Bernie Sanders: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bernie Sanders
| image = Bernie Sanders
| alt = Bernie Sanders pada bulan
| office1 = Anggota Senior<br />[[Komite Anggaran Senat Amerika Serikat|Komite Anggaran Senat]]
| term_start1 = 3 Januari 2015
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}}
'''Bernard<!--Please see: [[WP:QUOTENAME]] before placing "Bernie" here--> Sanders''' (lahir 8{{nbsp}}September 1941) adalah politikus [[Amerika Serikat]] yang menjabat sebagai [[Senator Amerika Serikat]] [[senioritas di Senat Amerika Serikat|junior]] mewakili [[Vermont]] sejak
Sebagai seseorang yang mengaku berhaluan [[sosialis demokrat]] dan [[progresivisme di Amerika Serikat|progresif]], Sanders menentang [[kesenjangan ekonomi]]. Terkait kebijakan dalam negeri, ia mendukung [[gerakan buruh|hak-hak buruh]], [[layanan kesehatan universal]] dan [[layanan kesehatan negeri|negeri]], gaji tetap untuk [[cuti hamil]], [[pendidikan tinggi]] gratis, dan [[Green New Deal]] untuk mengantisipasi [[perubahan iklim]]. Terkait kebijakan luar negeri, ia mendukung pemangkasan [[belanja militer Amerika Serikat|anggaran militer]], mendorong [[diplomasi]] dan [[kerja sama internasional]], dan mengutamakan hak tenaga kerja serta persoalan lingkungan dalam perundingan perjanjian dagang internasional. Sejumlah pengamat menilai pandangan-pandangan Sanders berhasil menggeser ideologi Partai Demokrat setelah ia maju sebagai calon presiden pada tahun 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48640268|accessdate=August 23, 2019|title=Bernie Sanders: What’s different this time around?|first=Anthony|last=Zurcher|date=June 20, 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/bernie-sanders-just-changed-the-democratic-party|accessdate=August 23, 2019|title=Bernie Sanders Just Changed the Democratic Party|first=John|last=Cassidy|date=February 2, 2016|work=The New Yorker}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theweek.com/articles/769073/bernie-sanders-conquered-democratic-party|accessdate=August 23, 2019|title=Bernie Sanders has Conquered the Democratic Party|first=Jeff|last=Spross|date=April 24, 2018|work=The Week}}</ref>
Sanders lahir dan besar di [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], dari keluarga pekerja [[Yahudi Amerika|Yahudi]]. Ia sempat kuliah di [[Brooklyn College]], kemudian pindah ke [[Universitas Chicago]] dan lulus tahun 1964. Saat masih mahasiswa, ia aktif sebagai koordinator unjuk rasa [[Congress of Racial Equality]] dan [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] pada masa-masa perjuangan [[Gerakan Hak-Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika (1955-1968)|gerakan hak sipil]] Amerika Serikat. Setelah menetap di Vermont tahun 1968, Sanders terjun ke politik dan beberapa kali mencalonkan diri lewat [[partai ketiga (Amerika Serikat)|partai ketiga]] pada awal hingga pertengahan 1970-an, tetapi selalu kalah. Sanders maju secara independen dan [[pemilihan umum wali kota Burlington 1981|terpilih]] sebagai [[daftar wali kota Burlington, Vermont|wali kota Burlington]] pada tahun 1981 dengan selisih sepuluh suara. Ia terpilih lagi sebanyak tiga kali. Ia menang pemilu legislatif [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
Pada April 2015, Sanders menyatakan maju sebagai calon presiden Amerika Serikat lewat [[Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 2016|Konvensi Partai Demokrat]]. Meski peluang menangnya kecil, ia memenangi 23 [[pemilihan pendahuluan calon presiden Partai Demokrat|pemilihan pendahuluan dan kaukus]] serta 43% suara delegasi partai (55% sisanya dimenangi [[Hillary Clinton]]). Kampanye Sanders dikenal karena antusiasme pendukungnya, tidak bergantung kepada sumbangan perusahaan, industri keuangan, maupun [[Super PAC|komite politik independen]]. Pada Juli 2016, ia mendukung Clinton dalam [[pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2016|kampanye pencapresannya]] melawan [[Donald Trump]] dari [[Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Republik]]. Pada Februari 2019, Sanders mengumumkan [[kampanye calon presiden Bernie Sanders 2020|maju lagi]] sebagai calon presiden dan memperebutkan pencalonan resmi partai bersama [[calon presiden Partai Demokrat 2020|belasan calon lainnya]]. Ia
== Latar belakang ==
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*{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/political-figure/bernie-sanders |accessdate=February 18, 2016|title=Bernie Sanders Biography|website=Biography.com|publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC}}
*{{cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=s000033 |accessdate=February 18, 2016|title=Sanders, Bernard (1941 – )|website=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|publisher=Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives' Office of History and Preservation and the Office of the Historian of the United States Senate}}
</ref> Bapaknya, Elias Ben Yehuda Sanders (1904–1962),<ref name=fndr1>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/episode-1-the-impression-t9e1xe/ |work=[[Finding Your Roots]] |date=October 3, 2017 |title=Season 4, Episode 1: The Impression }}</ref> lahir di [[Słopnice]], [[Kerajaan Galisia dan Lodomeria|Galisia]], [[Austria-
Sanders sudah tertarik dengan politik sejak usia muda. Katanya, "Ada orang bernama Adolf Hitler yang menang pemilu tahun 1932. 50 juta orang, termasuk enam juta orang Yahudi, menjadi korban jiwa akibat pemilihannya di tengah Perang Dunia II. Sejak kecil saya paham bahwa politik sebenarnya sangat penting."{{efn|Hitler kalah pilpres Jerman pada 13 Maret 1932 dengan perolehan suara 30,1%; Hindenburg menang dengan 49,6% suara.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |authorlink=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Why you shouldn't retweet Sanders's claim that Hitler 'won an election' |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/08/28/why-you-shouldnt-retweet-sanders-claim-that-hitler-won-an-election/ |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref> Partai Nazi yang dipimpin Hitler menang suara pluralitas di [[Reichstag (Republik Weimar)|Reichstag]], majelis rendah Jerman, pada Juli 1932, dan bertahan sebagai partai terbesar sejak saat itu.<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Sanders Gets History Right on Hitler's Rise to Power |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] via Sen. Bernie Sanders's Official Website |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/must-read/sanders-gets-history-right-on-hitlers-rise-to-power |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref>}}<ref name="Hitler">
*{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/107170-bernie-sanders-quote-about-hitler-winning-an-election-is-powerful-its-also-misleading |title=Bernie Sanders' Quote About Hitler Winning An Election Is Powerful. It's Also Misleading |website=Bustle |date=August 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/20160121053327/www.bustle.com/articles/107170-bernie-sanders-quote-about-hitler-winning-an-election-is-powerful-its-also-misleading |archive-date=January 21, 2016 |url-status=live |first=Madhuri |last=Sathish}}
*{{cite web |last=Feldmann |first=Linda |date=June 11, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: 'I'm Proud to be Jewish' |website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |quote='I'm proud to be Jewish,' the Independent from Vermont – and candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination – responded Thursday at a press breakfast hosted by the Monitor. Though, he added, 'I'm not particularly religious.' As a child, Sanders said, being Jewish taught him 'in a very deep way what politics is about. A guy named Adolf Hitler won an election in 1932,' the senator said. 'He won an election, and 50 million people died as a result of that election in World War II, including 6 million Jews. So what I learned as a little kid is that politics is, in fact, very important.' |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/monitor_breakfast/2015/0611/Bernie-Sanders-I-m-proud-to-be-Jewish |accessdate=June 13, 2015}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/11/02/454051697/sanders-could-be-the-first-jewish-president-but-doesnt-like-to-talk-about-it |first=Tamara |last=Keith |title=Sanders Could Be The First Jewish President, But He Doesn't Like To Talk About It |date=November 2, 2015 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Pada tahun 1940-an, banyak kerabat Sanders di Polandia yang tewas dalam peristiwa [[Holokaus]].<ref name="Shoah">
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{{main|Unjuk rasa duduk Universitas Chicago}}
Sanders mengenang masa mudanya di Chicago sebagai "masa-masa penuh gejolak intelektual yang cukup berpengaruh dalam [hidupnya]".<ref name=chicago>{{cite magazine|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2019/03/bernie-sanders-chicago-speech-university-activism-core-ypsl |title=What Chicago Taught Bernie |last=Kampf-Lassin |first=Miles |date=March 3, 2019 |magazine=[[Jacobin (majalah)|Jacobin]]|access-date=March 4, 2019}}</ref> Di sana, ia bergabung dengan [[Young People's Socialist League (1907)|Liga Sosialis Pemuda]] (sayap [[Partai Sosialis Amerika]])<ref name=Politico>{{cite web |last=Kruse |first=Michael |date=July 9, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Has a Secret: Vermont, his son and the hungry early years that made him the surging socialist he is today |website=[[Politico]] |quote=After he graduated from James Madison High School in 1959, he went to Brooklyn College for a year before transferring to the University of Chicago, where he joined the Congress of Racial Equality, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Student Peace Union, and the Young People's Socialist League. |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/bernie-sanders-vermont-119927_full.html |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |archive-date=2020-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502161956/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/bernie-sanders-vermont-119927_full.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> dan aktif di [[Gerakan Hak Sipil]] sebagai anggota [[Congress of Racial Equality|Kongres Kesetaraan Ras]] (CORE) dan [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee|Komite Koordinator Antikekerasan Mahasiswa]] (SNCC).<ref name=kelly2015>{{cite news |last=Kelly |first=Amita |date=April 29, 2015 |title=5 Things You Should Know About Bernie Sanders |website=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/04/29/399818581/5-things-you-should-know-about-bernie-sanders |accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Nichols">{{cite magazine |last=Nichols |first=John |authorlink=John Nichols (journalist) |date=July 6, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Speaks |magazine=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/bernie-sanders-speaks/ |accessdate=July 19, 2015 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717115149/http://www.thenation.com/article/bernie-sanders-speaks/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Di bawah kepemimpinannya, cabang CORE dan SNCC di Universitas Chicago disatukan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2016/02/bernie-sanders-core-university-chicago|title=Here's What Bernie Sanders Actually Did in the Civil Rights Movement |magazine=[[Mother Jones (majalah)|Mother Jones]] |date=February 11, 2016 |accessdate=February 11, 2016|last=Murphy|first=Tim}}</ref> Pada Januari 1962, ia ikut berunjuk rasa di gedung rektorat [[Universitas Chicago]] untuk memprotes [[segregasi asrama di Amerika Serikat|kebijakan segregasi asrama kampus]] yang diusulkan rektor [[George Wells Beadle]]. Sanders berkata, "Kami tidak sanggup membiarkan mahasiswa Negro dan kulit putih hidup terpisah di asrama milik universitas." Ia bersama 32 mahasiswa lain masuk gedung dan berkemah di depan kantor rektor.<ref name=Frizell/><ref>{{cite news |last=Perlstein |first=Rick |date=January 2015 |title=A political education |magazine=The University of Chicago Magazine |url=https://mag.uchicago.edu/law-policy-society/political-education |accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref> Setelah didemo selama beberapa minggu, Beadle dan para petinggi universitas membentuk panitia untuk menyelidiki diskriminasi ras di kampus.<ref name="Craven2015">{{cite news|last=Craven |first=Jasper |date=August 26, 2015 |title=Can Sanders' civil rights experience at U. of C. translate on campaign trail? |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-met-20150826-story.html |archive-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108182818/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-met-20150826-story.html |url-status=live |issn=1085-6706}}</ref> Usai diprotes tanpa henti, Universitas Chicago secara resmi menghapus kebijakan segregasi ras di asrama kampus mulai musim panas 1963.<ref name=chicago /> Dalam wawancara tahun 2016, [[Joan Mahoney]], anggota CORE cabang Universitas Chicago dan sesama pendemo di dalam gedung, menggambarkan Sanders sebagai "orang yang rapi, anak Yahudi yang baik dari Brooklyn, tapi dia tidak begitu berkarisma. Salah satu kelebihannya adalah dia bisa bekerja sama dengan banyak orang, termasuk orang-orang yang tidak seprinsip dengannya".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/sep/16/bernie-sanders-civil-rights-protest-chicago-1962-photography |title='He wasn't terribly charismatic': Bernie Sanders leads a civil rights protest in 1962 |last1=Booth |first1=Hannah |date=September 16, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=September 16, 2016}}</ref> Sanders pernah seharian memasang poster-poster yang memprotes [[keganasan polisi]], lalu sadar kalau polisi Chicago sudah membuntutinya dan mencabut semuanya.<ref name=Frizell/>
