Chinua Achebe: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
update referensi di sub hasil karya
Cendy00 (bicara | kontrib)
Fitur saranan suntingan: 3 pranala ditambahkan.
 
(16 revisi perantara oleh 9 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 3:
| image = Chinua Achebe - Buffalo 25Sep2008 crop.jpg
| birth_name = Albert Chinualumogu Achebe
| birth_date = 16 November 1930
| birth_place = Ogidi, Nigeria
| death_date = 21-03-2013
Baris 11 ⟶ 12:
* Penerbit
| known_for = Pengarang Novel
| notable_works = * [[Things Fall Apart]] (1958)
* No Longer at Ease (1960)
* Arrow of God (1964)
Baris 30 ⟶ 31:
}}
 
'''Chinua Achebe''' atau lengkapnya bernama Albert Chinualumogo Achebe, ({{Lahirmati|[[Ogidi]], [[Nigeria]]|16|11|1930|[[Boston]], [[MassachusetsMassachusetts]]|21|03|2013}}) adalah novelis terkenal asal [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chinua-Achebe|title=Chinua Achebe {{!}} Biography, Books, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref> Ia dilahirkan di bagian timur Nigeria.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Anton|date=2019|title=Ensiklopedia Sastra Dunia|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Diva Press|isbn=978-602-391-662-7|pages=67|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Selama hidupnya, Achebe telah menghasilkan lebih dari 20 buku, baik novel, [[cerita pendek]], essai, dan koleksi [[puisi]]. Novel pertamanya berjudul ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' yang ditulisnya pada tahun 1958 ketika berumur 28 tahun dan ''Anthills of the Savannah'' (1987)-- yang ditulisnya ketika berumur 57 tahun, merupakan hasil karyanya yang paling terkenal.<ref name=":0" />
 
Chinua Achebe juga terkenal dengan tiga karya novelnya (African Trilogy), yakni ''Things'' ''Fall Apart'' (tahun 1958), ''No Longer at Ease'' (tahun 1960), dan ''Arrow of God'' (tahun 1964), karena isi cerita dan pesan dalam ketiga novelnya tersebut masih relevan dengan kondisi saat ini.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chinua Achebe's anti-colonial novels are still relevant today {{!}} Nesrine Malik|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/24/chinua-achebe-colonial-novels-relevant-west|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2013-03-24|access-date=2019-12-29|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Nesrine|last=Malik}}</ref> Ketiga novelnya juga menjadi buku ''Best Sellers'' di situs [[Amazon Web Services|Amazon]] untuk kategori literatur [[Afrika]] (Things Fall Apart menempati peringkat kedua, No Longer at Ease peringkat 36, dan Arrow of God peringkat 34).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Chinua+Achebe&i=stripbooks-intl-ship&ref=nb_sb_noss_2|title=Buku-Buku Chinua Achebe|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref>
 
Pada tahun 2004, Chinua Achebe pernah menolak pemberian penghargaan kedua tertinggi pemerintah Nigeria, yakni the Commander of the Federal Republic. Hal yang sama juga dilakukan Chinua Achebe pada tahun 2011, dengan menolak penhargaan the Commander of the Federal Republic untuk kedua kalinya, karena melihat kondisi kemiskinan dan kekerasan masih tetap sama di Nigeria seperti tahun 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria author snub 'surprising'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15720476|date=2011-11-14|access-date=2019-12-29|language=en-GB}}</ref>
Baris 55 ⟶ 56:
 
== Penghargaan ==
Selama hidupnya, Chinua Achebe mendapat sepuluh penghargaan terkemuka dari berbagai negara. Penghargaan pertamanya diperoleh Chinua Achebe pada tahun 1959, yakni Margaret Wong Memorial Prize atas karyanya berjudul Things Fall Apart. Kemudian pada tahun 1964, novel ketiganya berjudul Arrow of God mendapat penghargaan New Statesman Jock Campbell Award for Commonwealth Writers. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-literary-awards-has-chinua-achebe-received-1095343|title=What literary awards has Chinua Achebe received?|website=eNotes|language=en|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref>
 
