Koronavirus: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler
Muhammad Anas Sidik (bicara | kontrib)
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan
 
(48 revisi perantara oleh 24 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{for2|wabahpenyakit yang sedang berlangsung|[[wabahpandemi penyakit koronaviruskorona 2019–2020]]|[[COVID-19]]|spesifik virus yang menyebabkan wabahpandemi tersebut|[[SARS-CoV-2]]}}
{{Penyangkalan-medis}}
{{Infobox spesies
| item = Q57751738
| subdivision_ranks = Genus
| subdivision =
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=ICTV2018b>{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en |date=March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304035352/https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ |archive-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Alphacoronavirus]]''<br />
| subdivision =
* ''[[Betacoronavirus]]''<br />
* ''[[GammacoronavirusAlphacoronavirus]]''<br />
* ''[[Betacoronavirus]]''<br />
|* rowspan="2" |''[[Gammacoronavirus]]''
* ''[[Deltacoronavirus]]''
| synonyms = *''Coronavirinae''
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="2017.012-015S">{{cite web |title=2017.012-015S |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en |format=xlsx |date=October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514162836/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip |archive-date=14 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="OrthocoronavirinaeICTV">{{cite web |title=ICTV Taxonomy history: ''Orthocoronavirinae'' |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org//taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=201851847 |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FanZhao2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P | title = Bat Coronaviruses in China | journal = Viruses | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 210 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30832341 | pmc = 6466186 | doi = 10.3390/v11030210 }}</ref>
}}
'''Koronavirus'''<ref name="glosarium-koronavirusKBBIDkoronavirus">{{id}} Glosarium Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia {{cite web|url=httphttps://bahasasastrakbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/glosariumentri/index.php?gloss_asing=&jenis=exact&Bidang=all&infocmd=Cari&gloss_indonesia={{urlencode:koronavirus|WIKI}}|title=Arti Entrikata lema '''koronavirus''' pada Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan|accessdate=2020-05-3 Februari 2020}} </ref> atau dalam Bahasa Inggris disebut '''''coronavirus ''''' (istilah populernyapopuler: '''virus korona''', '''virus ''corona''''', atau '''virus ''Corona''korona''') adalah sekumpulan [[virus]] dari subfamili ''Orthocoronavirinae'''coronae''''' dalam [[keluargaFamili (biologi)|keluargafamili]] ''[[Coronaviridae]]'' dan [[ordo (biologi)|ordo]] ''[[Nidovirales]]''.<ref name="groot">{{Cite book |title=Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |vauthors=de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric R, Enjuanes L, Gorbalenya AE, Holmes KV, Perlman S, Poon L, Rottier PJ, Talbot PJ, Woo PC, Ziebuhr J |publisher=Elsevier | location = Oxford |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-12-384684-6 |pages=806–828 |chapter=Family ''Coronaviridae'' |author-link2=Susan Baker (virologist) | veditors = King AM, Lefkowitz E, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, ((International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses)), ((International Union of Microbiological Societies. Virology Division)) }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://talk.ictvonline.org/files/ictv_documents/m/msl/1231/download.aspx |title=ICTV Master Species List 2009 – v102009–v10 |last=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |date=24 Agustus 2010 |format=xls }}</ref> Kelompok virus ini yang dapat menyebabkan [[penyakit]] pada [[burung]], ikan dan [[mamalia]] (termasuk [[manusia]]).<ref name="c">{{en}} {{cite book|title=Viral membrane proteins: structure, function, and drug design|last=Wolfgang B. Fischer|first=|publisher=Springer|year=2005|location=|id=ISBN 978-0-306-48495-7|authorlink=|coauthors=}}Page.49-52</ref> Pada manusia, koronavirus menyebabkan [[infeksi saluran pernapasan]] yang umumnya ringan, seperti [[pilek]], meskipun beberapa bentuk penyakit seperti [[SARS]], [[MERS]], dan [[COVID-19]] sifatnya lebih mematikan. Manifestasi klinis yang muncul cukup beragam pada spesies lain: pada [[ayam]], koronavirus menyebabkan [[infeksi saluran napas atas|penyakit saluran pernapasan atas]], sedangkan pada [[sapi]] dan [[babi]] menyebabkan [[diare]]. Belum ada [[vaksin]] atau [[obat antivirus]] untuk mencegah atau mengobati infeksi koronavirus pada manusia.
 