Tahun 1963, Sanders ikut [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] dan menyimak pidato "[[I Have a Dream]]" oleh [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]].<ref name=kelly2015/><ref name =Frizell>{{cite news |last=Frizell |first=Sam |url=https://time.com/3896500/bernie-sanders-vermont-campaign-radical/ |title=The Radical Education of Bernie Sanders |work=[[Time (majalah)|Time]] |date=May 26, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=release>{{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |title=News August 25 |website=Senate.gov |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/newswatch/082513 |date=August 25, 2013 |accessdate=June 17, 2015 |archive-date=2020-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206110910/https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/newswatch/082513 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pada tahun yang sama, ia didenda $25 ({{Inflation|US|25|1963|fmt=eq}}) karena mengelak dari penangkapan saat berunjuk rasa di [[Englewood, Chicago|Englewood]] menenetang [[segregasi ras di Amerika Serikat|segregasi]] sekolah negeri Chicago.<ref name=chicago /><ref name="Skiba">{{cite news
Selain memperjuangkan hak sipil pada 1960-an hingga 1970-an,<ref name="Mother Jones activism history">{{cite web |url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2016/02/bernie-sanders-core-university-chicago |title=Here's What Bernie Sanders Actually Did in the Civil Rights Movement |website=Mother Jones |date=February 11, 2016 |accessdate=March 31, 2016 |author=Murphy, Tim}}</ref> Sanders aktif di berbagai [[penolakan keterlibatan Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Vietnam|gerakan damai dan antiperang]] ketika masih kuliah di Universitas Chicago, antara lain [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee|Komite Koordinator Antikekerasan Mahasiswa]] dan [[Student Peace Union|Perhimpunan Perdamaian Mahasiswa]]. Sanders mengajukan status "[[penolak berdasarkan hati nurani]]" di tengah Perang Vietnam; permohonannya ditolak, tetapi usianya terlalu tua sehingga tidak [[wajib militer di Amerika Serikat|direkrut]]. Meski Sanders menentang perang, ia tidak pernah mengkritik tentara yang diterjunkan ke sana dan ia sendiri selalu memperjuangkan [[tunjangan veteran]].<ref name="Washington Post Veterans">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/bernie-sanders-on-frontline-for-veterans/2013/04/14/d97c9830-9e04-11e2-a941-a19bce7af755_story.html |title=Bernie Sanders on frontline for veterans |website=The Washington Post |date=April 14, 2013 |accessdate=September 30, 2015 |author=Vogel, Steve}}</ref><ref name="ABC News">{{cite web |last=Parks |first=Mary Alice |date=August 31, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Applied for 'Conscientious Objector' Status During Vietnam, Campaign Confirms |publisher=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/bernie-sanders-applied-conscientious-objector-status-vietnam-campaign/story?id=33434041 |accessdate=September 30, 2015}}</ref> Sanders juga sempat menjadi pengurus [[United Packinghouse Workers of America]] saat masih di Chicago.<ref name=chicago /> Ia juga menjadi staf kampanye pencalonan ulang [[Leon Despres]], anggota dewan kota yang menolak [[Partai Demokrat Cook County|mesin partai Demokrat]] milik wali kota Chicago, [[Richard J. Daley]]. Di tengah masa studinya, Sanders membaca buku-buku pemikir politik Amerika dan Eropa, mulai dari [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], dan [[John Dewey]] sampai [[Karl Marx]] dan [[Erich Fromm]].<ref name=wapo>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2016/02/05/his-most-radical-move/ |title=His Most Radical Move |last=McCrummen |first=Stephanie |date=February 5, 2016 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 21, 2017}}</ref>
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Setelah lulus, Sanders pulang ke New York City dan bekerja serabutan. Ia pernah menjadi guru Head Start, asisten [[psikiatris]], dan tukang kayu.<ref name="The Populist Prophet"/> Pada tahun 1968, ia pindah ke [[Stannard, Vermont]], kota kecil (88 jiwa menurut sensus 1970) di kawasan terpencil bernama "[[Northeast Kingdom]]", karena tertarik dengan kehidupan desa. Di sana, ia bekerja sebagai tukang kayu,<ref name=Politico/> pembuat film, dan penulis<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/04/30/bernie-sanders-from-hippie-migrant-to-would-be-president/ |title=Bernie Sanders: From hippie migrant to would-be president |work=The Washington Post |date=April 30, 2015 |first=Hunter |last=Schwarz }}</ref> yang membuat dan menjual "rol-rol film radikal" dan materi pendidikan ke sejumlah sekolah.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/the-25-best-things-we-learned-bernie-sanders-book |title=The 25 best things we learned from Bernie Sanders' book |work=MSNBC |date=May 28, 2015 |first=Alex |last=Seitz-Wald }}</ref> Sanders juga menulis beberapa artikel untuk harian alternatif ''The Vermont Freeman''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sanders|first=Bernard|date=March 29, 1969|title=Cuba: the Other Side of the Story|url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2725548/Sanders-Freeman-Writings.pdf#page=5|journal=Vermont Freeman|access-date=March 10, 2016|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310215744/https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2725548/Sanders-Freeman-Writings.pdf#page=5|archive-date=March 10, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Ia tinggal di sana beberapa tahun, kemudian pindah ke [[Chittenden County, Vermont|Chittenden County]] yang lebih padat penduduk pada pertengahan 1970-an.
Dalam kampanye pencalonan kembali Sanders tahun [[pemilihan umum Senat Amerika Serikat 2018 di Vermont|2018]], ia "pulang" ke Stannard untuk bertemu pemilih dan calon lainnya tanggal 3 November, tiga hari menjelang pemilu.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=BernieSanders |number=1058922975737593856 |accessdate=December 17, 2019 |title=I moved to Stannard when I first came to Vermont. I've visited 13 states in the last 3 weeks but coming home to Stannard was very special to me. pic.twitter.com/muk1Ps4mzh|first=Bernie|last=Sanders|date=November 3, 2018}}</ref> Ia bercerita tentang pengalaman hidupnya di kota itu. Bekas rumahnya berjarang kurang lebih 1
=== Kampanye Liberty Union ===
Sanders mengawali karier politiknya pada tahun 1971 sebagai anggota [[Liberty Union Party]], partai yang tumbuh dari gerakan [[Penolakan keterlibatan Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Vietnam|antiperang]] dan [[Partai Rakyat (Amerika Serikat, 1971)|Partai Rakyat]]. Ia maju sebagai calon gubernur Vermont dari Partai Liberty Union pada tahun 1972 dan 1976, lalu calon senator AS tahun 1972 dan 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.cq.com/members/509 |title=Sen. Bernard Sanders (I-Vt.) |work=[[Roll Call]] |accessdate=August 19, 2015 }}</ref> Dalam pemilu senator 1974, ia menduduki posisi ketiga (5.901 suara; 4%), disusul Jaksa Wilayah [[Chittenden County, Vermont|Chittenden County]] berusia 33 tahun, [[Patrick Leahy]] ([[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|D]], VI; 70.629 suara; 49%), dan Anggota DPR petahana dua periode, [[Dick Mallary]] ([[Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|R]]; 66.223 suara; 46%).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/elections/election-results/election-results-search.aspx?primaryFilterId=12449&secondaryFolderName=1974+Election+Results |title=Election Results Search: 1974 Election Results |work=sec.state.vt.us |url-status=dead |quote=Citation for votes (total for Leahy and percentages calculated from spreadsheet |accessdate=May 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nelson |first=Garrison |url=https://vtdigger.org/2014/09/14/garrison-nelson-jim-jeffords-reluctant-rebel-appreciation/ |title=Jim Jeffords: Reluctant Rebel. Section: 1974: Changing the Congressional Guard |work=[[VTDigger]] |date=September 14, 2014 |accessdate=May 2, 2015 }}</ref>
Kampanye tahun 1976 adalah puncak pengaruh Liberty Union. Sanders mengumpulkan 11.000 suara untuk gubernur dan partai. Pemilihan
Setelah mundur dari Partai Liberty Union tahun 1977, Sanders bekerja sebagai penulis dan direktur organisasi nirlaba American People's Historical Society (APHS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/sen_bernie_sanders.html |url-status=dead |title=Arena Profile: Sen. Bernie Sanders |work=Politico |accessdate=August 19, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723105127/http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/sen_bernie_sanders.html |archivedate=July 23, 2016 }}</ref> Di APHS, ia memproduseri dokumenter 30 menit tentang pemimpin buruh Amerika Serikat, [[Eugene V. Debs]], yang lima kali mencalonkan diri sebagai presiden dari Partai Sosialis.<ref name=Politico/><ref>{{cite AV media |people=Bernard Sanders |date=1979 |title=Eugene V. Debs: Trade Unionist, Socialist, Revolutionary, 1855–1926 – Introduction |medium=Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ka7qoXPliwQ |access-date=July 13, 2015 }}</ref>
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Sanders mengkritik saingannya karena dekat dengan pengembang mal ternama, Antonio Pomerleau. Paquette sendiri memperingatkan Burlington akan kacau-balau apabila Sanders terpilih. Kampanye Sanders didukung oleh sekelompok relawan yang optimistis serta dukungan resmi dari dosen universitas, lembaga kesejahteraan sosial, dan serikat polisi. Hasil pemilu mengejutkan kubu petahana karena Sanders menang dengan selisih 10 suara saja.<ref name = Guma/>
Sanders terpilih lagi sebanyak tiga kali mengalahkan calon dari Partai Demokrat maupun Republik. Ia memperoleh 53% suara tahun 1983 dan 55% tahun 1985.<ref name="latimes">{{cite news |first=Charles |last=Hillinger |title=Two Politicians Who Broke Mold in Vermont |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-28-vw-21595-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 28, 1985 |accessdate=November 2, 2015}}</ref> Dalam pencalonan terakhirnya tahun 1987, Sanders mengalahkan Paul Lafayette, calon Demokrat yang didukung oleh kedua partai.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 4, 1987 |title=Re-election easy for Socialist mayor |newspaper=[[The Spokesman-Review|Spokane Chronicle]] |publisher=[[Cowles Company]]|location=Burlington, Vermont |page=A6 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PAwTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=efoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4864,620344}}</ref> Tahun 1986, ia kalah dalam pemilihan gubernur Vermont melawan petahana [[Madeleine Kunin]] (D). Sebagai calon independen, Sanders menempati posisi ketiga dengan perolehan suara 14%, sedangkan Kunin menang dengan 47% suara, diikuti
Setelah menjabat empat periode atau delapan tahun, Sanders memutuskan tidak mencalonkan diri lagi pada 1989. Ia kemudian mengajar ilmu politik di [[Sekolah Pemerintahan Kennedy]] [[Universitas Harvard]] tahun itu juga, lalu pindah ke [[Hamilton College (New York)|Hamilton College]] tahun 1991.<ref>{{cite news |title=WSJ Sanders Profile |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/candidates/view/bernie-sanders--VT-S |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307214225/http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/candidates/view/bernie-sanders--VT-S |archivedate=March 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |accessdate=January 18, 2013}}</ref>
=== Pemerintahan ===
Semasa menjabat wali kota, Sanders menjuluki dirinya [[sosialis]] dan media massa juga menyebutnya demikian.<ref name="Banks">{{cite news |last=Banks |first=Russell |authorlink=Russell Banks |date=October 5, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders, the Socialist Mayor |work=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/bernie-sanders-mayor/407413/ |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="SelfStyledSocialist">{{cite news |date=April 7, 1981 |title=Self-Styled Socialist Takes Oath as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[Boston Globe]]}}</ref> Pada periode pertama, para pendukungnya—termasuk [[Terry Bouricius]], anggota dewan kota pertama dari [[Citizens Party (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Masyarakat]]—membentuk Koalisi Progresif yang nantinya menjelma menjadi [[Partai Progresif Vermont]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Senator Bernie Sanders |website=Vermont Progressive Party |url=http://progressiveparty.org/2009/07/senator-bernie-sanders/ |date=July 1, 2009 |accessdate=June 8, 2015 |archive-date=2017-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901021217/http://progressiveparty.org/2009/07/senator-bernie-sanders/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Koalisi Progresif hanya menduduki 6 dari 13 kursi dewan kota, tetapi cukup untuk mencegah dewan memveto kebijakan Sanders. Pada masa pemerintahan Sanders, Burlington menjadi kota pertama di Amerika Serikat yang mendanai proyek [[perwalian tanah rakyat|perumahan rakyat]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dreier |first1=Peter |last2=Clavel |first2=Pierre |title=Bernie's Burlington: What Kind of Mayor Was Bernie Sanders? |website=[[Huffington Post]] |date=June 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403083551/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernies-burlington-what-k_b_7510704 |archivedate=April 3, 2019 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-dreier/bernies-burlington-what-k_b_7510704.html |accessdate=August 6, 2015}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1980-an, Sanders tidak henti-hentinya [[kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat#Kritik|mengkritik kebijakan luar negeri AS]] di [[Amerika Latin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?6046-1/political-parties-america|title=Third Political Parties in America|last= |first= |date=February 3, 1989|website=[[C-SPAN]]|publisher= |access-date=November 16, 2018|minutes=34:27}}</ref> Tahun 1985, Balai Kota Burlington mengadakan kuliah umum kebijakan luar negeri oleh [[Noam Chomsky]]. Dalam kata sambutannya, ia memuji Chomsky sebagai "sosok yang sangat lantang dan penting di tengah semrawutnya kehidupan intelektual di Amerika" dan merasa "sangat senang menyambut seseorang yang kita banggakan."<ref>{{cite news |first=Bethania Palma |last=Markus |date=August 11, 2015 |url=https://www.rawstory.com/2015/08/the-bernie-effect-noam-chomsky-says-sanders-will-push-the-entire-democratic-party-to-the-left/ |title=The Bernie effect: Noam Chomsky says Sanders will push the Democratic Party to the left |work=[[The Raw Story]] |accessdate=August 21, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chomsky Speech at Burlington City Hall – 1985 |via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvZRsdHgxgA |accessdate=August 21, 2015}}</ref>
