Wikipedia

Abjad Turki Utsmaniyah: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnya
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
RaFaDa20631 (bicara | kontrib)
Pengurus
87.471 suntingan
 
(14 revisi perantara oleh 7 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{sedang ditulis}}
{{Infobox writing system
|name = Alfabet Turki UsmaniUtsmani
|type = [[Abjad]]
|languages = [[Bahasa Turki UsmaniUtsmani|Turki UsmaniUtsmani]]
|time = 1500–1928
|fam1=[[Hieroglif Mesir|Mesir]]
|fam2=Proto-SinaitikSinai
|fam3=[[Abjad Fenisia|Fenisia]]
|fam4=[[Abjad Aram|Aram]]
|fam5=[[Abjad Suryani|Suryani]]
|fam6=[[Abjad Nabath|Nabath]]
|fam7 = [[Abjad_ArabAbjad Arab|Arab]]
|fam8 = [[Abjad_PersiaAbjad Persia|Persia-Arab]]
|sample = <!-- Sample image, WITHOUT "File:" prefix -->
|imagesize = <!-- Sample image's size -->
Baris 26 ⟶ 25:
}}
{{IPA notice}}
'''Alfabet Turki UsmaniUtsmani''' ({{lang-ota|{{Nastaliq|الفبا}}}}, ''{{transl|ota|elifbâ}}'') adalah varian dari [[Abjad_PersiaAbjad Persia|Abjad Persia-Arab]] yang digunakan untuk menulis [[bahasa Turki UsmaniUtsmani]] hingga 1928, ketika akhirnya alfabet ini digantikan oleh [[alfabet Turki]].
 
Meskipun secara resmi [[bahasa Turki UsmaniUtsmani]] ditulis dalam alfabet ini, [[:en:Millet (Ottoman Empire)|penduduk non-Muslim UsmaniUtsmani]] terkadang menulisnya menggunakan alfabet lain, seperti [[Alfabet Armenia]], [[Alfabet Yunani|Yunani]], [[Alfabet Latin|Latin]], dan [[Alfabet Ibrani|Ibrani]].
[[FileBerkas:First Page of Siyer-i Nebi (1832), Ottoman Turkish Sira.jpg|thumbjmpl|Halaman pertama ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]'' (1832) menggunakan cetakan alfabet Turki UsmaniUtsmani.]]
 
== Sejarah ==
 
=== Asal mula ===
Alfabet Turki yang paling awal diketahui adalah [[aksara Orkhon]]. Berbagai [[Rumpun bahasa Turkik|bahasa Turkik]] ditulis dalam sejumlah alfabet yang berbeda, seperti aksara [[Alfabet Kiril|Kiril]], [[Abjad Arab|Arab]], [[Alfabet Yunani|Yunani]], [[Alfabet Latin|Latin]], dan beberapa sistem penulisan lainnya.
 
[[FileBerkas:Calendar Thessaloniki 1896.jpg|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|AHalaman calendarkalender pageuntuk for1 November 1, 1895 (October 20 [[Old Style and New StyleKalender datesJulius|OS]] 20 Oktober) indi cosmopolitankosmopolitan [[Thessaloniki]]. TheTiga firstbaris 3pertama linesdalam inalfabet OttomanArab TurkishTurki ArabicUtsmani script give the date in the [[Rumi calendar|Rumi]],tertera ''20 Teşrin-i Evvel 1311, and'' ([[IslamicKalender calendarRumi|IslamicRumi]],) 14dan Jumādā''14 alJumādil-Ūlā 1313,'' calendars;([[Kalender theHijriyah|Islam]]). Kalender Julian anddan Gregorian (indalam bahasa FrenchPrancis) datesmuncul appeardi belowbawah.]]
 
Beberapa reformis Turki mempromosikan penggunaan alfabet Latin jauh sebelum reformasi [[Atatürk]]. Pada tahun 1862, [[Tanzimat|selama periode reformasi sebelumnya]], negarawan [[Münuf Pasha]] menganjurkan reformasi alfabet. Pada awal abad ke-20, proposal serupa dibuat oleh beberapa penulis yang terkait dengan [[Turki Muda|gerakan Turki Muda]], termasuk [[Hüseyin Cahit]], [[Abdullah Cevdet]], dan [[Celâl Nuri]].<ref name="Zürcher-188" />
Baris 48 ⟶ 47:
Pada tahun 1926, republik-republik Turkik di [[Uni Soviet]] mengadopsi alfabet Latin, memberikan dorongan besar bagi para reformator di Turki.<ref name="Zürcher-188" />
 