Pada tahun 1972, Chinua Achebe mendapat penghargaan ''the Commonwealth Poetry Award'' untuk buku kumpulan puisinya berjudul Beware, Soul-Brother, and Other Poems. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/chinua-achebe|title=Chinua Achebe|last=Foundation|first=Poetry|date=2019-12-29|website=Poetry Foundation|language=en|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> Kemudian pada tahun 1975, Chinua Achebe kembali mendapatkan penghargaan. Kali ini penghargaan yang diperolehnya adalah Lotus Award for Afro-Asian Writers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/afro-asian-visions/the-lotus-prize-for-afro-asian-literature-1969-1988-4ee1d2f8bad1|title=The Lotus Prize for Afro-Asian Literature (1969–1988)|last=Djagalov|first=Rossen|date=2019-11-06|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref>
 
Pada tahun 1979, Chinua Achebe mendapat penghargaan tertinggi Presiden Nigeria, yakni Nigerian National Merit Award, yakni penghargaan tertinggi pemerintah Nigeria untuk prestasi di bidang intelektual.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meritaward.ng/laureate-detail.php?laureate=NNMA3|title=Nigerian National Merit Award|website=www.meritaward.ng|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref>
Baris 65 ⟶ 66:
Pada Oktober 2002, Asosiasi Penerbit Buku Jerman (Association of German Publishers and Booksellers) memberikan penghargaan "Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels" (Peace Prize untuk literatur) kepada Chinua Achebe dan berhak mendapatkan hadiah 15.000 euro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nigerian-writer-wins-german-peace-prize/a-568943|title=Nigerian Writer Wins German Peace Prize {{!}} DW {{!}} 13.10.2002|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref>
 
Pada tahun 2007, Chinua Achebe mendapat penghargaan dari [[Man Booker International Prize]] (sekarang bernama International Booker Prize).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international/2007|title=The Man Booker International Prize 2007 {{!}} The Booker Prizes|website=thebookerprizes.com|access-date=2019-12-29|archive-date=2019-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229145219/https://thebookerprizes.com/international/2007|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Chinua Achebe mengalahkan beberapa nominasi ternama seperti [[Philip Roth]], [[Margaret Atwood]], dan [[Ian McEwan]]. Atas penghargaan yang diperolehnya tersebut, Chinua Achebe berhak mendapatkan hadiah uang senilai US$ 120 ribu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Achebe Wins Booker Prize for Fiction|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/13/arts/AP-Booker-International.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2007-06-13|access-date=2019-12-29|issn=0362-4331|language=en-US|first=The Associated|last=Press}}</ref>
 
Pada tahun 1999, Chinua Achebe mendapat penghargaan Saint Louis Literary Award.<ref name=":3" />
 
Pada tahun 2010, Chinua Achebe kembali mendapatkan penghargaan The Dorothy and Lilian Gish Prize, dengan Komite Seleksi yang dipimpin oleh [[Kwame Anthony Appiah]] (penulis, editor, filsuf dan pengajar sejarah Afrika di New York University).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gishprize.org/recipients/chinua-achebe/|title=Chinua Achebe {{!}} The Dorothy & Lillian Gish Prize|website=gishprize.org|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> Pada tahun yang sama, karyanya yang berjudul The Education of a British-Protected Child menjadi finalis dalam penghargaan [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] Library Peace Prize (Amerika Serikat).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org/2010-finalists.htm|title=Dayton Literary Peace Prize - 2010 Award Finalists|website=www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org|access-date=2019-12-30}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 
== Things Fall Apart ==
Baris 83 ⟶ 84:
Tragisnya, kelompok pro kolonial dipimpin oleh Nwoye, yang merupakan putera Okonkwo, karena tertarik dengan ajaran agama yang dibawa kaum misionaris. Sebagai pemeluk agama baru, Nwoye pada awalnya bersikap sembunyi-sembunyi dalam menjalankan ibadahnya hingga akhirnya terpaksa menerima ancaman, kemarahan, pukulan dan cekikan dari Okonkwo, setelah ketahuan oleh Amikwu.<ref name=":1" />
 