Baris 145 ⟶ 142:
=== Pemilihan umum ===
Pada tahun 1988, anggota DPR petahana [[Jim Jeffords]] (R) memutuskan maju sebagai calon senator. Kursi [[daerah pemilihan tunggal Vermont]] otomatis diperebutkan. Mantan [[
Sanders merupakan politikus independen pertama yang menjadi anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat AS sejak [[Frazier Reams]] terpilih mewakili Ohio 40 tahun sebelumnya.<ref name=Pertman>{{cite news |last=Pertman |first=Adam |date=November 11, 1990 |title='The Times Caught Up' To Vermont Socialist |work=[[Boston Globe]] |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/61683884.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+11%2C+1990&author=Adam+Pertman%2C+Globe+Staff&pub=Boston+Globe+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=%27THE+TIMES+CAUGHT+UP%27+TO+VERMONT+SOCIALIST&pqatl=google |access-date=2020-02-02 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112214456/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/294560914.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov%2011,%201990&author=Adam%20Pertman,%20Globe%20Staff&pub=Boston%20Globe%20(pre-1997%20Fulltext)&edition=&startpage=&desc=%27THE%20TIMES%20CAUGHT%20UP%27%20TO%20VERMONT%20SOCIALIST |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' dan media massa lainnya menyebut Sanders adalah sosialis pertama yang terpilih sebagai anggota DPR dalam puluhan tahun terakhir.<ref name=Pertman/><ref name=Daly>{{cite news |last=Daly |first=Christopher B. |date=November 11, 1990 |title=For Vermont's Sanders, Victory Followed Long Path; First Socialist Elected to House in Decades Gets Attention With Frank Talk of Class Conflict |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/11/11/for-vermonts-sanders-victory-followed-long-path/36a3036c-d738-4039-a728-891ae9aba9f5/ |accessdate=March 18, 2017}}</ref
Sanders menjabat sebagai anggota DPR selama 16 tahun, sejak 1991 hingga terpilih sebagai senator tahun 2007. Ia memenangi setiap pemilihan dengan selisih suara besar, kecuali ketika [[Revolusi Republik]] 1994 (ia menang dengan selisih 3% dan perolehan suara 50%).<ref name="Carle1995">{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1994/94Stat.htm#45 |title=Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994 |date=May 12, 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114171645/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1994/94Stat.htm |archive-date=November 14, 2015 |url-status=live |editor-last=Carle |editor-first=Robin H.}}</ref>
Baris 165 ⟶ 162:
Pada tahun 1993, Sanders menolak [[RUU Brady]] yang mewajibkan pemeriksaan kepribadian nasional saat membeli senjata dan menerapkan masa tunggu setelah membeli senjata di Amerika Serikat; RUU ini disahkan dengan perolehan suara 238–187.<ref name="Tampa Bay Times">{{cite web |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=July 10, 2015 |title=Did Bernie Sanders vote against background checks and waiting periods for gun purchases? |website=[[Politifact]] |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/jul/10/generation-forward-pac/did-bernie-sanders-vote-against-background-checks-/ |accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 614 |website=US House of Representatives |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1993/roll614.xml |accessdate=November 17, 2014}}</ref> Ia menolak RUU ini empat kali lagi sepanjang 1990-an dan menjelaskan kepada warga Vermont (gemar berburu, minim kasus pembunuhan) bahwa kewajiban masa tunggu itu urusan pemerintah daerah, bukan pemerintah federal.
Sanders juga menyetujui sejumlah aturan pengendalian senjata api.<ref name="Tampa Bay Times"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=What Happened |title-link=What Happened (Clinton book) |last=Clinton |first=Hillary |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5011-7556-5 |location=|page=[https://archive.org/details/whathappened0000clin_q6o5/page/186 186]}}</ref
Tahun 1998, Sanders menyetujui RUU yang menambah masa kurungan minimum (10 tahun) untuk kasus kepemilikan senjata api saat melakukan tindak pidana federal, termasuk tindak pidana non-kekerasan seperti kepemilikan [[marijuana]].<ref name="Tampa Bay Times"/><ref name="Kristian 2016">{{cite news |last1=Kristian |first1=Bonnie |title=Bernie Sanders is not nearly as progressive as you think he is |url=https://theweek.com/articles/603044/bernie-sanders-not-nearly-progressive-think |accessdate=February 11, 2019 |work=The Week |date=February 9, 2016}}</ref
Tahun 2005, Sanders menyetujui [[Undang-Undang Perlindungan Perdagangan Sah Senjata Api]] (Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act).<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 534 |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll534.xml |accessdate=July 18, 2007}}</ref> UU ini bertujuan mencegah produsen dan pedagang senjata dari tuntutan kecerobohan ketika sebuah tindak pidana dilakukan menggunakan produk mereka.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bradner |first=Eric |date=July 5, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders wants to 'bring us to the middle' on guns |website=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/05/politics/bernie-sanders-gun-control/ |accessdate=July 6, 2015}}</ref> {{as of|2016}}, ia mengaku telah berubah sikap dan akan mendukung UU pembatalannya.<ref name=":11" />
==== Penolakan Undang-Undang Patriot ====
Sanders konsisten mengkritik [[Undang-Undang Patriot]] (Patriot Act).<ref name="blogs.wsj.com">{{cite web |last=Tau |first=Byron |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Rand Paul, Bernie Sanders Revel in NSA Ruling |website=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/05/07/rand-paul-bernie-sanders-revel-in-nsa-ruling/ |accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Sebagai anggota Kongres, ia menolak rancangan pertama UU Patriot.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 398 |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2001/roll398.xml |accessdate=May 19, 2015}}</ref> Setelah disahkan DPR dengan suara 357–66, ia mensponsori dan menyetujui beberapa amendemen serta undang-undang yang membatasi dampaknya<ref>{{cite web |last=Hudson |first=David L., Jr. |date=May 25, 2004 |title=Patriot Act |website=Libraries and First Amendment |publisher=First Amendment Center |url=http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/patriot-act |accessdate=May 19, 2015 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220021410/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/patriot-act |dead-url=yes }}</ref> dan menolak semua penerapan ulang (''reauthorization'').<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: It's Time To End Orwellian Surveillance of Every American |work=Time |url=https://time.com/3850839/bernie-sanders-usa-patriot-act/ |accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref> Pada Juni 2005, Sanders mengusulkan amendemen pembatasan pasal-pasal UU Patriot yang memungkinkan pemerintah memperoleh catatan peminjaman dan pembelian buku setiap orang. Amendemen ini disahkan DPR dengan suara mayoritas bipartisan, tetapi dicabut pada 4{{nbsp}}November 2005 setelah DPR–Senat berunding sehingga tidak berketetapan hukum.<ref>{{cite journal |date=November 4, 2005 |title=Sanders' Freedom to Read Language Dropped from Spending Bill |journal=American Library Association Washington Office Newsline |volume=14 |number=107 |url=http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/washnews/2005ab/107nov04.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060604000337/http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/washnews/2005ab/107nov04.htm |archivedate=June 4, 2006}}</ref>
==== Penolakan Perang Irak ====
Baris 187 ⟶ 184:
{{Main|Pemilihan umum Senat Amerika Serikat 2006 di Vermont|Pemilihan umum Senat Amerika Serikat 2012 di Vermont|Pemilihan umum Senat Amerika Serikat 2018 di Vermont}}
Sanders maju dalam pemilu Senat AS pada 21 April 2005 setelah Senator Jim Jeffords mengumumkan tidak mencalonkan diri lagi. [[Chuck Schumer]], ketua [[Komite Kampanye Senator Demokrat]], mendukung Sanders. Dukungan ini berarti calon lain dari Demokrat tidak akan dibantu oleh partai. Sanders juga didukung oleh [[Ketua partai Senat Amerika Serikat|Ketua Minoritas Senat]] [[Harry Reid]] dari Nevada serta ketua [[Komite Nasional Demokrat]] dan mantan gubernur Vermont [[Howard Dean]]. Dean menganggap Sanders sekutu yang "hampir selalu sejalan dengan fraksi Demokrat."<ref>{{cite web |date=May 22, 2005 |title=Transcript for May 22: Guest: Howard Dean, Chairman of the Democratic Party |publisher= [[NBC News]] |work=[[Meet the Press]] |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7924139 |accessdate=August 1, 2011}}</ref> Senator [[Barack Obama]] ikut berkampanye mendukung Sanders di Vermont pada Maret 2006.<ref>{{cite web |last=Krieg |first=Gregory |date=July 9, 2015 |title=Watch Young Senator Barack Obama Campaign for Bernie Sanders in 2006 |publisher=mic.com |quote=Back in March 2006, the future president traveled to Vermont to headline a rally and fundraiser for then-Rep. Bernie Sanders, an independent running for Senate, and Pete Welch, a Democrat seeking election to Sanders's House seat. |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/122011/watch-young-senator-barack-obama-campaign-for-bernie-sanders-in-2006 |accessdate=July 20, 2015}}</ref> Sanders membuat kesepakatan dengan Partai Demokrat agar namanya disertakan dalam pemilihan pendahuluan, tetapi ia akan menolak pencalonan resmi partai apabila menang.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Jessica |date=June 24, 2015 |title=This Quirky New Hampshire Law Might Keep Bernie Sanders Off The Ballot |publisher=NPR |quote=He did appear on the Democratic primary ballot in Vermont for the Senate in both 2006 and 2012, winning their primary, but he declined the nomination both times so he could run as an independent. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/24/416929786/this-quirky-new-hampshire-law-might-keep-sanders-off-the-ballot |accessdate=July 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nichols |first=John |authorlink=John Nichols (journalist) |date=May 26, 2015 |title='Don't Underestimate Me': Bernie Sanders Knows a Thing or Two About Winning |work=The Nation |quote=When Vermont Senator Jim Jeffords, a Republican who turned independent in his last term, announced that he was stepping down in 2006, Sanders jumped into a race that a number of Democrats would have liked to run. He won the Democratic primary and then declined the nomination, mounting an audacious independent run that was not supposed to be easy. |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/why-bernie-sanders-says-dont-underestimate-me/ |accessdate=July 20, 2015 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717002914/http://www.thenation.com/article/why-bernie-sanders-says-dont-underestimate-me/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Dalam kampanye politik termahal sepanjang sejarah Vermont,<ref name="BGlobe-110706">{{cite news |last=Ring |first=Wilson |date=November 7, 2006 |title=Sanders, Welch are winners in Vermont |work=[[Boston Globe]] |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/vote2006/VT/2006-11-08-us-congress_x.htm |accessdate=January 25, 2007}}</ref> ia mengalahkan pebisnis [[Rich Tarrant]] dengan selisih 2 banding 1. Banyak kantor berita yang memperkirakan Sanders sebagai pemenang tidak lama setelah jajak pendapat berakhir dan sebelum surat suara dihitung. Ia terpilih lagi tahun 2012 dengan perolehan suara 71%,<ref>{{cite web |title=Vermont Election Results |website=Decision 2012 |publisher=NBC News |url=http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2012/vermont/ |accessdate=April 21, 2013|date=December 2, 2011 }}</ref> lalu menang lagi tahun 2018 dengan 67% suara.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/914457/2018-ge-winnerlisting.pdf|title=Vermont electoral results, 2018|last=Vermont Secretary of State|date=November 2018|website=State of Vermont|access-date=|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108053637/https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/914457/2018-ge-winnerlisting.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
=== Undang-undang ===
Baris 195 ⟶ 192:
==== Kebijakan keuangan dan moneter ====
