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Baris 1: {{Infobox scientist \| image = ~~Ignaz~~ Borsos & Doctor Semmelweis ~~1860~~Ignác cropped.jpg \| image_size = 225px \| caption = Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis yang berumur 42 tahun \| birth_name = ~~Semmelweis~~ Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis \| birth_date = {{birth date\|1818\|7\|1}} \| birth_place = [[Buda]], [[Kerajaan ~~Hongaria~~Hungaria\|~~Hongaria~~Hungaria]] \| death_date = {{death date and age\|1865\|8\|13\|1818\|7\|1}} \| death_place = [[Wina]], [[Kekaisaran Austria]] \| residence = [[Kerajaan ~~Hongaria~~Hungaria\|~~Hongaria~~Hungaria]] \| citizenship = [[Kerajaan ~~Hongaria~~Hungaria\|~~Hongaria~~Hungaria]] \| nationality =[[Kerajaan Hungaria\|Hungaria]] \| field = [[Obstetri]], [[operasi]] \| parents = József Semmelweis <br>Teréz Müller Baris 17: \| work_institutions = \| alma_mater = [[Universitas Wina]] <br>[[Universitas Budapest]] \| known_for = Memperkenalkan standar disinfeksi tangan di klinik [[obstetri]] ~~dari tahun~~pada 1847 }} '''Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis''' ({{IPA-de\|ɪˈɡnaːts ˈzɛml̩vaɪs\|lang}}; {{lang-hu\|Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp}}; 1 Juli 1818 – 13 Agustus 1865) adalah seorang dokter [[Kerajaan ~~Hongaria~~Hungaria\|~~Hongaria~~Hungaria]] berketurunan [[orang Jerman di ~~Hongaria~~Hungaria\|Jerman]].{{sfn\|Semmelweis Society International}} Ia dikenal sebagai pelopor prosedur antiseptik. Ia telah dijuluki sebagai "penyelamat ibu-ibu"{{sfn\|Semmelweis Society International}} karena ia telah menemukan bahwa kemungkinan terjadinya [[demam puerperal]] dapat dikurangi secara drastis dengan melakukan disinfeksi tangan di klinik [[obstetri]]. Demam puerperal sering terjadi di rumah sakit pada pertengahan abad ke-19 dan sering kali berakibat fatal. Semmelweis mengusulkan agar dokter mencuci tangan dengan [[kalsium hipoklorit\|larutan kapur yang terklorinasi]]. Usulan ini dikemukakan pada tahun 1847 saat ia bekerja di Klinik Obstetri Pertama [[Rumah Sakit Umum Wina]] karena di situ tingkat kematian di bangsal dokter tiga kali lebih tinggi daripada tingkat kematian di bangsal bidan.{{sfn\|Hanninen\|Farago\|Monos\|1983}} Ia menulis sebuah buku mengenai penemuannya yang berjudul ''[[Die Ätiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxe des Kindbettfiebers]]'' (Etiologi, Konsep dan Profilaksis Demam Puerperal). Walaupun telah menerbitkan hasil yang menunjukkan bahwa disinfeksi tangan mengurangi tingkat kematian hingga di bawah 1%, pengamatan Semmelweis bertentangan dengan pendapat medis yang diterima pada saat itu, sehingga komunitas kedokteran menolak gagasan ini. Semmelweis tidak dapat menjelaskan secara ilmiah mengapa penemuannya bisa menurunkan tingkat kematian, dan beberapa dokter merasa tersinggung dengan usulan agar mereka mencuci tangan terlebih dahulu. Praktik Semmelweis baru diterima secara luas setelah ia meninggal, terutama setelah [[Louis Pasteur]] berhasil membuktikan kebenaran teori kuman dan setelah [[Joseph Lister]] melakukan operasi dengan metode higenis dan sangat berhasil. Semenjak tahun 1861, Semmelweis mengalami gangguan-gangguan kejiwaan. Ia juga mengalami depresi dan sering melamun. Setelah mendapatkan kritik negatif dari luar negeri, Semmelweis menghujat orang-orang yang menyerangnya. Ia menuduh mereka sebagai "pembunuh yang tidak bertanggung jawab"{{sfn\|Carter\|Carter\|2005\|p=73}} dan "orang bodoh".