Tokoh lainnya adalah Enoch, yang justru bersikap sangat fanatik terhadap agama barunya dan bersikap frontal terhadap nila-nilai luhur budaya suku Ibo. Bahkan, saking frontalnya, Enoch berani membuka orang yang memakai topeng egwugwu, padahal tokoh ini sangat diagungkan oleh suku Ibo. Dari kalangan perempuan juga ada tokoh bernama Nneka, yang menolak budaya lokal yang mengharuskan bayi kembar yang dilahirkan untuk dibuang. Perpecahan atau segregasi masyarakat juga semakin tajam, dengan beberapa tokoh suku Ibo, yang semula mengagungkan gelar sosial leluhurnya, seperti Ogbuefi Ugonna dan Akunna, kemudian menanggalkan status sosialnya tersebut. Kelompok lainnya yang pro kolonial adalah kelompok Orang ''Osu'' atau kelompok masyarakat terbuang yang tinggal di hutan. <ref name=":1" />
 
== Hasil Karya ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Hasil Karya Chinua Achebe
Baris 101 ⟶ 102:
|Novel
|1958
|ISBN-10: 0385474547
|Penguin Books (September 1994)
|209
Baris 111 ⟶ 112:
|Novel
|1960
|ISBN-10: 0385474555
|Penguin Books (September 1994)
|194
Baris 120 ⟶ 121:
|Novel
|1964
|ISBN-10: 0385014805
|Penguin Books (Agustus 2016)
|230
Baris 129 ⟶ 130:
|Novel
|1966
|ISBN-10: 0385086164
|Penguin Books (Januari 1989)
|160
Baris 138 ⟶ 139:
|Novel
|1987
|ISBN-10: 0385260458
|Anchor Books (Februari 1998)
|216
Baris 174 ⟶ 175:
|Cerita Pendek
|1973
|ISBN-10: 1375378090
|Gale, Study Guides (Juli 2017)
|36<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Study-Guide-Chinua-Achebes-Civil/dp/1375378090/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Civil+Peace+chinua+achebe&qid=1577886508&sr=8-1|title=Civil Peace|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
Baris 183 ⟶ 184:
|Cerita Pendek
|1973
|ISBN-10: 0385418965
|Penguin Books (Agustus 1991)
|128<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Girls-at-War-Other-Stories/dp/0385418965/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2DKB17WUTA0KV&keywords=girls+at+war+and+other+stories&qid=1577886902&sprefix=Girls+at+war+and+other+,aps,589&sr=8-1|title=Girls at War and Other Stories|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
Baris 192 ⟶ 193:
|Cerita Pendek
|1985
|ISBN-10: 0435905368
|Pearson (Maret 1988)
|176<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/African-Short-Stories-Twenty-Continent/dp/0435905368/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=African+Short+Stories&qid=1577887034&sr=8-1|title=African Short Stories|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
Baris 201 ⟶ 202:
|Cerita Pendek
|1992
|ISBN-10: 043590566X
|Heinemann (Agustus 2008)
|196
|305.180<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Heinemann-Contemporary-African-Short-Stories/dp/043590566X/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=The+Heinemann+Book+of+Contemporary+African+Short+Stories&qid=1577887851&sr=8-1|title=Heinemann Book of Contemporary African Short Stories|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|305.180
|-
|13
Baris 210 ⟶ 211:
|Cerita Pendek
|
|ISBN-10: 1874932131
|Thorold's Africana Books (1994)
|51<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/voter-Lifewise-Chinua-Achebe/dp/1874932131/ref=sr_1_4?keywords=the+Voter+chinua+achebe&qid=1577887972&sr=8-4|title=The Voter|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|51
|16.912.688
|-
|14
|Beware, Soul-Brother, and Other Poems
|Puisi
|Cerita Pendek
|1973
|ASIN: B0006CB6QY
|Nwankwo-Ifejika (1971)
|38<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Beware-soul-brother-other-Chinua-Achebe/dp/B0006CB6QY/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Beware,+Soul-Brother,+and+Other+Poems&qid=1577888035&sr=8-1|title=Beware soul-brother, and other poems|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|38
|11.021.736
|-
|15
|Don't Let Him Die: An Anthology of Memorial Poems for Christopher Okigbo
|Puisi
|Cerita Pendek
|1978
|ISBN-10: 9781560215