Tahun 2008 dan 2009, Sanders menolak [[Troubled Asset Relief Program|Program Pemulihan Aset Bermasalah]] (TARP, biasa disebut penalangan Wall Street), kebijakan pembelian aset-aset bank yang bermasalah dan pemberian pinjaman kepada bank yang melesu.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Eugene |last=Kiely |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2016/03/clinton-sanders-bailout-brawl/|title=Clinton-Sanders Bailout Brawl - FactCheck.org|date=March 7, 2016|work=FactCheck.org|access-date=June 4, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/mar/07/hillary-clinton/michigan-hillary-clinton-says-bernie-sanders-was-a/ |title=In Michigan, Hillary Clinton says Bernie Sanders 'was against the auto bailout'|work=[[politifact]] |access-date=June 4, 2018 |first=Lauren |last=Carroll |date=March 7, 2016 }}</ref> Pada tanggal 4 Februari 2009, ia mengajukan amendemen yang menjamin dana TARP tidak akan merugikan kelas pekerja Amerika. Amendemen ini disahkan dan ditambahkan ke [[Undang-Undang Pemulihan dan Reinvestasi Amerika Serikat 2009]] (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act).<ref name=Levitz>{{cite news |last1=Levitz |first1=Eric |title=Hillary Clinton Won’t Commit to Endorsing Sanders If He Wins Nomination |url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/01/hillary-clinton-bernie-sanders-attack-hollywood-reporter-fact-check.html |accessdate=January 22, 2020 |work=New York |publisher=Vox Media |date=January 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Legislative Search Results|url = https://www.congress.gov/amendment/111th-congress/senate-amendment/306|accessdate = January 22, 2020}}</ref> Beberapa reformasi keuangan yang diusulkannya adalah [[Undang-Undang Transparansi Federal Reserve|audit Federal Reserve]] yang akan mengurangi independensi bank sentral dalam perumusan kebijakan moneter; pejabat Federal Reserve mengatakan aturan "''Audit the Fed''" ini akan membuat bank sentral lebih mudah ditekan oleh politikus yang tidak suka kebijakan-kebijakannya.<ref name="Robb">{{Cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/audit-the-fed-bill-fails-despite-support-from-paul-sanders-2016-01-12 |date=January 12, 2016 |title='Audit the Fed' bill fails despite support from Paul, Sanders|last=Robb|first=Greg|work=MarketWatch|access-date=December 16, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="usnews.com">{{cite web |title=Democrats Kill Rand Paul's Audit the Fed Bill, Though Sanders Votes Yes |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-01-12/democrats-kill-rand-pauls-audit-the-fed-bill-though-sanders-votes-yes |last=Nelson |first=Steven |date=January 12, 2016|website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112230625/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-01-12/democrats-kill-rand-pauls-audit-the-fed-bill-though-sanders-votes-yes|archive-date=January 12, 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="Schroeder">{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/265556-sanders-to-back-audit-the-fed-bill |title=Sanders to vote for Paul's 'Audit the Fed' bill|last=Schroeder|first=Peter|date=January 12, 2016|work=TheHill|access-date=December 16, 2017}}</ref>
{{anchor|2010 filibuster|Filibuster 2010|filibuster}}
Baris 202 ⟶ 199:
Pada tanggal 10 Desembers 2010, Sanders berpidato selama {{frac|8|1|2}} jam dalam rangka menentang [[Undang-Undang Pemutihan Pajak, Penetapan Kembali Asuransi Pengangguran, dan Penciptaan Lapangan Kerja 2010]] (Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act), rencana perluasan [[nilai pajak era Bush]] yang pada akhirnya disahkan. Ia berpendapat undang-undang ini akan memihak kepada orang-orang terkaya di Amerika. Kata Sanders, "Cukuplah!{{nbsp}}... Anda mau punya berapa rumah lagi?".<ref name="Filibuster">{{cite news |date=December 10, 2010 |last=Memoli |first=Michael A. |title=Sen. Bernie Sanders ends filibuster |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-dec-10-la-pn-sanders-filibuster-20101211-story.html |accessdate=August 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Burleigh |first=Nina |date=October 25, 2011 |title=Bernie Sanders' war on the banks |website=Salon |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/25/bernie_sanders_war_on_the_banks/ |accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bernie-sanders-holds-old-school-filibuster-against-obama-gop-tax-cut-deal/|title=Bernie Sanders Holds Old-School Filibuster Against Obama-GOP Tax Cut Deal|last=Condon|first=Stephanie|date=December 10, 2010|work=|access-date=May 14, 2018}}</ref> Pidato panjang seperti ini biasanya disebut [[filibuster]]. Karena pidato Sanders tidak mencegah pemungutan suara, pidatonya tidak tergolong filibuster menurut aturan Senat.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 10, 2010 |title=Senator Sanders Filibuster |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?297021-5/senator-sanders-filibuster |accessdate=June 1, 2015}}</ref>
Usai pidato ini, ratusan orang menandatangani petisi daring yang mendorong Sanders maju dalam pilpres 2012. Beberapa lembaga riset mulai menakar popularitasnya di negara-negara bagian penting menjelang [[pemilihan pendahuluan]].<ref name="Prez"/> Aktivis-aktivis [[progresivisme kontemporer|progresif]] seperti Rabbi [[Michael Lerner (rabbi)|Michael Lerner]] dan ekonom [[David Korten]] akan mendukung apabila Sanders maju melawan Presiden Obama.<ref name="Prez">{{cite news |last=Nichols |first=John |authorlink=John Nichols (journalist) |date=December 29, 2010 |title=That 'Sanders for President' Talk is Real Enough, But Bernie's Not Going There |work=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/sanders-president-talk-real-enough-bernies-not-going-there/ |access-date=2020-02-02 |archive-date=2021-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102220553/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/sanders-president-talk-real-enough-bernies-not-going-there/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Nation Books]] menerbitkan pidatonya pada pada Februari 2011 dengan judul ''The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class''. Hasil penjualannya disumbangkan ke sejumlah [[lembaga swadaya masyarakat|badan amal nirlaba]] di Vermont.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/03/15/sanders-85-hour-tax-cut-filibuster-gets-a-book|title=Sanders's 8.5 Hour Tax Cut Filibuster Gets a Book|first=Paul|last=Bedard|magazine=US News|date=March 15, 2011|accessdate=May 15, 2016}}</ref>
Tahun 2016, Sanders menyetujui [[Undang-Undang Transparansi Federal Reserve]] (Federal Reserve Transparency Act) yang mencakup rencana audit Federal Reserve System.<ref name="Robb"/><ref name="usnews.com"/><ref name="Schroeder"/>
==== Kebijakan luar negeri ====
Pada tanggal 12 Juni 2017, Senat AS menyepakati undang-undang yang menjatuhkan [[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act|sanksi baru]] untuk [[Rusia]] dan [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bernie's Vote On Sanctions Was About Protecting The Iran Deal From Trump |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernies-vote-on-sanctions-was-about-protecting-the-iran-deal-from-trump_b_597df7f8e4b0da64e879b55e |first=Ida |last=Adibi |work=HuffPost |date=July 30, 2017 |access-date=2020-02-02 |archive-date=2020-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160215/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernies-vote-on-sanctions-was-about-protecting-the-iran-deal-from-trump_b_597df7f8e4b0da64e879b55e |dead-url=yes }}</ref> RUU ini ditolak oleh Sanders dan [[Rand Paul]] (R).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-bill-on-russia-sanctions-prompts-german-austrian-outcry/a-39270624 |title=US bill on Russia sanctions prompts German, Austrian outcry |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=June 15, 2017 }}</ref> Ia mendukung sanksi untuk Rusia, tetapi menolak RUU secara keseluruhan karena ia yakin sanksi berpotensi menggagalkan [[kesepakatan nuklir Iran]].<ref>{{cite press release
Tahun 2018, Sanders bersama Senator [[Chris Murphy]] (D–CT) dan [[Mike Lee (politikus AS)|Mike Lee]] (R–UT) mensponsori RUU pengaktifan [[Resolusi Kekuasaan Perang|Resolusi Kekuasaan Perang 1973]] yang menyetop dukungan AS untuk [[intervensi pimpinan Arab Saudi di Yaman|intervensi militer Saudi di Yaman]].<ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/12/676152310/senate-poised-to-vote-to-end-u-s-military-support-for-war-in-yemen|title=Senate votes to end U.S. support for war in Yemen, rebuking Trump and Saudi Arabia|last=Detrow|first=Scott|date=December 13, 2018|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref> Intervensi ini menewaskan ratusan ribu warga sipil<ref name=":5">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/after-inadequate-briefing-saudi-arabia-senate-advances-bill-end-u-n941386|title=Senate advances bill to end U.S. involvement in Yemen war after 'inadequate' briefing on Saudi Arabia|last=Caldwell|first=Leigh Ann|date=November 28, 2018|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref> dan "jutaan orang lain kelaparan dan sakit".<ref name=":14">{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/28/18116442/yemen-war-powers-senate-vote-sanders|title=The Senate is moving closer to ending US support for the war in Yemen|last=Ward|first=Alex|date=November 28, 2018|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-joint-resolution/54|title=Senate Joint Resolution 54 of the 115th Congress: A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities in the Republic of Yemen that have not been authorized by Congress|last=|first=|date=December 19, 2018|website=[[Congress.gov]]|access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref> Usai [[pembunuhan Jamal Khashoggi]] bulan Oktober 2018 (yang diperintahkan langsung oleh [[Putra Mahkota Arab Saudi]] [[Mohammad bin Salman]] menurut intelijen),<ref name=":15">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/us/politics/yemen-saudi-war-pompeo-mattis.html|title=Senate votes to end aid for Yemen fight over Khashoggi killing and Saudis' war aims|last=Davis|first=Julie Hirschfeld|date=December 13, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 1, 2019|last2=Schmitt|first2=Eric|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> RUU ini disponsori dan didukung oleh kedua belah partai. Senat mengesahkan RUU dengan perolehan suara 56–41.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=115&session=2&vote=00266 |title= Roll Call Vote 115th Congress - 2nd Session |website=Senate.gov |quote=Vote Number 266 |date=December 13, 2018 |accessdate=December 20, 2019 }}</ref
==== Pelayanan kesehatan ====
Baris 217 ⟶ 214:
Pada bulan September 2017, Sanders bersama 15 senator mengajukan RUU Medicare Untuk Semua (Medicare for All), rencana pelayanan kesehatan yang didanai pajak. Berbeda dengan Medicare, rencana ini juga menanggung perawatan mata dan gigi. Sejumlah senator Republik melontarkan julukan "Berniecare" dan menilai RUU ini "kebijakan terbaru Demokrat yang mendorong sistem kesehatan sosialis serta kenaikan pajak." Sanders menjawab Partai Republik tidak berhak berkomentar soal pelayanan kesehatan setelah memutuskan mencabut asuransi kesehatan 32 juta orang yang sebelumnya ditanggung oleh ACA.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kurtzleben|first1=Danielle|title=Here's What's In Bernie Sanders' 'Medicare For All' Bill |date=September 14, 2017 |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/09/14/550768280/heres-whats-in-bernie-sanders-medicare-for-all-bill |work=NPR |accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref>
Selaku ketua Subkomite Kesehatan Primer dan Lanjut Usia Senat, Sanders mengusulkan pemulihan dan penguatan [[Undang-Undang Masyarakat Lanjut Usia Amerika]] (Older Americans Act) yang mendukung [[Meals on Wheels]] (pengantaran makanan) dan program serupa bagi kalangan lansia.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 23, 2015 |title=Older Americans Act |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/recent-business/2013/05/23/older-americans-act |website=Sanders.Senate.gov |accessdate=July 4, 2015 |archive-date=2020-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031033/https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/recent-business/2013/05/23/older-americans-act |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
==== Kebijakan imigrasi ====
Baris 269 ⟶ 266:
=== Popularitas ===
Jajak pendapat [[Public Policy Polling]] bulan Agustus 2011 menunjukkan 67% responden mendukung Sanders dan 28% tidak mendukung; Sanders menjadi senator terpopuler ketiga di Amerika Serikat.<ref name="Easley"/> [[NAACP]] (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) dan [[National Hispanic Leadership Agenda|NHLA]] (National Hispanic Leadership Agenda) setuju dengan semua keputusan dan suara Sanders di Senat.<ref name="Ackerman2015">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/sanders-race-primary-president-civil-rights/ |title=Give the People What They Want: Bernie Sanders' signature issues aren't 'white' issues |magazine=[[Jacobin (majalah)|Jacobin]] |date=June 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721162037/http://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/sanders-race-primary-president-civil-rights/ |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=live |last=Ackerman |first=Seth |issn=2158-2602}}</ref> Pada tahun 2015, ia masuk lima besar tokoh pilihan ''[[The Forward]]'' 50.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 11, 2015 |url=https://forward.com/series/forward-50/2015/ |title=Forward 50 2015 |newspaper=[[The Forward]] |accessdate=November 11, 2015}}</ref> Menurut japat Morning Consult November 2015, ia didukung oleh 83% konstituennya dan menjadi senator terpopuler di seluruh AS.<ref name="newsweek.com"/> Dalam japat Fox News Maret 2017, Sanders memperoleh selisih dukungan bersih tertinggi (+28 poin).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/17/everyone-loves-bernie-sanders-except-democratic-party |first=Trevor |last=Timm |accessdate=December 18, 2019 |title=Everyone loves Bernie Sanders. Except, it seems, the Democratic party |work=The Guardian |date=March 17, 2017 }}</ref> Namanya menempati urutan ketiga tahun 2014 dan pertama tahun 2015 dan 2016.