Koronavirus merupakan [[amplop virus|virus beramplop]] dengan [[genom]] [[RNA]] utas tunggal plus dan [[kapsid|nukleokapsid]] berbentuk heliks simetris. [[Jumlah genom]] koronavirus berkisar antara 27–34 kilo [[pasangan basa]], terbesar di antara [[virus RNA]] yang diketahui.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sexton NR, Smith EC, Blanc H, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB, Denison MR | title = Homology-Based Identification of a Mutation in the Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase That Confers Resistance to Multiple Mutagens | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 90 | issue = 16 | pages = 7415–7428 | date = Agustus 2016 | pmid = 27279608 | pmc = 4984655 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.00080-16 | quote = CoVs also have the largest known RNA virus genomes, ranging from 27 to 34 kb (31, 32), and increased fidelity in CoVs is likely required for the maintenance of these large genomes (14).}}</ref> Nama koronavirus berasal dari [[bahasa Latin]] ''corona'' yang artinya mahkota, yang mengacu pada tampilan partikel virus (virion): mereka memiliki pinggiran yang mengingatkan pada [[mahkota]] atau [[korona|korona matahari]].
 
== Penemuan ==
Koronavirus ditemukan pada 1960-an.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caringlyyours.com/coronavirus/|title=Coronavirus: Common Symptoms, Preventive Measures, & How to Diagnose It|date=2020-01-28|website=Caringly Yours|language=en-US|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Virus yang paling awal ditemukan adalah virus [[bronkitis infeksius burung|bronkitis infeksius pada ayam]] dan dua virus dari [[rongga hidung]] manusia dengan flu biasa yang kemudian diberi nama ''[[human coronavirus 229E]]'' dan ''[[human coronavirus OC43]]''.<ref name="pmid23202515">{{cite journal | vauthors = Geller C, Varbanov M, Duval RE | title = Human coronaviruses: insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies | journal = Viruses | volume = 4 | issue = 11 | pages = 3044–68 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23202515 | pmc = 3509683 | doi = 10.3390/v4113044 }}</ref> Sejak saat itu, anggota koronavirus yang lain mulai diidentifikasi, termasuk ''[[SARS-CoV]]'' pada 2003, ''[[Human coronavirus NL63|HCoV NL63]]'' pada 2004, ''[[Human coronavirus HKU1|HKU1]]'' pada 2005, ''[[MERS-CoV]]'' (sebelumnya dikenal sebagai 2012-nCoV) pada 2012, dan ''[[SARS-CoV-2]]'' (sebelumnya dikenal sebagai 2019-nCoV) pada 2019; sebagian besar dari virus-virus ini terkait dengan infeksi saluran pernapasan yang serius.
 
== Nama dan morfologi ==
Baris 21 ⟶ 26:
 
== Penularan ==
Penularan koronavirus dari manusia ke manusia diperkirakan terjadi melalui kontak langsung dalam jarak dekat via tetesan kecil atau [[Percikan pernapasan|percikan]] (''droplet'') dari saluran pernapasan yang dihasilkan penderita saat bersin dan batuk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/transmission.html|title=Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) {{!}} CDC|date=2020-01-31|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=1 Februari 2020}}</ref>
 