|Fourth Dimension Publishers (1978)
|54<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Dont-let-him-die-Christopher/dp/9781560215/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Don%27t+Let+Him+Die:+An+Anthology+of+Memorial+Poems+for+Christopher+Okigbo&qid=1577888102&sr=8-1|title=Don't let him die: An anthology of memorial poems for Christopher Okigbo (1932-1967)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|54
|2.788.992
|-
|16
|Another Africa
|Puisi
|Cerita Pendek
|1998
|ISBN-10: 0385490380
|Double Day/Anchor Books (1998)
|120<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Another-Africa-Photographs-Robert-Lyons/dp/0385490380/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=another+africa+chinua+achebe&qid=1577888181&sr=8-1|title=Another Africa|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|120
|3.420.593
|-
|17
|Collected Poems
|Puisi
|Cerita Pendek
|2004
|ISBN-10: 1400076587
|Penguin Books (2004)
|96<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Chinua-Achebe-Collected-Poems/dp/1400076587/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Collected+Poems+chinua+achebe&qid=1577888261&sr=8-1|title=Collected Poems|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|96
|1.378.828
|-
|18
|Refugee Mother and Child<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poemhunter.com/poem/refugee-mother-and-child/?utm_source=facebook&utm_campaign=tavsiye_et&utm_medium=tavsiye_et|title=Refugee Mother And Child Poem by Chinua Achebe - Poem Hunter|website=PoemHunter.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|Refugee Mother and Child
|Puisi
|Cerita Pendek
|
|
Baris 261 ⟶ 262:
|-
|19
|Vultures<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genius.com/Chinua-achebe-vultures-annotated|title=Chinua Achebe – Vultures|website=Genius|language=en|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|Vultures
|Puisi
|Cerita Pendek
|
|
Baris 270 ⟶ 271:
|-
|20
|The Novelist as Teacher<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Hopes-Impediments-Selected-Chinua-Achebe/dp/038541479X/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Hopes+and+Impediments&qid=1577888662&s=books&sr=1-1|title=Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|The Novelist as Teacher
|Essai, kritik, dan dokumentasi politik
|1965
Baris 279 ⟶ 280:
|-
|21
|An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's "Heart of Darkness"<ref name=":4" />
|Essai, Kritik, dan dokumentasi politik
|1975
Baris 291 ⟶ 292:
|Essai, Kritik, dan Dokumentasi Politik
|1975
|ISBN-10: 0385017030
|Anchor Press (1975)
|175<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Morning-yet-creation-day-Essays/dp/0385017030/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Morning+Yet+on+Creation+Day&qid=1577888866&s=books&sr=1-1|title=Morning Yet on Creation Day|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|175
|4.026.294
|-
Baris 300 ⟶ 301:
|Essai, Kritik, dan Dokumentasi Politik
|1984
|ISBN-10: 9781561475
|Fourth Dimension Publishing (2000)
|100<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Trouble-Nigeria-Chinua-Achebe/dp/9781561475/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=The+Trouble+With+Nigeria&qid=1577888935&s=books&sr=1-1|title=The Trouble With Nigeria|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|100
|1.310.908
|-
|24
|Hopes and Impediments<ref name=":4" />
|Essai, Kritik dan Dokumentasi Politik
|1988
|ISBN-10: 038541479X
|Penguin Books (1990)
|208
Baris 315 ⟶ 316:
|-
|25
|Home and Exile<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Home-Exile-Chinua-Achebe/dp/0385721331/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Home+and+Exile&qid=1577889036&s=books&sr=1-1|title=Home and Exile|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|Home and Exile
|Essai, Kritik, dan Dokumentasi Politik
|2000
|ISBN-10: 0385721331
|Penguin Books (2001)
|114
Baris 324 ⟶ 325:
|-
|26