Sanders adalah politikus terpopuler di Amerika Serikat menurut jajak pendapat nasional Harvard-Harris April 2017.<ref name="thehill.com" /> Japat selanjutnya juga menunjukkan hasil yang sama.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/347811-poll-mcconnell-the-countrys-least-popular-politician|title=Poll: McConnell the country's least popular politician|newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=August 24, 2017|first=Jonathan|last=Easley}}</ref>
Baris 294 ⟶ 291:
Sanders memanfaatkan media sosial untuk memopulerkan kampanye calon presidennya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Corasaniti |first=Nick |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Seeking the Presidency, Bernie Sanders Becomes Facebook Royalty Through Quirky Sharing |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/us/politics/bernie-sanders-wants-to-be-president-but-hes-already-facebook-royalty.html |accessdate=May 21, 2015}}</ref> Timnya mengepos konten di berbagai platform digital seperti [[Twitter]] dan [[Facebook]] dan menjawab pertanyaan terbuka di [[Reddit]]. Ia didukung organisasi akar rumput yang cukup besar di Internet. 100.000 pendukung menghadiri +3.500 acara serentak di seluruh Amerika Serikat pada 29 Juli 2015.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lisa |last=Lerer |date=July 30, 2015 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bernie-sanders-draws-more-than-100000-2015-7 |title=More than 100,000 people participated in a mega-grassroots Bernie Sanders event |work=Business Insider |accessdate=August 19, 2015 }}</ref>
Acara kampanye Sanders bulan Juni 2015 dihadiri oleh pendukung dari berbagai penjuru AS.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |first=Sofia |last=Tesfaye |date=June 16, 2015 |url=https://www.salon.com/2015/06/16/america_is_feeling_the_bern_bernie_sanders_draws_overflow_crowds_and_surges_in_the_polls/ |title=America is feeling the Bern: Bernie Sanders draws overflow crowds{{snd}}and surges in the polls |work=[[Salon.com]] |accessdate=June 16, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Wagner |date=June 15, 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/06/15/meet-the-people-coming-to-see-bernie-sanders-in-iowa/ |title=Meet the people coming to see Bernie Sanders in Iowa |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=June 16, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Keith">{{cite news |first=Tamara |last=Keith |date=June 15, 2015 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/15/414689799/bernie-sanders-stunned-by-large-crowds-showing-up-for-him |title=Bernie Sanders 'Stunned' By Large Crowds Showing Up For Him |work=NPR |accessdate=June 16, 2015 }}</ref> Ketika [[Hillary Clinton]] dan Sanders berkampanye di Des Moines, Iowa, kerumunan di acara Sanders justru lebih banyak, padahal Sanders sudah duluan keliling Iowa dan ini kunjungan pertama Clinton di Iowa tahun 2015.<ref name=GuardianSandersVsClinton>{{cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Ben |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders closes on Hillary Clinton in New Hampshire Democrats poll |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/25/bernie-sanders-hillary-clinton-new-hampshire-democrats-poll |website=The Guardian |accessdate=July 2, 2015}}</ref> Pada 1 Juli 2015, Sanders mampir ke Madison, Wisconsin, dan acaranya dihadiri oleh ±10.000 orang, waktu itu kerumunan terbesar sepanjang masa kampanye pilpres 2016.<ref name="MSNBCMadisonBiggestCrowd">{{cite web |last=Seitz-Wald |first=Alex |date=July 1, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders draws biggest crowd of any 2016 candidate yet |publisher=MSNBC |url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/bernie-sanders-draws-biggest-crowd-any-2016-candidate-yet |accessdate=July 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="HuffPo10K">{{cite web |last=Reilly |first=Mollie |date=July 1, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Draws His Biggest Crowd Yet In Progressive Stronghold |website=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-madison_n_7709966 |accessdate=July 2, 2015}}</ref> Selama beberapa minggu selanjutnya, acaranya dihadiri oleh kerumunan yang lebih besar lagi: 11.000 orang di Arizona,<ref name="Washington Post AZ crowd">{{cite web |last=Wagner |first=John |date=July 19, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders draws his biggest crowd yet – in Arizona of all places |website=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/07/19/bernie-sanders-draws-his-biggest-crowd-yet-in-arizona-of-all-places/ |accessdate=July 21, 2015}}</ref> 15.000 orang di Seattle,<ref>{{cite web |last=Connelly |first=Joel |date=August 8, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders draws 15,000 people at UW, state's biggest political crowd since 2010 Obama visit |website=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-draws-15000-people-at-uw-states-biggest-political-crowd-since-2010-obama-visit/ |accessdate=August 9, 2015 |archive-date=2015-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809153712/http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-draws-15000-people-at-uw-states-biggest-political-crowd-since-2010-obama-visit/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> dan 28.000 orang di Portland, Oregon.<ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Cillizza |date=August 10, 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/10/this-bernie-sanders-crowd-shot-should-make-hillary-clinton-a-little-jittery/ |title=This Bernie Sanders crowd shot should make Hillary Clinton a little jittery |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=August 10, 2015 }}</ref>
=== Debat capres partai ===
Baris 307 ⟶ 304:
Sebagian pendukung curiga media-media seperti ''[[The New York Times]]'' melupakan kampanye Sanders dan lebih suka meliput calon lainnya, khususnya Trump dan Clinton. [[Ombudsman]] ''The New York Times'' mendalami proses peliputan kampanye Sanders dan menemukan bahwa koran ini "tidak pernah menganggap serius. Beberapa artikel bernada pesimistis dan kadang-kadang mengejek. Sebagian artikel menyoroti usia, penampilan, dan gaya sang calon, bukan substansi programnya." Ia juga menilai ''The New York Times'' lebih sering meliput Trump daripada Sanders, padahal Trump juga waktu itu dianggap mustahil terpilih. Kampanye Trump dibahas di 63 artikel, sedangkan kampanye Sanders dibahas di 14 artikel saja.<ref name="Sullivan2015">{{cite web|last=Sullivan |first=Margaret |title=Public Editor's Journal: Has The Times Dismissed Bernie Sanders? |website=The New York Times |date=September 9, 2015 |url=https://publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/has-the-times-dismissed-bernie-sanders/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923132816/http://publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/has-the-times-dismissed-bernie-sanders/ |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Debenedetti2015">{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/09/qpoll-iowa-213462 |date=September 10, 2015 |first1=Gabriel |last1=Debenedetti |first2=Nick |last2=Gass |title=Bernie Sanders overtakes Hillary Clinton in Iowa |website=Politico |accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> Penelitian bulan Desember 2015 menemukan bahwa tiga jaringan televisi terbesar di AS—[[CBS]], [[NBC]], dan [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]—membicarakan Trump selama 234{{nbsp}}menit dan Sanders selama 10{{nbsp}}menit, padahal posisi keduanya sejajar di berbagai jajak pendapat. Laporan yang sama menyebutkan bahwa ''[[ABC World News Tonight]]'' mengulas Trump selama 81{{nbsp}}menit dan Sanders selama kurang dari satu{{nbsp}}menit sepanjang tahun 2015.<ref name="Democracy Now">{{cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2015/12/15/headlines/report_top_news_shows_give_trump_234_minutes_sanders_10_minutes |title=Report: Top News Shows Give Trump 234 Minutes, Sanders 10 Minutes |at=6:06 |publisher=Democracy Now |date=December 15, 2015 |accessdate=December 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216021357/http://www.democracynow.org/2015/12/15/headlines/report_top_news_shows_give_trump_234_minutes_sanders_10_minutes |archive-date=December 16, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Amy Goodman]], wartawan ''[[Democracy Now!]]'', mengatakan pidato Trump, Clinton, [[Marco Rubio]], dan [[Ted Cruz]] dalam rangka [[Super Tuesday]] III tanggal 15 Maret disiarkan penuh. Sanders saat itu sedang berada di Phoenix, Arizona, berpidato di hadapan kerumunan yang lebih besar daripada kerumunan calon lainnya, tetapi acaranya sendiri tidak disebutkan di media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2016/11/29/bernie_sanders_i_was_stunned_by |work=[[Democracy Now]] |date=November 29, 2016 |first=Amy |last=Goodman |accessdate=December 18, 2019 |title=Bernie Sanders: "I Was Stunned" by Corporate Media Blackout During Democratic Primary }}</ref>
Jajak pendapat NBC/Wall Street Journal bulan Mei 2016 menunjukkan selisih kecil apabila Clinton dan Trump berhadap-hadapan di pemilihan umum. Japat yang sama menunjukkan 53% pemilih akan mendukung Sanders dan 39% mendukung Trump apabila Sanders lolos ke putaran pemilu.<ref name="NBC News1">{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/clinton-s-lead-over-trump-shrinks-3-points-new-nbc-n577726 | title=Meet the Press | publisher=NBC | date=May 23, 2016 | accessdate=May 23, 2016 | author=Murray, Mark}}</ref> Di antara capres-capres potensial, Clinton dan Trump adalah capres yang paling tidak populer sepanjang sejarah NBC/WSJ. Sanders sendiri ditanggapi positif oleh 43% responden dan negatif oleh 36% responden.<ref name="NBC News2">{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/first-read/first-read-clinton-s-challenge-winning-over-sanders-voters-n578591 |title=First Read: Clinton's Challenge Is Winning Over Sanders Voters |publisher=NBC |date=May 23, 2016 |accessdate=May 23, 2016 |last3=Dann |first3=Carrie |author1-link=Chuck Todd |last1=Todd |first1=Chuck |last2=Murray |first2=Mark}}</ref> Sejumlah japat menunjukkan bahwa pemilih Demokrat di atas usia 50 tahun mendukung Clinton dengan selisih besar, tetapi mayoritas pemilih di bawah usia 50 tahun mendukung Sanders.<ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-clinton-sanders-age-20160419-story.html |title=Why young voters are flocking to Sanders and older ones to Clinton | date=April 19, 2016 | accessdate=September 6, 2016 |last=Decker |first=Cathleen}}</ref>
Baris 318 ⟶ 315:
Usai pemilihan pendahuluan terakhir, Sanders menjadi capres Demokrat yang paling diunggulkan.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/17/us/politics/bernie-sanders-campaign.html | title=Bernie Sanders, Still Running, Pledges to 'Make Certain' Donald Trump Is Defeated | website=The New York Times | date=June 16, 2016 | accessdate=June 18, 2016 | author=Alcindor, Yamiche}}</ref> Pada tanggal 12 Juli, Sanders secara resmi [[Daftar dukungan untuk kampanye calon presiden Hillary Clinton 2016|mendukung]] Clinton.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/11/politics/hillary-clinton-bernie-sanders/index.html |title=Bernie Sanders endorses Hillary Clinton |work=CNN |first=MJ |last=Lee |first2=Dan |last2=Merica |first3=Jeff |last3=Zeleny |date=July 12, 2016 |accessdate=July 13, 2016}}</ref> Ia tetap bekerja sama dengan panitia DNC untuk menerapkan rencana-rencana progresif yang diusungnya di kampanye. Sanders menyampaikan pidato di [[Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 2016]] pada tanggal 25 Juli sekaligus dukungan resmi untuk Clinton Sebagian pendukungnya menolak pencalonan Clinton dan mengungkapkan ketidaksetujuan mereka saat Sanders meminta kader Demokrat bersatu. Ia menanggapi, "Ada dua hal yang harus kita lakukan: kalahkan Donald Trump dan pilih Hillary Clinton{{nbsp}}... Teriak-teriak tidak setuju itu gampang, tetapi mengaku kepada generasi selanjutnya bahwa kalian dikalahkan [[Kepresidenan Donald Trump|Trump]] itu malunya bukan main."<ref name="CNN">{{cite news | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/25/politics/bernie-sanders-democratic-national-convention-speech/ | title=Bernie Sanders: 'I am proud to stand with her' | publisher=CNN | date=July 26, 2016 | accessdate=July 26, 2016 | author=Collinson, Stephen}}</ref>