=== Penggantian ===
[[FileBerkas:Ataturk-September 20, 1928.jpg|thumbjmpl|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] memperkenalkan alfabet baru kepada masyarakat [[Kayseri]], 20 September 1928]]
Pada akhirnya, alfabet Turki UsmaniUtsmani secara resmi diganti dengan [[alfabet Turki]] baru.<ref>Dil Derneği, ''Yazım Kılavuzu'', 2002 (the writing guide of the Turkish language)</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786894,00.html Nationalist Notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213001710/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786894,00.html |date=2007-12-13 }}, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', July 23, 1928</ref> Pergantian ini termaktubtermasuk dalam ''Türk Harflerİnİn Kabul Ve Tatbİkİ Hakkinda Kanun'',<ref name="kanun1353">{{cite web |title=Tūrk Harflerinin Kabul ve Tatbiki Hakkında Kanun |trans-title=Acceptance and Application of Turkish Letters LAW |language=Turkish |url=http://www.idealhukuk.com/hukuk/hukuk.asp?mct=mevzuatdetay&x=kanun&y=Kanunlar&id=910 |accessdate=January 14, 2012 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610225023/http://www.idealhukuk.com/hukuk/hukuk.asp?mct=mevzuatdetay&x=kanun&y=Kanunlar&id=910 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> yang disahkan pada 1 November 1928 dan efektif berlaku pada 1 Januari 1929.<ref name="Zürcher">Erik Jan Zürcher (2004), ''Turkey: a Modern History'', pages 188–9. {{ISBN|978-1-85043-399-6}}</ref>
 
== Alfabet ==
Alfabet ini ditulis dari kanan ke kiri.
As with Arabic and Persian, texts in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet are written right to left. The appearance of a letter changes depending on its position in a word:
* isolated (in a one-letter word);
* final (in which case it is joined on the right to the preceding letter);
* medial (joined on both sides); and
* initial (joined on the left to the following letter).
 
Some letters cannot be joined to the left and so do not possess separate medial and initial forms. In medial position, the final form is used. In initial position, the isolated form is used.
 
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | IsolatedBentuk
terpisah
! scope="col" | Final
! scope="col" | MedialAkhir
! scope="col" | InitialTengah
! scope="col" | NameAwal
! scope="col" | [[Turkish alphabet|Modern Turkish]]Nama
! scope="col" |[[Alfabet Turki|Turki Modern]]
! scope="col" | [[Romanisasi ALA-LC Romanization|ALA-LC]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/ottoman.pdf |title=Ottoman script }}&nbsp;{{small|(166 KB)}}, ''[[Library of Congress]]''. Retrieved January 14, 2012.</ref>
! scope="col" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<ref name="hagopian"/>
! scope="col" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<ref name="hagopian">V. H. Hagopian, ''Ottoman-Turkish Conversation-Grammar'', London and Heidelberg, 1907, p. 1-25 [https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=G3MvAQAAMAAJ full text]</ref>
|- align="center"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:110%">{{script/Arabic|ا}}</span>||<span style="font-size:200%;line-height:110%">{{script/Arabic|ـا}}</span>||colspan="2"|—
Baris 175 ⟶ 168:
|}
 
== Alfabet lain ==▼
<!-- this is intentionally a 4th-level header; these are notes on the table -->
Alfabet lain kadang-kadang digunakan oleh non-Muslim untuk menulis bahasa Turki OttomanUtsmani karena abjad Arab identik dengan Islam.▼
 
[[Novel]] pertama yang ditulis pada masa Kekaisaran OttomanUtsmani adalah ''Akabi'' (1851), yang ditulis dalam aksara Armenia oleh [[Vartan Pasha]]. Demikian pula, ketika keluarga Duzian Armenia mengelola percetakan uang koin OttomanUtsmani pada masa pemerintahan [[Abd-ul-Mejid I|Sultan Abdülmecid I]] (memerintah 1839-1861), mereka menyimpan catatan dalam bahasa Turki OttomanUtsmani tetapi menggunakan aksara Armenia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mansel|first=Philip|title=Constantinople|year=2011|publisher=Hachette UK|isbn=1848546475|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrnvC98bNSoC}}</ref>▼
=== Notes ===▼
# In most texts, ''kef'', ''gef'', and ''sağır kef'' are written identically<ref name="hagopian"/> although one Ottoman variant of ''gef'' has a "mini-''kaf''" of {{lang|ar|ﻙ}} as well as the doubled upper stroke of {{lang|ar|گ}}. In general, /g/ and /ŋ/ sounds are represented by kef ك. <ref name=":0" />
# The [[Library of Congress]] recommends for ''{{transl|ota|he}}'' ({{script/Arabic|هـ}}) in a word in the [[construct state]] to be romanised ''{{transl|ota|t}}'' and when a word ending in ''{{transl|ota|he}}'' is used adverbially, it should be romanised ''{{transl|ota|tan}}''.
#While in the original Arabic order, the final three letters are he, vāv, ye, in the Persian (and Ottoman) reordering, they are vāv, he, ye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/281098978|title=The Routledge introduction to literary Ottoman|last=Buğday, Korkut M.|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415493383|oclc=281098978}}</ref>
#One further sign, which is not considered an actual letter, is the so-called te merbūṭa ('connected t'), which can indicate the Arabic feminine singular ending and which is often also written in Ottoman texts. Te merbūṭa is always at the end of a word and takes the form of ه (he) with two dots above, thus: ة or ـة (although in Ottoman texts the dots are often omitted).<ref name=":0" />
#''Ghayn'' and ''gef'' were known to make a /v/ sound in words with considerable Azeri and Turkmen influence.
 