{{sfn\|Semmelweis\|1983\|p=41}} Pada pertengahan tahun 1865, perilakunya mulai mengesalkan dan mempermalukan rekan-rekannya, dan ia juga mulai mabuk-mabukan. Akibatnya, pada tahun yang sama, Semmelweis dimasukkan ke dalam rumah sakit jiwa. Di situ ia meninggal dunia akibat [[piaemia]] pada umur 47 tahun setelah dipukuli hingga mati oleh para penjaganya 14 hari setelah ia dimasukkan ke institusi tersebut. Pada tanggal 20 Maret 2020, [[Google Doodle]] menampilkan Semmelweis untuk menunjukkan cara mencuci tangan yang benar selama [[pandemi koronavirus 2019–2020]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-doodle-honors-handwashing-pioneer-dr-ignaz-semmelweis/\|title=Google Doodle honors handwashing pioneer Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis\|last=Musil\|first=Steven\|website=CNET\|language=en\|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20200320090647-255-485200/mengenal-ignaz-semmelweis-pelopor-cuci-tangan-di-dunia\|title=Mengenal Ignaz Semmelweis, Pelopor Cuci Tangan di Dunia\|website=gaya hidup\|language=id-ID\|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref> == Catatan kaki == Baris 32 ⟶ 30: {{Refbegin \|60em}} * {{citation \|first1=József \|last1=Antall \|author1-link=József Antall \|first2=Géza \|last2=Szebellédy \|title=Aus den Jahrhunderten der Heilkunde \|publisher=Corvina Verlag \|year=1973 \|location=Budapest \|pages=7–8\|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal\|pmc=3881728 \|title=Medicine in stamps-Ignaz Semmelweis and Puerperal Fever\|journal=Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association\|volume=14\|issue=1\|pages=35–39 \|publisher=US National Library of Medicine \|year=2013\|last1=Ataman\|first1=A. D.\|last2=Vatanoğlu-Lutz\|first2=E. E.\|last3=Yıldırım\|first3=G\|doi=10.5152/jtgga.2013.08\|pmid=24592068\|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|last1=Benedek \|first1=István \|title=Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis 1818–1865 \|publisher=Corvina Kiadó (Translated from Hungarian to German by Brigitte Engel) \|year=1983 \|location=Druckerei Kner, Gyomaendrőd, Hungary \|isbn=963-13-1459-6\|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|first1=Carl \|last1=Braun \|author1-link=Carl Braun (obstetrician) \|title=Lehrbuch der Geburtshülfe \|location=Vienna, Austria \|publisher=Braumüller \|year=1857\|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|first1=August \|last1=Breisky \|title=Semmelweis:journal=Vierteljahrschrift für die praktische Heilkunde \|publisher= Literarischer Anzeiger \|volume=18 \|pages=1–13 \|year=1861\|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|last1=Carter \|first1=K. Codell \|last2=Carter \|first2=Barbara R. \|title=Childbed fever. A scientific biography of Ignaz Semmelweis \|publisher=Transaction Publishers \|date=February 1, 2005 \|isbn=978-1-4128-0467-7\|ref=harv}} * {{Citation \|first1=Erik E. \|last1=Hauzman \|title=''Semmelweis and his German contemporaries \|booktitle=40th International Congress on the History of Medicine, ISHM 2006 \|location=Budapest, Hungary \|date=August 26–30, 2006 \|url=http://www.ishm2006.hu/abstracts/files/ishmpaper_093.doc \|accessdate=March 24, 2009 \|format=DOC \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324225915/http://www.ishm2006.hu/abstracts/files/ishmpaper_093.doc \|archivedate=March 24, 2009\| \|ref=harv }} * {{citation \|first1=O. \|last1=Hanninen \|first2=M. \|last2=Farago \|first3=E. \|last3=Monos \|title=Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the prophet of bacteriology \|url=http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/semmelweis.htm \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404214853/http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/semmelweis.htm \|archivedate=April 4, 2008 \|accessdate=October 26, 2009 \|date=September–October 1983 \|journal=Infection Control \|volume=4 \|pages=367–370 \|pmid=6354955 \|issue=5 \|doi=10.1017/S0195941700059762 \|ref=harv }} * {{citation \|journal=Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift \|first1=J. \|last1=Fleischer \|title=Statistischer Bericht der Gebärklinik an der kk. Universität zu Pest im Schuljahre 1855–56 \|volume=6 \|pages=534–536 \|year=1856 \|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?apm=0&aid=wmw&datum=18560003&seite=00000267&zoom=2 \|accessdate=May 11, 2008 \|language=German \|quote=Wir glaubten diese Chlorwaschungs-Theorie habe sich längst überlebt; die Erfahrungen und statistischen Ausweisse der meisten geburtshilflichen Anstalten protestieren gegen ubige Anschanung; es wäre an der Zeit sich von dieser Theorie nicht weiter irreführen zu lassen.\|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|~~first1~~title=O.50 ~~\|last1=Hanninen~~Euro – ~~\|first2=M. \|last2=Farago \|first3=E. \|last3=Monos \|title=~~Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, ~~the~~(2008) ~~prophet~~\|author=Muenze ofOesterreich ~~bacteriology~~AG \|year=2017 \|url=http://www.~~general~~austrian-~~anaesthesia~~mint.com/~~semmelweis.htm~~285?l=en&muenzeId=603 \|archiveurl=https://~~web~~www.~~archive~~webcitation.org/~~web/20080404214853/~~query?url=http~~://www~~%3A%2F%2Fwww.~~general~~austrian-~~anaesthesia~~mint.com~~/semmelweis.htm~~%2F285%3Fl%3Den%26muenzeId%3D603&date=2009-10-27 \|archivedate=~~April~~October 427, ~~2008~~2009 \|accessdate=October 2627, 2009 \|~~date~~work=~~September–October~~[[Austrian ~~1983~~Mint]] ~~\|journal=Infection Control~~website \|~~volume~~location=4Vienna \|pages=367–370 \|quote=Only the clinical facts proved him right during his lifetime; the triumph of bacteriology which began after his death made him not only the "savior of mothers" but also a genial ancestor of bacteriology. \|pmid=6354955 \|issue=5 \|doi=10.1017/S0195941700059762\|ref=harv }} * {{citation \|first1=Ferdinand \|last1=Hebra \|authorlink=Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra \|title=Höchst wichtige Erfahrungen über die Aetiologie der an Gebäranstalten epidemischen Puerperalfieber \|journal=Zeitschrift der k.k. Gesellschaft der Ärzte zu Wien \|volume=4 \|issue=1 \|pages=242–244 \|year=1847\|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|first1=Ferdinand \|last1=Hebra \|authorlink=Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra \|title=Fortsetzung der Erfahrungen über die Aetiologie der in Gebäranstalten epidemischen Puerperalfieber \|journal=Zeitschrift der k.k. Gesellschaft der Ärzte zu Wien \|volume=5 \|issue= \|pages=64f \|year=1848\|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|first1=Karl Edouard Marius \|last1=Levy \|title=De nyeste Forsög i Födselsstiftelsen i Wien til Oplysning om Barselfeberens Aetiologie \|journal=Hospitals-Meddelelser \|volume=1 \|pages=199–211 \|year=1848\|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|title=50 Euro – Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (2008) \|author= Muenze Oesterreich AG\|year=2017\|url=http://www.austrian-mint.com/285?l=en&muenzeId=603 \|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austrian-mint.com%2F285%3Fl%3Den%26muenzeId%3D603&date=2009-10-27 \|archivedate=October 27, 2009 \|accessdate=October 27, 2009 \|work=[[Austrian Mint]] website \|location=Vienna \|quote=The new gold coin with a face value of 50 Euro has a portrait of the celebrated doctor himself together with the staff of Aesculapius, which is the logo for the entire series. The reverse has a bird’s-eye view of the old General Hospital in Vienna, where Semmelweis was stationed in the childbirth clinic. An insert to the right shows a doctor and a student in the act of disinfecting their hands before examining a patient.\|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal\|last=Nissani\|first=M.