|The Education of a British-Protected Child<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Education-British-Protected-Child-Essays/dp/0307473678/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=The+Education+of+a+British-Protected+Child&qid=1577889195&s=books&sr=1-1|title=The Education of a British-Protected Child: Essays|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|The Education of a British-Protected Child
|Essai, Kritik dan Dokumentasi Politik
|2009
|ISBN-10: 0307473678
|Penguin Books (2010)
|192
Baris 333 ⟶ 334:
|-
|27
|There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/There-Was-Country-Personal-History/dp/B009OXR49E/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=There+Was+a+Country:+A+Personal+History+of+Biafra&qid=1577889269&s=books&sr=1-1|title=There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra
|Essai, Kritik, dan Dokumentasi Politik
|2012
Baris 342 ⟶ 343:
|-
|28
|Africa's Tarnished Name<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Africas-Tarnished-Name-ACHEBE-CHINUA/dp/0241338832/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Africa%27s+Tarnished+Name+chinua+achebe&qid=1577889343&sr=8-1|title=Africas Tarnished Name|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|Africa's Tarnished Name
|Essai, Kritik, dan Dokumentasi Politik
|2018
|ISBN-10: 0241338832
|Penguin Random House (2018)
|
Baris 351 ⟶ 352:
|-
|29
|Chike and the River<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Chike-River-Chinua-Achebe/dp/0307473864/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Chike+and+the+River&qid=1577889429&sr=8-1|title=Chine and the River|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|Chike and the River
|Buku Anak
|1966
|ISBN-10: 0307473864
|Penguin Books (2011)
|96
Baris 363 ⟶ 364:
|Buku Anak (7-10 Tahun)
|1972
|ISBN-10: 153620949X
|Candlewick (2019)
|40<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/How-Leopard-Got-His-Claws/dp/153620949X/ref=sr_1_1?crid=4D0WNUVM6XXH&keywords=how+the+leopard+got+his+claws&qid=1577887373&sprefix=how+the+leopard,aps,492&sr=8-1|title=How the Leopard Got His Claws|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|40
|316.291
|-
Baris 372 ⟶ 373:
|Buku Anak
|1975
|ISBN-10: 1943138486
|Brawtley Press (2013)
|26<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Flute-Chinua-Achebe/dp/1943138486/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=the+flute+chinua+achebe&qid=1577887311&sr=8-1|title=The Flute|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|26
|147.088
|-
Baris 381 ⟶ 382:
|Buku Anak (Grade
|1978
|ISBN-10: 9781560436
|Fourth Dimention Publishing
|31<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Drum-Chinua-Achebe/dp/9781560436/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=the+Drum+chinua+achebe&qid=1577887238&sr=8-1|title=The Drum|last=|first=|date=|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|31
|6.192.606
|}
 
== Daftar ReferensiRujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}
<references />
 
== Pranala Luar ==
[http://www.meritaward.ng Nigerian National Merit Award]
 
[http://gishprize.org The Dorothy and Lilian Gish Prize]
 
== Pranala Luarluar ==
[https://www.friedenspreis-des-deutschen-buchhandels.de/445941/ Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels]
 
* [https://www.friedenspreis-des-deutschen-buchhandels.de/445941/ Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
[https://www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org/ Dayton Library Peace Prize]
* [http://www.meritaward.ng/ Nigerian National Merit Award].
* [http://gishprize.org/ The Dorothy and Lilian Gish Prize].
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Kategori:Novelis Afrika-Amerika]]
[[Kategori:Tanggal kelahiran 16 November]]
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1930]]
Baris 405 ⟶ 403:
[[Kategori:Kematian 2013]]
[[Kategori:Novelis]]
[[Kategori:Novelis Afrika]]