[[Alfabet Yunani]] dan [[Abjad Ibrani|abjad Ibrani Rashi]] digunakan oleh orang Yunani dan Yahudi untuk menulis bahasa Turki OttomanUtsmani. Sebaliknya, [[Muslim Yunani|muslim penutur bahasa Yunani]] menulis [[bahasa Yunani]] menggunakan alfabet Turki OttomanUtsmani.▼
===Sound–letter correspondence ===
The orthography of Ottoman Turkish is complex, as many Turkish sounds can be written with several different letters. For example, the phoneme /s/ can be written as {{angbr|ث}}, {{angbr|س}}, or {{angbr|ص}}. Conversely, some letters have more than one value: {{angbr|ك}} ''k'' may be /k/, /ɡ/, /n/, /j/, or /ː/ (lengthening the preceding vowel; modern [[Yumuşak ge|ğ]]), and vowels are written ambiguously or not at all. For example, the text {{angbr|[[wiktionary:كورك#Ottoman Turkish|كورك]]}} ''kwrk'' can be read as /ɡevrek/ 'biscuit', /kyrk/ 'fur', /kyrek/ 'shovel', /kœryk/ 'bellows', /ɡœrek/ 'view', which in modern orthography are written ''gevrek'', ''kürk'', ''kürek'', ''körük'', ''görek''.<ref name="hagopian">V. H. Hagopian, ''Ottoman-Turkish Conversation-Grammar'', London and Heidelberg, 1907, p. 1-25 [https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=G3MvAQAAMAAJ full text]</ref><ref>Diran Kélékian, ''Dictionnaire Turc-Français'', Constantinople/استانبول, 1911</ref>
 
Arabic and Persian borrowings are written in their original orthography: ''sabit'' 'firm' is written as {{angbr|ثابت}} ''s̱’bt'', with {{angbr|ث}} ''s̱'' representing /s/ (in Arabic /θ/), and {{angbr|ا}} ''’'' representing /aː/ as in Arabic but with no indication of the short /i/. The letters ث ح ذ ض ظ ع are found only in borrowings from Arabic; ژ is only in borrowings from Persian and French. Although the [[Arabic diacritics#harakat|Arabic vowel points (''harakat'')]] can be used {{angbr|ثَابِت}} ''s̱a’bit'', they are generally found only in dictionaries and didactic works, as in Arabic and Persian,<ref name="hagopian"/> and they still do not identify vowel sounds unambiguously.
 
Consonant letters are classified in three series, based on [[Vowel harmony#Front/back harmony|vowel harmony]]: soft, hard, and neutral. The soft consonant letters, ت س ك گ ه, are found in [[front vowel]] contexts; the hard, ح خ ص ض ط ظ ع غ ق, in [[back vowel]] contexts; and the neutral, ب پ ث ج چ د ذ ر ز ژ ش ف ل م ن, in either. In Perso-Arabic borrowings, the vowel used in Turkish depends on the softness of the consonant. Thus, {{angbr|[[wiktionary:كلب#Ottoman Turkish|كلب]]}} ''klb'' 'dog' (Arabic /kalb/) is /kelb/, while {{angbr|[[wiktionary:قلب#Ottoman Turkish|قلب]]}} ''ḳlb'' 'heart' (Arabic /qalb/) is /kalb/. Conversely, in Turkish words, the choice of consonant reflects the native vowel.<ref name="hagopian"/>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Phoneme''' || /t/ || /d/ || /s/ || /z/ || /k/ || /ɡ/ || /∅/ || /h/
|-
| '''Soft (front)''' || ت || || س || || ك || گ || ء || ه
|-
| '''Neutral''' || || د || ث || ذ ز || || || ||
|-
| '''Hard (back)''' || ط || ط ض || ص || ض ظ || ق || غ || ع || ح خ
|}
(All other sounds are only written with neutral consonant letters.)
 