Dalam pemilihan umum tanggal 8 November, Sanders meraup hampir 6% suara [[pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2016 di Vermont|di Vermont]], padahal ia bukan calon resmi. Ini persentase suara [[calon tidak terdaftar|tak terdaftar]] tingkat daerah tertinggi sepanjang sejarah Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/190417-ralph-nader-got-the-most-write-in-votes-for-president-ever-but-election-write-ins-have-a-long |title=Ralph Nader Got The Most Write-In Votes For President Ever, But Election Write-Ins Have A Long History |last=Warner |first=Claire |date=October 19, 2016 |access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> Jumlah suaranya di Vermont lebih banyak daripada total suara untuk [[Gary Johnson]], capres [[Partai Libertarian (Amerika Serikat)|Libertarian]], dan [[Jill Stein]], capres [[Partai Hijau Amerika Serikat|Hijau]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us/Index.html#/home|title=Vermont Election Night Results|website=vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us|access-date=September 6, 2017|archive-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811143454/https://vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us/Index.html#/home|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Pemilih boleh menulis sendiri nama Sanders di 12 negara bagian.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://heavy.com/news/2016/11/how-many-write-in-votes-for-did-bernie-sanders-get-presidential-election-results-california-iowa-new-hampshire-pennsylvania-vermont-total/ |title=How Many Write-In Votes Did Bernie Sanders Get in the Election?|last=Dwilson|first=Stephanie Dube|date=November 16, 2016|work=Heavy.com|access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> Suara tulis dihitung di tiga negara bagian: [[pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2016 di California|California]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2016-general/sov/17-presidential-formatted.pdf |title=Presidential election results in California, 2016|website=sos.ca.gov|access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> [[pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2016 di New Hampshire|New Hampshire]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sos.nh.gov/2016PresGen.aspx?id=8589963688|title=President of the United States – 2016 General Election – NHSOS|website=sos.nh.gov|access-date=September 6, 2017|archive-date=2017-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915230044/http://sos.nh.gov/2016PresGen.aspx?id=8589963688|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan [[pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2016 di Vermont|Vermont]].<ref name=":2"/> Total suara tulis untuk Sanders di tiga negara bagian ini berjumlah 111.850, kira-kira 15% dari total suara tulis nasional dan tidak sampai 1% total suara nasional.<ref name=":3"/>
=== Pascapemilu ===
Pada November 2016, Sanders merilis buku ''[[Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In]]''. Buku ini langsung bertengger di peringkat ketiga [[The New York Times Best Seller list|daftar buku terlaris ''The New York Times'']]. Buku lisannya mendapat nominasi Grammy Award kategori Best Spoken Word Album.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=November 27, 2017 |title=Bernie Sanders Earns Grammy Nomination|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2017/politics/news/bernie-sanders-grammy-nomination-1202624408/|accessdate=November 27, 2017}}</ref> Pada Februari 2017, ia mulai menyiarkan ''The Bernie Sanders Show'' secara langsung lewat [[Facebook live|Facebook]]. [[William Barber II|William Barber]], [[Josh Fox]], [[Jane Mayer]], dan [[Bill Nye the Science Guy|Bill Nye]] pernah diundang sebagai narasumber.
Pada bulan Februari 2018, penyelidikan campur tangan Rusia dalam pilpres 2016 oleh Penasihat Khusus [[Robert Mueller]] mengungkapkan bahwa Rusia menyebarkan informasi palsu sepanjang masa kampanye untuk menjegal Clinton dan mengunggulkan Sanders dan Stein.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/02/17/indictment-russians-also-tried-help-bernie-sanders-jill-stein-presidential-campaigns/348051002/ |title=Indictment: Russians also tried to help Bernie Sanders, Jill Stein presidential campaigns |work=USA Today |first=Michael |last=Collins |date=February 17, 2018 |access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref> Sanders membantah kesimpulan Mueller; ia mengaku tidak menemukan bukti Rusia membantu tim kampanyenya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/02/21/bernie-sanders-trump-russia-interference-420528 |first=Edward-Isaac |last=Dovere |date=February 21, 2018 |title=Bernie blames Hillary for allowing Russian interference |work=Politico |access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref> Selain itu, ia menyalahkan tim Clinton karena tidak berusaha keras mencegah campur tangan Rusia.<ref name=":6"/> Sanders mengatakan timnya sudah mengambil langkah pencegahan dan salah satu stafnya sudah memberitahu tim Clinton.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/02/24/bernie-sanders-russian-trolls-false-story-423413 |title=Bernie Sanders promoted false story on reporting Russian trolls |work=[[Politico]] |date=February 24, 2018 |first=Edward-Isaac |last=Dovere |access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref> Menurut ''[[Politico]]'', seorang relawan kampanye Sanders telah meminta [[komite aksi politik]] pendukung Clinton agar melaporkan aktivitas mencurigakan, tetapi tim Sanders tidak menghubungi tim Clinton secara langsung.<ref name=":7"/>
Baris 388 ⟶ 385:
=== Perubahan iklim ===
Sanders memandang [[pemanasan global]] sebagai masalah serius.<ref name="Totten">{{cite news |last=Totten |first=Shay |date=January 15, 2007 |title=Sanders to push global warming legislation in Senate |work=Vermont Guardian |quote=Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-VT, said Monday he was making good on at least one of a handful of campaign promises — introducing a bill designed to cut U.S. contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions in the next decade. ... Sanders added that construction of new power plants is "extraordinarily expensive" and he would prefer to see federal funding support used to expand the development of sustainable energy, as well as biofuels. |url=https://www.vermontguardian.com/local/012007/GlobalWarmingBill.shtml |accessdate=August 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508004601/http://www.vermontguardian.com/local/012007/GlobalWarmingBill.shtml |archive-date=May 8, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ia mendorong kebijakan yang lebih radikal untuk membalikkan efek gas rumah kaca. Ia menuntut peningkatan anggaran [[infrastruktur]] yang lebih mengutamakan "penghematan energi dan [[keberlanjutan]]" serta [[penciptaan lapangan kerja]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2014/9/22/bernie_sanders_at_peoples_climate_march |title=Bernie Sanders at People's Climate March: To Stop Global Warming, Get Dirty Money Out of Politics |work=[[Democracy now!]] |date=September 22, 2014 |first=Amy |last=Goodman }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ashley, III |last=Halsey |date=January 27, 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2015/01/27/bernie-sanders-wants-to-spend-1-trillion-on-infrastruture/ |title=Bernie Sanders wants to spend $1 trillion on infrastruture |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=August 18, 2015 }}</ref> Menurutnya, [[perubahan iklim dan keamanan nasional|perubahan iklim adalah ancaman terbesar]] bagi keamanan nasional.<ref name="Totten"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/260184-sanders-climate-change-still-greatest-threat-to-national-security |first=Jonathan |last=Easley |date=November 14, 2015 |title=Sanders: Climate change still greatest threat to national security |newspaper=The Hill |accessdate=December 19, 2019 }}</ref
=== Isu ekonomi ===
Sanders menyoroti isu-isu ekonomi seperti [[kesenjangan pendapatan di Amerika Serikat|kesenjangan pendapatan]] dan [[kesenjangan kekayaan di Amerika Serikat|kekayaan]],<ref name="sanders_confirms"/><ref>{{cite web |title=On the Issues: Income and Wealth Inequality |url=https://berniesanders.com/issues/income-and-wealth-inequality/ |publisher=BernieSanders.com |accessdate=August 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620081832/https://berniesanders.com/issues/income-and-wealth-inequality/ |archive-date=June 20, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[kemiskinan di Amerika Serikat|kemiskinan]],<ref>{{cite news |last= Pilkington|first=Ed|date=December 15, 2017 |title=Trump turning US into 'world champion of extreme inequality', UN envoy warns|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/15/america-un-extreme-poverty-trump-republicans|work=The Guardian |access-date=December 16, 2017|quote=We are moving into 2018 – we should not be living in a country with 41 million people living in poverty and so many more in extreme poverty, and nobody even talks about it. – Bernie Sanders}}</ref> peningkatan upah minimum,<ref name = Lachman/> [[pelayanan kesehatan universal]],<ref name="Jaffe">{{cite news |last=Jaffe |first=Sarah |date=July 14, 2009 |title=Sanders Schools McCain on Public Healthcare |work=[[The Nation]] |quote=Senator Bernie Sanders is one of the Senate's fiercest advocates for real healthcare reform that puts Americans, not private insurance companies, first. Recently, Sanders told The Nation's Katrina vanden Heuvel, '[I]f you are serious about real healthcare reform, the only way to go is [[single-payer]].' |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/sanders-schools-mccain-public-healthcare/ |accessdate=October 16, 2013 |archive-date=2015-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706203905/http://www.thenation.com/article/sanders-schools-mccain-public-healthcare/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> pemutihan seluruh [[utang pelajar]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nobles |first1=Ryan|last2=Krieg|first2=Gregory|date=June 23, 2019 |title=Bernie Sanders to unveil plan to cancel all $1.6 trillion of student loan debt|website=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/23/politics/bernie-sanders-student-loan-debt-cancellation/index.html|accessdate=June 24, 2019}}</ref> pembebasan biaya kuliah [[pajak Robin Hood|dengan memajaki transaksi keuangan]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Resnikoff |first=Ned |date=May 19, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders unveils plan for tuition-free public colleges |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/19/bernie-sanders-unveils-plan-for-tuition-free-public-colleges.html |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref> dan perluasan tunjangan [[Social Security (Amerika Serikat)|Social Security]] dengan menghapus batas pajak pendapatan untuk orang-orang yang gajinya melebihi $250.000/tahun.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-calls-on-congress-to-strengthen-and-expand-social-security |title=Sanders Files Bill to Strengthen, Expand Social Security |website=Sanders.Senate.gov |date=March 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Nicole |last=Woo |first2=Janelle |last2=Jones |first3=John |last3=Schmitt |date=September 2011 |url=http://cepr.net/publications/reports/whos-above-the-social-security-payroll-tax-cap |title=Who's Above the Social Security Payroll Tax Cap? |work=[[Center for Economic and Policy Research]] |accessdate=September 7, 2015 |archive-date=2011-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116062936/https://cepr.net/publications/reports/whos-above-the-social-security-payroll-tax-cap |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ia mengusulkan berbagai aturan yang mewajibkan perusahaan memberikan hak [[cuti hamil]], [[cuti sakit]], dan [[daftar cuti kerja minimal wajib menurut negara|cuti liburan]] kepada pekerja, meniru aturan yang sudah duluan diterapkan di berbagai negara maju.<ref name="agenda">{{cite web |title=Family values agenda: paid family leave, paid sick leave, paid vacation |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/download/061115-familyvaluesagendafactsheet?inline=file |format=PDF |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref> Ia juga mendukung aturan yang memudahkan pekerja bergabung atau membentuk [[serikat pekerja di Amerika Serikat|serikat pekerja]].