== Taksonomi ==
Nama ilmiah untuk koronavirus adalah ''Orthocoronavirinae'' atau ''Coronavirinae''.<ref name="2017.012-015S">{{citeSubfamili webini |title=2017.012-015Sterdiri |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zipatas |website=International4 Committeegenus, on25 Taxonomysubgenus, ofdan Viruses45 (ICTV) |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en |format=xlsx |date=October 2018 |archive-url=https://webspesies.archive.org/web/20190514162836/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip |archive-date=14 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="OrthocoronavirinaeICTV">{{cite web |title=ICTV Taxonomy history: ''Orthocoronavirinae'' |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org//taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=201851847 |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FanZhao2019ICTV">{{cite journal web| vauthors last= Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P ICTV| title year= Bat Coronaviruses in China | journal = Viruses | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 210 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30832341 | pmc = 6466186 | doi = 10.3390/v11030210 }}</ref><ref name="OrthocoronavirinaeICTV">{{cite web 2020|title=ICTV Taxonomy history: ''Orthocoronavirinae'' |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org//taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=201851847 |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en |access-date=2422 JanuaryMei 2020 |language=en2021}}</ref><ref name="FanZhao2019">{{citeCite journal | vauthors last= Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P | title first= Bat Coronaviruses in China Zhijian| journal last2= Viruses Qiu| volume first2= 11 Ye| issue last3= 3 Ge| pages first3= 210 Xingyi| date =April March 2019 2021| pmid title=The 30832341taxonomy, |host pmcrange =and 6466186pathogenicity |of doicoronaviruses =and 10.3390/v11030210other }}</ref>viruses Subfamiliin inithe terdiriNidovirales atas 4 genus, 23 subgenus, dan 38 spesies.<ref name="ICTV">{{cite web|last=ICTV|year=2018b|title= Taxonomyorder|url=https://talkanimaldiseases.ictvonlinebiomedcentral.orgcom/taxonomyarticles/ 10.1186/s44149-021-00005-9|websitejournal=InternationalAnimal Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)Diseases|languagevolume=en 1|accessissue=1|pages=5|doi=10.1186/s44149-021-date00005-9|issn=1 Maret 20202731-0442}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Genus
Baris 31 ⟶ 36:
!Inang
|-
| rowspan="1719" |''[[Alphacoronavirus]]''
|''[[Colacovirus]]''
|''[[Bat coronavirus CDPHE15]]''
|kelelawar
|-
Baris 45 ⟶ 50:
|''[[Duvinacovirus]]''
|''[[Human coronavirus 229E]]''
|manusia, kelelawar, unta
|-
|''[[Luchacovirus]]''
Baris 51 ⟶ 56:
|rodensia
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Minacovirus]]''
|''[[Ferret coronavirus]]''
|''[[ferret]]''
|-
|''[[Mink coronavirus 1]]''
|''[[mink]], [[ferret]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Minunacovirus]]''
Baris 69 ⟶ 71:
|kelelawar
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nyctacovirus]]''
|''[[Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013]]''
|kelelawar
|-
|''[[CommonPipistrellus moorhenkuhlii coronavirus HKU213398]]''
|kelelawar
|-
Baris 90 ⟶ 95:
|''[[NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b]]''
|kelelawar
|-
|''[[ferretSoracovirus]]''
|''[[Sorex araneus coronavirus T14]]''
|celurut
|-
|''[[MoordecovirusSunacovirus]]''
|''[[Suncus murinus coronavirus X74]]''
|celurut
|-
|''[[Tegacovirus]]''
Baris 95 ⟶ 108:
|anjing, kucing, babi
|-
| rowspan="1214" |''[[Betacoronavirus]]''
| rowspan="45" |''[[Embecovirus]]''
|''[[Betacoronavirus 1]]''
|manusia, sapi, kuda, babi
Baris 108 ⟶ 121:
|''[[Murine coronavirus]]''
|rodensia
|-
|''[[Myodes coronavirus 2JL14]]''
|vole
|-
|''[[Hibecovirus]]''
Baris 126 ⟶ 142:
|kelelawar
|-
| rowspan="23" |''[[Nobecovirus]]''
|''[[Eidolon bat coronavirus C704]]''
|kelelawar
|-
|''[[Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1]]''
|kelelawar
Baris 135 ⟶ 154:
|''[[Sarbecovirus]]''
|''[[SARS-CoV|Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus]]''
|manusia, kelelawar, ''[[viverridaetenggiling]], [[Viverridae]], [[Canidae]], [[Felidae]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Gammacoronavirus]]''
|''[[Brangacovirus]]''
|''[[FerretGoose coronavirus CB17]]''
|itik
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Gammacoronavirus]]''
|''[[Cegacovirus]]''
|''[[Beluga whale coronavirus SW1]]''
|[[paus (mamalia)|paus]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Igacovirus]]''
|''[[Avian coronavirus]]''
|burung
|-
|''[[Avian coronavirus 9203]]''
|burung
|-
|''[[Duck coronavirus 2714]]''
|itik
|-
| rowspan="7" |''[[Deltacoronavirus]]''
Baris 151 ⟶ 180:
|burung
|-
| rowspan="45" |''[[Buldecovirus]]''
|''[[Bulbul coronavirus HKU11]]''
|burung
|-
|''[[Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21]]''
|burung
|-
Baris 166 ⟶ 198:
|''[[Herdecovirus]]''
|''[[Night heron coronavirus HKU19]]''
|burung
|-
|''[[Moordecovirus]]''
|''[[Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21]]''
|burung
|}
 