In Turkish words, vowels are sometimes written using the vowel letters as the second letter of a syllable: ''elif'' {{angbr|ا}} for /a/; ''ye'' {{angbr|ی}} for /i/, /ɯ/; ''vav'' {{angbr|و}} for /o/, /œ/, /u/, /y/; ''he'' {{angbr|ه}} for /a/, /e/. The corresponding ''harakat'' are there: ''ustun'' {{angbr|َ○}} (Arabic [[Arabic diacritics#Fat.E1.B8.A5ah|''fatḥah'']]) for /a/, /e/; ''esre'' {{angbr|ِ○}} (Arabic [[Arabic diacritics#Kasrah|''kasrah'']]) for /ɯ/, /i/; ''ötre'' {{angbr|ُ○}} (Arabic [[Arabic diacritics#.E1.B8.8Cammah|''ḍammah'']]) for /o/, /œ/, /u/, /y/. The names of the ''harakat'' are also used for the corresponding vowels.<ref name="hagopian"/>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Arabic name !! Point !! Letter !! Front reading !! Back reading
|-
| ''ustun'' || [[Arabic diacritics#Fat.E1.B8.A5ah|''fatḥah'']] || َ○|| ا ''elif''<br> ه ''he'' || /e/ || /a/
|-
| ''esre'' || [[Arabic diacritics#Kasrah|''kasrah'']] || ِ○ || ی ''ye'' || /i/ || /ɯ/
|-
| ''ötre'' || [[Arabic diacritics#.E1.B8.8Cammah|''ḍammah'']] || ُ○ || و ''vav'' || /œ/, /y/ || /o/, /u/
|}
 
▲==Alfabet lain==
▲Alfabet lain kadang-kadang digunakan oleh non-Muslim untuk menulis bahasa Turki Ottoman karena abjad Arab identik dengan Islam.
 
▲[[Novel]] pertama yang ditulis pada masa Kekaisaran Ottoman adalah ''Akabi'' (1851), yang ditulis dalam aksara Armenia oleh [[Vartan Pasha]]. Demikian pula, ketika keluarga Duzian Armenia mengelola percetakan uang koin Ottoman pada masa pemerintahan [[Abd-ul-Mejid I|Sultan Abdülmecid I]] (memerintah 1839-1861), mereka menyimpan catatan dalam bahasa Turki Ottoman tetapi menggunakan aksara Armenia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mansel|first=Philip|title=Constantinople|year=2011|publisher=Hachette UK|isbn=1848546475|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrnvC98bNSoC}}</ref>
 
▲[[Alfabet Yunani]] dan [[Abjad Ibrani|abjad Ibrani Rashi]] digunakan oleh orang Yunani dan Yahudi untuk menulis bahasa Turki Ottoman. Sebaliknya, [[Muslim Yunani|muslim penutur bahasa Yunani]] menulis [[bahasa Yunani]] menggunakan alfabet Turki Ottoman.
 
== Angka ==
Alfabet Turki UsmaniUtsmani menggunakan [[angka Arab Timur]]. Berikut daftar [[bilangan kardinal]] dasar dalam dua alfabet yang berbeda:
{| class="wikitable"
! Angka Arab || Nomor || Turki UsmaniUtsmani<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/ottomanturkishco00hago#page/34/mode/2up/search/numerals|title=Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar; a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language|publisher=}}</ref>|| Turki Modern
|- align="center"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:120%">{{script/Arabic|٠}}</span>
Baris 261 ⟶ 213:
| 10 || <center><span style="font-size: 195%;line-height:150%">{{Nastaliq|اون}}</span></center> || {{lang|tr|on}}
|}
 
▲=== NotesContoh ===
=== [[Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia|UDHR]] ===
==== Turki Utsmani ====
{{Nastaliq|بتون انسانلر حر، حيشيت و حقلر باقمڭدن اشت طوغرلر. عقل و وجدانه صحبترلر و بربرلرينه قارشو قرداشلق ذهنيت ايله حركت اتمهلودرلر.}}
 
==== Turki Modern ====
Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ile hareket etmelidirler.
==== Bahasa Indonesia ====
Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.
 
== Rujukan ==
Baris 268 ⟶ 230:
* Simon Ager, [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkish.htm Turkish alphabet], ''Omniglot''
 
{{ArabicRagam alphabetsabjad Arab}}
{{Turkish language}}
 
[[CategoryKategori:ArabicAbjad alphabetsArab]]
[[Kategori:Rumpun bahasa Turkik]]
[[Category:Persian alphabets]]
[[Kategori:Budaya Utsmaniyah]]
[[Category:Ottoman culture]]
[[Category:Turkish language]]
[[Category:Alphabets used by Turkic languages]]
 
[[de:Osmanische Sprache#Verschriftlichung]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Abjad_Turki_Utsmaniyah"