<ref name="Economic Agenda">{{cite news |first=Bernie |last=Sanders |date=December 1, 2014 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/an-economic-agenda-for-am_b_6249022 |title=An Economic Agenda for America: 12 Steps Forward |work=HuffPost |accessdate=June 27, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ned |last=Resnikoff |date=October 6, 2015 |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/10/6/bernie-sanders-proposes-labor-law-reforms.html |title=Bernie Sanders proposes sweeping labor law reforms |work=Al Jazeera |accessdate=October 6, 2015 }}</ref> Sanders menolak [[krisis keuangan 2007–08|penalangan bank]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sanders.senate.gov/news/record.cfm?id=303544|title=(Video) Bailout Petition Statement|date=September 24, 2008|publisher=Senate.gov|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014003612/http://www.sanders.senate.gov/news/record.cfm?id=303544|archivedate=October 14, 2008|url-status=dead|accessdate=August 29, 2010}}</ref> dan mendorong reformasi keuangan menyeluruh,<ref name="MarketWatch">{{cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/text-of-bernie-sanders-wall-street-and-economy-speech-2016-01-05 |title=Text of Bernie Sanders' Wall Street and economy speech|website=MarketWatch|accessdate=January 6, 2016}}</ref> misalnya memecah lembaga-lembaga keuangan yang sifatnya "[[too big to fail]]" (terlalu besar dan berpengaruh), memulihkan [[undang-undang Glass–Steagall]], mereformasi [[Federal Reserve Bank]], dan mengizinkan Kantor Pos Amerika Serikat membuka layanan perbankan dasar di daerah tertinggal.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Break Up Big Banks |work=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/break-up-big-banks_b_7233284 |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="politico.com">{{cite web |last1=Everett |first1=Burgess |title=Bernie Sanders backs big bank breakups, in contrast with Hillary Clinton |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/bernie-sanders-big-ban-break-ups-glass-steagall-120287 |date=July 17, 2015 |website=[[Politico]] |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Sanders |first1=Bernie |title=Bernie Sanders: To Rein In Wall Street, Fix the Fed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/23/opinion/bernie-sanders-to-rein-in-wall-street-fix-the-fed.html |date=December 23, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=December 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic">{{cite web |last1=Pinsker |first1=Joe |title=Bernie Sanders's Highly Sensible Plan to Turn Post Offices Into Banks |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/bernie-sanders-lets-turn-post-offices-into-banks/411589/ |website=The Atlantic |accessdate=January 6, 2016|date=October 20, 2015 }}</ref>
Karena Sanders percaya hak tenaga kerja dan dampak lingkungan perlu diutamakan saat merundingkan perjanjian dagang internasional, ia dari dulu menolak dan menentang [[NAFTA]], [[CAFTA]], dan [[PNTR]] dengan [[Tiongkok]]. Semua perjanjian ini dianggap "bencana bagi kelas pekerja Amerika" dan ujung-ujungnya mendorong perusahaan Amerika hengkang ke luar negeri. Sanders juga menentang [[Kemitraan Trans-Pasifik]] yang menurutnya "disusun oleh kalangan korporat Amerika dan industri obat-obatan dan spekulan Wall Street."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 21, 2015 |title=The TPP Must Be Defeated |work=HuffPost |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-bernie-sanders/the-tpp-must-be-defeated_b_7352166.html |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="On the Issues">{{cite web |url=http://www.ontheissues.org/2016/Bernie_Sanders_Free_Trade.htm |title=Bernie Sanders on Free Trade |publisher=On the Issues |accessdate=January 20, 2016}}</ref> Pada 1 Mei 2019, ia menulis, "Sejak [[Undang-Undang Hubungan Amerika Serikat–Tiongkok 2000|perjanjian dagang Tiongkok]] yang saya tolak berlaku, Amerika kehilangan lebih dari tiga juga lapangan kerja produktif. Tiongkok itu jelas-jelas salah satu pesaing utama kita di bidang ekonomi."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Democratic candidates on foreign policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020-election/ |work=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref>
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Sanders mendukung pemangkasan [[anggaran militer Amerika Serikat|anggaran militer]], mendorong [[diplomasi]] dan [[kerja sama internasional]] yang lebih erat. Ia menolak bantuan dana untuk pemberontak [[Nikaragua]], biasa disebut [[contras]], dalam [[Nicaragua v. United States|operasi rahasia]] [[aktivitas CIA di Nikaragua|CIA]] melawan pemerintahan kiri Nikaragua.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who Was Naive About Bernie Sanders Meeting the Sandinistas? |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/05/who-was-naive-about-bernie-sanders-meeting-the-sandinistas/ |first=Jonathan M. |last=Katz |work=Mother Jones |date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> Ia juga tegas menolak [[invasi Irak oleh Amerika Serikat]] dan mengkritik berbagai kebijakan era [[Perang Melawan Teror]], khususnya [[pengintaian massal di Amerika Serikat|pengintaian massal]] dan [[Patriot Act|USA Patriot Act]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/video/flashback-rep-bernie-sanders-opposes-iraq-war |title=Flashback: Rep. Bernie Sanders Opposes Iraq War |work=Sanders.Senate.gov }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Krieg |first=Gregory |date=May 7, 2015 |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/117738/bernie-sanders-rips-nsa-spying-and-pushes-for-end-to-mass-surveillance |title=Bernie Sanders Rips NSA Spying and Pushes for End to Mass Surveillance |work=Mic.com |accessdate=August 18, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement on NSA Surveillance |url=http://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/statement-on-nsa-surveillance |website=Sen. Bernie Sanders |accessdate=October 13, 2015}}</ref> Ia mengkritik sikap agresif [[Israel]] semasa [[konflik Israel–Gaza 2014|perang Gaza 2014]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bernie-sanders-accuses-netanyahu-of-overreacting-in-gaza-war/ |title=Bernie Sanders accuses Netanyahu of overreacting in Gaza war |website=The Times of Israel |date= November 19, 2015}}</ref> dan keterlibatan AS dalam [[intervensi pimpinan Arab Saudi di Yaman]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/02/28/yemen-war-bernie-sanders-saudi-arabia/ |title=Bernie Sanders Wants Congress to End U.S. Support for Yemen War. Saudi Lobbyists Fought Similar Measures Last Year. |first=Lee |last=Fang |first2=Alex |last2=Emmons |work=[[The Intercept]] |date=February 28, 2018 }}</ref> Pada tanggal 15 November 2015, saat menanggapi [[serangan Paris November 2015|serangan di Paris]] oleh [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam]] (NIIS), Sanders mengingatkan masyarakat agar tidak terjebak dalam "Islamofobia" dan menyatakan "kita harus kompak dan tidak ceroboh" dalam memerangi NIIS. Menurutnya, AS harus menerima pengungsi Suriah dengan tangan terbuka.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/16/politics/bernie-sanders-cleveland-isis/index.html |title=Bernie Sanders on ISIS: U.S. needs to be "tough" not "stupid" |last=LoBianco |first=Tom |date=November 17, 2015 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Ia mengkritik [[serangan Bandar Udara Internasional Baghdad 2020|pembunuhan]] Jenderal [[Qasem Soleimani]] pada Januari 2020; katanya, aksi ini merupakan [[krisis Teluk Persia 2019–20|eskalasi ketegangan]] berbahaya yang dapat memancing perang berkepanjangan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choi |first1=Matthew |title=2020 Dems warn of escalation in Middle East after Soleimani killing |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/01/02/soleimani-2020-iran-democrats-093123 |work=[[Politico]] |date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103071024/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/01/02/soleimani-2020-iran-democrats-093123 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Dalam pidato di [[Westminster College (Missouri)|Westminster College]] bulan September 2017, Sanders menjabarkan "kebijakan luar negeri progresif" yang mendesak perluasan kerja sama internasional, memastikan perjanjian-perjanjian internasional rintisan AS seperti [[Perjanjian Paris]] dan [[kerangka kerja kesepakatan nuklir Iran|kesepakatan nuklir Iran]] dipatuhi oleh semua negara penandatangan, dan mengutamakan hak asasi manusia dan demokrasi. Ia menjelaskan segala bentuk kejahatan yang berkaitan dengan kesenjangan ekonomi global dan perubahan iklim. Ia juga mendorong agar kekuatan militer AS digunakan secara hati-hati dan selalu "digunakan apabila tidak ada jalan lain". Sanders mengkritik habis-habisan [[kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat#Kritik|dukungan AS bagi "rezim-rezim pembantai"]] pada masa [[Perang Dingin]], misalnya [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Iran]], [[kediktatoran militer
=== Aturan senjata api ===
Baris 416 ⟶ 413:
Pada tahun 1963, Sanders dan Deborah Shiling Messing, wanita yang dijumpainya saat masih kuliah, sama-sama menjadi relawan selama beberapa bulan di [[kibbutz]] [[Sha'ar HaAmakim]] di Israel. Mereka menikah tahun 1964 dan membeli rumah liburan di Vermont; mereka tidak memiliki anak dan bercerai tahun 1966.<ref name=Politico/><ref>{{cite news |last=Wisloski |first=Jess |last2=Galloway |first2=Anne |title=Bernie Sanders' Early Days in Vermont: His Life, Loves and Circuitous Route to Politics |newspaper=VTDigger |location=Montpelier, Vermont |date=July 9, 2015 |url=https://vtdigger.org/2015/07/09/bernie-sanders-early-days-in-vermont-his-life-loves-and-circuitous-route-to-politics/ |accessdate=May 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aderet |first1=Ofer |title=Mystery Solved? Haaretz Archive Reveals Which Kibbutz Bernie Sanders Volunteered On |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.701513 |website=Haaretz |accessdate=February 5, 2016 |date=February 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Leibovich2007">{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Leibovich |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |title=The Socialist Senator |date=January 21, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/magazine/21Sanders.t.html |access-date=January 26, 2015}}</ref> Anak semata wayangnya, [[Levi Sanders]], lahir pada tahun 1969 dari hubungan Sanders dengan kekasihnya, Susan Campbell Mott.<ref name="The Populist Prophet"/> Tahun 1988, Sanders menikahi [[Jane O'Meara Sanders|Jane O'Meara Driscoll]] ({{née|Mary Jane O'Meara}}) yang kelak diangkat menjadi rektor [[Burlington College]] di Burlington, Vermont.<ref>{{cite web |last=Greenhouse |first=Emily |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Getting to Know Jane Sanders, Wife of Bernie |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-05-12/getting-to-know-jane-sanders-wife-of-bernie |accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Keesokan harinya, mereka berangkat ke Uni Soviet dalam rangka kunjungan resmi selaku wali kota Burlington.<ref>{{cite news|title=George Will describes Bernie Sanders' Soviet Union honeymoon|url=http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/aug/12/george-will/george-will-reminds-readers-about-bernie-sanders-u/|publisher=[[PolitiFact#PunditFact|PolitiFact]]|last=Cabaniss|first=Will|date=August 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How Bernie Sanders Spent His Soviet 'Honeymoon'|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-02-11/how-bernie-sanders-spent-his-soviet-honeymoon|publisher=[[Bloomberg News#Bloomberg View|Bloomberg View]]|last=Bershidsky|first=Leonid|date=February 11, 2016}}</ref> Ia menganggap anak-anak Jane—Dave Driscoll (l. 1975), [[Carina Driscoll]] (l. 1974), dan Heather Titus ({{née|Driscoll}}; l. 1971)—sebagai anaknya sendiri.<ref name=Politico/><ref>{{cite news |publisher=CNN |date=May 27, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Fast Facts |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/27/us/bernie-sanders-fast-facts/ |accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Ia juga memiliki tujuh cucu,<ref>{{cite web |first=Sandra Sobieraj |last=Westfall |date=January 23, 2016 |url=https://people.com/celebrity/bernie-sanders-is-fun-grandpa-5-things-we-learned-at-his-home/ |title=Bernie Sanders Is 'Fun Grandpa': 5 Things We Learned at His Home |website=People}}</ref> tiga di antaranya (termasuk satu cucu adopsi) dari Levi dan empat sisanya dari anak-anak iparnya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://considerable.com/bernie-sanders-grandchildren/ |date=February 10, 2016 |title=Does Bernie Sanders have grandchildren? |work=Considerable.com }}</ref>
