektil pembobol perisai]],<ref>{{harvnb\|Russell\|Lee\|2005\|pp=16, 96}}</ref> serta [[senjata nuklir]] untuk meningkatkan efisiensi (dengan [[Reflektor neutron\|merefleksikan neutron]] dan sesaat menunda perluasan bahan reaksi).<ref>{{harvnb\|Morstein\|2005\|p=129}}</ref> Pada tahun ~~1970an~~1970-an, tantalum ditemukan lebih efektif daripada tembaga untuk ''[[:en:shaped charge\|shaped charge]]'' dan [[penetrator bentukan ledakan\|senjata anti-perisai bentukan ledakan]] ({{lang-en\|explosively formed anti-armour weapons}}) karena kerapatannya yang lebih tinggi, yang memungkinkan konsentrasi gaya yang lebih besar, dan deformabilitas yang lebih baik.<ref>{{harvnb\|Russell\|Lee\|2005\|pp=218–219}}</ref> [[Logam berat beracun\|Logam berat yang kurang beracun]], seperti tembaga, timah, tungsten, dan bismut, dan mungkin juga mangan (dan juga [[boron]], metaloid), telah menggantikan timbal dan antimon dalam [[peluru hijau]] yang digunakan oleh beberapa tentara dan dalam beberapa amunisi tembak-tembakan rekreasi.<ref>{{harvnb\|Lach et al.\|2015}}; {{harvnb\|Di Maio\|2016\|p=154}}</ref> Keraguan telah diajukan tentang keamanan (atau [[ramah lingkungan\|kredensial hijau]]) tungsten.<ref>{{harvnb\|Preschel\|2005}}; {{harvnb\|Guandalini et al.\|2011\|p=488}}</ref> Karena bahan yang lebih padat menyerap lebih banyak emisi radioaktif daripada yang ringan, logam berat berguna sebagai [[proteksi radiasi\|perisai radiasi]] dan [[kolimator\|memusatkan sinar radiasi]] pada [[akselerator partikel linier\|akselerator linier]] dan aplikasi [[radioterapi]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Scoullos et al.\|2001\|p=315}}; {{harvnb\|Ariel\|Barta\|Brandon\|1973\|p=126}}</ref> Baris 802: * {{anchor\|{{harvid\|Ariel\|Barta\|Brandon\|1973}}}}Ariel E., Barta J. & Brandon D. 1973, "Preparation and properties of heavy metals", ''Powder Metallurgy International'', vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 126–129. * {{anchor\|{{harvid\|Atlas \|1986}}}}Atlas R. 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