\|date=1995\|title=The Plight of the Obscure Innovator in Science\|url=\|journal=Social Studies of Science\|volume= 25\|pages= 165–183\|issue=\|doi=10.1177/030631295025001008\|pmid=\|access-date=\|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|first1=Sherwin B. \|last1=Nuland \|author1-link=Sherwin B. Nuland \|year=2003 \|title=The Doctors' Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever and the Strange Story of Ignac Semmelweis \|publisher=W. W. Norton \|isbn=0-393-05299-0\|ref=harv}} * {{cite book \|last=Obenchain \|first=Theodore G. \|date=2016 \|title=Genius Belabored: Childbed Fever and the Tragic Life of Ignaz Semmelweis \|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/46875 \|location= \|publisher=University of Alabama Press \|page= \|isbn=978-0-81731-929-8 \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last=Piper \|first=John \|date=2007 \|title=Motherkillers \|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34953144?versionId=43382051 \|location=Brighton \|publisher=Book Guild \|page= \|isbn=978-1-84624-087-4 \|access-date=27 February 2015 \|ref=harv }} * {{citation \|first1=Robert William \|last1=Reid \|title=Microbes and Men \|year=1975 \|publisher=Saturday Review Press \|location=New York, NY, U.S.A. \|isbn=978-0-8415-0348-9 \|oclc=1227698 \|ref=harv}} * {{cite web \|url=http://semmelweis.org/about/dr-semmelweis-biography/ \|title=Dr Semmelweis' Biography \|last1= \|first1= \|last2= \|first2= \|work= \|author=Semmelweis Society International \|accessdate=2 September 2016 \|ref=harv \|archive-date=2019-07-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722212057/http://semmelweis.org/about/dr-semmelweis-biography/ \|dead-url=yes }}▼ * {{citation \|first1=Joseph Hermann \|last1=Schmidt \|author1-link=Joseph Hermann Schmidt \|title=Die geburtshülfliche-klinischen Institute der königlichen Charité \|journal=Annalen des charité-Krankenhauses zu Berlin \|volume=1 \|pages=485–523 \|year=1850\|ref=harv}} ▲* {{cite web \|url=http://semmelweis.org/about/dr-semmelweis-biography/ \|title=Dr Semmelweis' Biography \|last1= \|first1= \|last2= \|first2= \|work= \|author=Semmelweis Society International \|accessdate=2 September 2016\|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|first1=Ignaz \|last1=Semmelweis \|translator=Carter, K. Codell \|title=Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever \|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press \|date=September 15, 1983 \|origyear=1983 \|isbn=0-299-09364-6\|ref=harv}} (references to Carter's foreword and notes indicated ) * {{cite web \|url=http://www.semmelweis.museum.hu/ \|title=Semmelweis Orvostörténeti Múzeum \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|publisher=Semmelweis.museum.hu \|accessdate=2012-05-19 \|ref=CITEREFSemmelweis_Orvostörténeti_Múzeum \|archive-date=2012-05-10 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510211747/http://www.semmelweis.museum.hu/ \|dead-url=yes }} * {{citation \|title=Puerperal Fever \|journal=The Lancet \|volume=2 \|issue=1732 \|year=1856 \|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)60262-4 \|pages=503–505\|last1=Tyler Smith \|first1=W. \|ref=harv}} * {{citation \|first1=Friedrich \|last1=Wieger \|title=Des moyens prophylactiques mis en U.S.A.ge au grand hôpital de Vienne contre l'apparition de la fièvre puerpérale \|journal=Gazette médicale de Strasbourg \|volume=9 \|pages=99–105 \|language=French \|year=1849 \|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} {{Commonscat}} ~~{{bio-stub}}~~ {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kelahiran 1818]] [[Kategori:Kematian 1865]] [[Kategori:Dokter ~~Hongaria~~Hungaria]] [[Kategori:Ilmuwan ~~Hongaria~~Hungaria]]