Pada Desember 1987, ketika menjabat sebagai wali kota Burlington, Sanders bersama 30 musisi asal Vermont merilis album lagu rakyat berjudul ''[[We Shall Overcome (album Bernie Sanders)|We Shall Overcome]]''. Karena ia kurang mahir bernyanyi, ia bernyanyi dengan gaya ''[[talking blues]]''.<ref name="nprbehindthemusic">{{cite news |title=Behind The Music: Bernie Sanders |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/01/30/464736315/behind-the-music-bernie-sanders |accessdate=February 4, 2016 |publisher=NPR |date=January 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-untold-story-of-bernie-sanders-1987-folk-album-20151202 |work=Rolling Stone |title=The Untold Story of Bernie Sanders' 1987 Folk Album |date=December 2, 2015 |accessdate=February 4, 2016 |last=Stuart |first=Tessa |archive-date=2018-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211185947/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-untold-story-of-bernie-sanders-1987-folk-album-20151202 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ia tampil memerankan dirinya sendiri dalam film drama komedi ''[[Sweet Hearts Dance]]'' (1988); tokohnya membagi-bagikan permen kepada anak-anak.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/who-knew-bernie-sanders-had-career-low-budget-rom--231777 |title=Bernie Sanders has appeared in not one, but two low-budget rom-coms |publisher=A.V. Club.com |accessdate=February 5, 2016 |date=February 5, 2016 |last=Blevis|first=Joe}}</ref> Pada tahun 1999, ia memerankan Rabbi Manny Shevitz dalam film ''[[My X-Girlfriend's Wedding Reception]]''; tokohnya sedih karena [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] pindah ke Los Angeles, mirip-mirip kehidupan masa kecil Sanders di Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/bernie-sanders-played-rabbi-1999-romantic-comedy-article-1.2519921 |work=Daily News|location=New York |title=Bernie Sanders plays rabbi Manny Shevitz in 1999 romantic comedy, goes on long-winded Brooklyn Dodgers rant |date=February 4, 2016 |accessdate=February 4, 2016 |last=Wagner|first=Meg}}</ref> Tanggal 6 Februari 2016, Sanders dan [[Larry David]] membintangi ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''; ia memerankan imigran Polandia di atas [[kapal uap]] yang tenggelam dekat [[Patung Liberty]].<ref name="SNL">{{cite web |first=Sam |last=Sanders |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/02/07/465892623/with-a-little-help-from-larry-david-bernie-sanders-does-snl|title = With A Little Help From Larry David, Bernie Sanders Does SNL|publisher = NPR|accessdate = February 7, 2016|date = February 7, 2016}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 4 Desember 2015, Sanders unggul dalam jajak pendapat [[Time Person of the Year]] versi pembaca majalah ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' tahun 2015. Namanya dipilih oleh 10,2% pembaca,<ref>{{cite web |first=Nick |last=Gass |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/bernie-sanders-time-person-of-the-year-poll-216481 |title=Bernie Sanders wins Time's Person of the Year readers' poll |work=[[Politico]] |accessdate=December 7, 2015 |date=December 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Frizell |date=December 7, 2015 |url=https://time.com/4137173/bernie-sanders-time-person-of-the-year-poll-win/ |title=Bernie Sanders Wins Readers' Poll for TIME Person of the Year |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |accessdate=December 7, 2015}}</ref> tetapi tidak dipilih secara resmi oleh dewan redaksi. Pada tanggal 20 Maret 2016, ia dianugerahi nama kehormatan suku [[Salish Pesisir]], {{lang|lut|dxʷshudičup}},{{efn|name="CoastSalishName"|{{IPA-all|ˌduːh.s.ˈhwuː.diː.ˌtʃuːp}}, {{literal translation|lk=on}} 'dia yang menyalakan api demi perubahan dan persatuan' dalam [[bahasa Lushootseed]]}} oleh [[Deborah Parker]] di [[Seattle]] karena menyoroti isu-isu yang dihadapi Pribumi Amerika sepanjang kampanye pencapresannya.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--None listed.-->|date=March 25, 2016|orig-year=Updated; originally published March 23, 2016|title=U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders honoured with Coast Salish name|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/bernie-sanders-receives-coast-salish-name-1.3504078|url-status=live|department=News (Indigenous)|work=[[CBC News]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180724230352/https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/bernie-sanders-receives-coast-salish-name-1.3504078#selection-2311.0-2323.210|archive-date=July 24, 2018|access-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref>
Baris 441 ⟶ 438:
Pada tahun 2016, Sanders mengaku "merasakan keilahian dan keyakinan yang kuat". Ia menambahkan, "Saya percaya kita semua seharusnya membantu satu sama lain. Jika ada anak yang kelaparan, jika ada veteran tidur di jalanan, saya sedih dan prihatin."<ref name="jtasandersdiscussesfaith">{{cite news |title=Sanders discusses faith, Clinton grapples with rabbinical question on humility |url=https://www.jta.org/2016/02/04/politics/sanders-discusses-faith-clinton-grapples-with-rabbis-question-on-humility |accessdate=February 4, 2016 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=February 4, 2016}}</ref>
Sanders tidak begitu rajin beribadah di sinagoga. Ia tetap bekerja di tengah [[Rosh Hashanah]], hari libur orang Yahudi. Ia menghadiri upacara [[yahrtzait]] untuk mengenang orang tua temannya. Ia juga ikut upacara pertobatan [[tashlikh]] bersama wali kota Lynchburg pada malam [[Rosh Hashanah]] 2015.<ref name=NYT02242016/> Menurut teman dekatnya, [[Richard Sugarman]], guru besar studi agama [[Universitas Vermont]], identitas Yahudi Sanders "cenderung mengarah ke suku dan budaya alih-alih agama".<ref>{{cite news |last=Kampeas |first=Ron |url=https://forward.com/news/322284/bernie-sanders-opens-up-about-jewish-upbringing-at-last/ |title=Bernie Sanders Opens Up About Jewish Upbringing{{snd}}at Last |work=[[The Forward]] |date=October 8, 2015 }}</ref> [[Deborah Dash Moore]], dosen Yudaisme [[Universitas Michigan]], mengatakan Sanders itu jenis-jenis orang Yahudi yang agak konservatif.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mangla |first=Ismat Sarah |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/why-arent-american-jews-celebrating-bernie-sanders-2016-2311495 |title=Why Aren't American Jews Celebrating Bernie Sanders In 2016? |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=February 18, 2016 }}</ref> Jane menganut [[Katolik Roma]] dan Sanders sendiri suka kagum dengan [[Paus Fransiskus]]. Katanya, "sang pemimpin [[Gereja Katolik]] mengangkat berbagai persoalan penting. Kita perlu menyimak perkataan beliau." Ia merasa "sangat dekat" dengan ajaran-ajaran Fransiskus di bidang ekonomi dan memujinya sebagai sosok yang "cerdas dan berani".<ref name=gaudiano/><ref name="Pope Francis">{{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=February 15, 2015 |title=Pope Francis |publisher=Senate.gov |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/video-audio/pope-francis |accessdate=June 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Heilman |first=Uriel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-35999269 |title=New Hampshire Jews all over the map ahead of presidential primary |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=February 2, 2016 }}</ref> Pada April 2016, ia diundang oleh [[Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo]], ajudan Fransiskus, untuk berpartisipasi dalam konferensi ekonomi dan lingkungan Vatikan; Sanders sempat bertemu Fransiskus di sana.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/us/politics/bernie-sanders-vatican.html |title=As Bernie Sanders Heads to Vatican, a Visit With Pope Francis Seems in Doubt |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |date=April 15, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=April 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/51a3860bb14940608f9f6539bd441f4e/bernie-sanders-says-he-met-pope-francis |title=Pope: Sanders encounter sign of good manners, 'nothing more' |first=Ken |last=Thomas |date=April 16, 2016 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=April 17, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419001344/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/51a3860bb14940608f9f6539bd441f4e/bernie-sanders-says-he-met-pope-francis |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
== Karya ==
* {{cite book|title=[[Outsider in the White House]]|publisher=[[Verso Books]]|year=2015|orig-year=1997|location=London|isbn=978-1-78478-418-8|oclc=918986570}}
* {{cite book|author=Bernie Sanders|chapter=Why Americans Should Take Back the Media|title=The Future of Media: Resistance and Reform in the 21st Century|url=https://archive.org/details/futureofmediares0000unse|editor1=[[Robert W. McChesney|Robert McChesney]]|editor2=Russell Newman|editor3=[[Ben Scott (penasihat kebijakan)|Ben Scott]]|date=|publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58322-679-7|oclc=57574152}}
* {{cite book|title=The Speech: On Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class|publisher=[[Bold Type Books]]|year=2015|orig-year=2011|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Wn_AgAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-56858-554-3|oclc=927456901|lccn=2011920256|ol=25090387M}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Our Revolution (buku)|Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In]]|publisher=[[Thomas Dunne Books]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-250-13292-5|oclc=1026148801}} Setelah dirilis, buku ini menempati posisi ketiga di [[The New York Times Best Seller list|daftar buku terlaris ''The New York Times'']].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://vtdigger.org/2016/11/14/sanders-book-our-revolution-arriving-with-new-significance/ |title = Sanders' Book 'Our Revolution' Arriving with New Significance|last = O'Connor|first = Kevin|date = November 15, 2016|website = VTDigger|access-date = November 21, 2016|quote = ...{{nbsp}}the candidate who had been anointed by the entire establishment, was winning, but at the same time was losing state after state by huge margins.}}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=[[Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution]]|publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-250-13890-3|oclc=999379791}}
* {{cite book|title=Where We Go from Here: Two Years in the Resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/wherewegofromher0000bern|publisher=[[Gale (penerbit)|Gale]]|year=2018|isbn=978-1-432-86916-8|oclc=1126540640}}
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 475 ⟶ 472:
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* {{cite book |last=Rall |first=Ted |date=2016 |title=Bernie |url=https://archive.org/details/bernie0000rall |publisher=Hollowbrook Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1609806989}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rice |first=Tom W. |year=1985 |title=Who Votes for a Socialist Mayor?: The Case of Burlington, Vermont |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_polity_summer-1985_17_4/page/795 |journal=Polity |doi=10.2307/3234575 |issn=0032-3497 |jstor=3234575 |oclc=5546248357 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=795–806}}
* {{cite book |last=Rosenfeld |first=Steven |date=1992 |title=Making History in Vermont: The Election of a Socialist to Congress |publisher=Hollowbrook Publishing |location=Wakefield, NH |isbn=978-0-89341-698-0 |lccn=91034055 |oclc=24468446 |ol=1553980M}}
* {{cite book |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=2011 |title=The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Wn_AgAAQBAJ |publisher=Nation Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-56858-684-7 |lccn=2011920256 |oclc=697261221 |ol=25090387M}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sanders |first1=Bernie |last2=Gutman |first2=Huck |date=1998 |orig-year=1st <abbr title="published">pub</abbr>. 1997 |title=Outsider in the House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2YjBm2_JGUC |publisher=Verso |location=London |isbn=978-1-85984-177-8 |lccn=97024753 |oclc=477165857}}
* {{cite book |last=Soifer |first=Steven |date=1991 |title=The Socialist Mayor: Bernard Sanders in Burlington, Vermont |url=https://archive.org/details/socialistmayorbe0000soif |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, CN |isbn=978-0-89789-219-3 |lccn=90048954 |oclc=22491683 |ol=1887682M}}
* {{cite book |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |title=Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu-dDAAAQBAJ|date=November 15, 2016|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-250-13293-2|ref=harv}}
Baris 569 ⟶ 566:
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