== Koronavirus manusia ==
Koronavirus diyakini menyebabkan 15-3015–30% dari semua pilek pada orang dewasa dan anak-anak.<ref name="pmid25720466">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fehr AR, Perlman S | title = Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis | journal = Methods in Molecular Biology | volume = 1282 | pages = 1–23 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25720466 | pmc = 4369385 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1 | isbn = 978-1-4939-2437-0 }}</ref> Koronavirus menyebabkan pilek dengan gejala utama seperti [[demam]] dan [[sakit tenggorokan]] akibat pembengkakan [[adenoid]], terutama pada musim dingin dan awal musim semi.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu P, Shi L, Zhang W, He J, Liu C, Zhao C, Kong SK, Loo JF, Gu D, Hu L | display-authors = 6 | title = Prevalence and genetic diversity analysis of human coronaviruses among cross-border children | language = En | journal = Virology Journal | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 230 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29166910 | pmc = 5700739 | doi = 10.1186/s12985-017-0896-0 }}</ref> Koronavirus dapat menyebabkan [[pneumonia]], baik pneumonia virus langsung atau pneumonia bakterial sekunder, dan dapat menyebabkan [[bronkitis]], baik bronkitis virus langsung atau bronkitis bakterial sekunder.<ref name="pmid19199189">{{cite journal | vauthors = Forgie S, Marrie TJ | title = Healthcare-associated atypical pneumonia | journal = Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 67–85 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19199189 | doi = 10.1055/s-0028-1119811 }}</ref> Koronavirus manusia yang ditemukan pada tahun 2003, SARS-CoV, yang menyebabkan sindrom pernafasan akut berat (SARS), memiliki patogenesis yang unik karena menyebabkan infeksi saluran pernapasan bagian atas dan bawah.<ref name="pmid19199189" /> Belum ada vaksin atau obat antivirus untuk mencegah atau mengobati infeksi koronavirus manusia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Habibzadeh P, Stoneman EK | title = The Novel Coronavirus: A Bird's Eye View | journal = The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 65–71 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32020915 | doi = 10.15171/ijoem.2020.1921 }}</ref>
 
Tujuh galur koronavirus manusia yang saat ini diketahui:
Baris 201 ⟶ 229:
| Wabah MERS 2015 di Korea Selatan
| [[MERS-CoV]]
| 36<ref name=who>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/25-october-2015-mers-korea/en/|title=Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Republic–Republic of Korea|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=1 Desember 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Wabah MERS 2018
Baris 210 ⟶ 238:
| [[SARS-CoV-2]]
| Paling tidak {{Kasus pada wabah koronavirus 2019–2020|deaths|editlink=|ref=}}
|}hhhh
 
== Referensi ==
Baris 220 ⟶ 248:
* {{commonscat-inline|Coronaviridae}}
{{refend}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q57751738|from2=Q15233924|from3=Q290805}}
 
{{Authority control}}
{{Virus-stub}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q89469904}}
{{taxonbar}}
[[Kategori:Virus]]
 
[[Kategori:Coronaviridae]]
[[Kategori:Genus virus]]