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'''Agama di Mesir''' mengkontrol beberapa aspek kehidupan sosial dan diurus oleh hukum. [[Sensus Mesir 2006#Sensus 2006|Sensus 2006]] memakai metode yang meliputi agama, sehingga jumlah pengikut agama yang berbeda dibasanya meliputi perkiraan yang dibuat oleh badan-badan keagamaan dan non-pemerintah.
Orang [[Mesir]] umumnya Muslim, dengan [[Muslim]] meliputi 88% dari populasi dari sekitar 80 juta orang Mesir<ref name="The world factbook/Egypt/">.{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html |title=Egypt | work = The World Factbook |date=September 4, 2008 |publisher= [[Central Intelligence Agency|American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)]] |access-date=2016-11-10 |archive-date=2020-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515224909/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="pewforum.org">{{Citation | format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] | url = http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf | title = The 2009 American Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life | contribution = Muslim population | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | archive-date = 2012-02-05 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/65De68fVA?url=http://www.pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf | dead-url = yes }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MN&p_theme=mn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EFE4944AB794537&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title=Religion/Islamic conservatism's revival attracts followers, worries governments |date= June 18, 2009 | work = Star Tribune}}</ref><ref name="U.S.Dept of State/Egypt">{{cite web | url = http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm | title= Egypt | work = Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs | date = September 30, 2008 |publisher= [[United States Department of State]]}}</ref><ref name="FCO/Egypt/">{{cite web | url = http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt | title = Egypt | work = [[Departemen Luar Negeri dan Persemakmuran|Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] | date = August 15, 2008 | publisher = UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs | access-date = 2016-11-10 | archive-date = 2012-12-12 | archive-url = http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121212135632/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name = "LOOKLEX Encyclopedia/Egypt/Religions&Peoples">{{cite web |url= http://lexicorient.com/e.o/egypt_4.htm |title = Egypt Religions & Peoples | work = Encyclopedia |date= September 30, 2008 |publisher= LookLex |access-date= 2016-11-10 |archive-date= 2018-10-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181002193736/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/egypt_4.htm |dead-url= yes }}</ref><ref name="msn encarta/Egypt">{{cite web |url= http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557408_3/Egypt.html |title = Egypt | work = [[Encarta]] |date= September 30, 2008 | publisher = Microsoft |access-date= 2016-11-10 |archive-date= 2009-10-31 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/5kwQyp3zM?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557408_3/Egypt.html |dead-url= yes }}</ref><ref name="Al Arabiya News">{{cite web | work = Al Arabiya | url= http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/08/28/55639.html |title= Controversy in Egypt after a prominent church figure declared the number of Copts in Egypt exceeds 12 million |date = November 2, 2008}}</ref><ref name = "United Copts">{{cite web|url= http://www.unitedcopts.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3073&Itemid=71 |title= Pope Shenouda III declares to a TV station that the number of Copts in Egypt exceeds 12 million|date=October 29, 2008}}</ref> Kebanyakan Muslim di Mesir adalah [[Sunni]]. Jumlah signifikan Musim Sunni Mesir juga mengikuti [[tarekat]] [[Sufisme|Sufi]].<ref name = "Hoffman, Valerie J. 1995">{{Citation | last = Hoffman | first = Valerie J | title = Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt | publisher = University of South Carolina Press | year = 1995}}.</ref> Terdapat lima puluh ribu Muslim [[Ahmadiyyah]] di Mesir.<ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com./books?id=PmgkD3Hel5IC&lpg=PA309&pg=PA297 | title=Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others | first = Mohammad Hassan | last = Khalil | accessdate=June 2, 2014 | page= 297 | publisher= Oxford University Press}}</ref> Terdapat minoritas [[Mu'tazila]], [[Syi'ah|Syiah]] [[Imamah (doktrim Syiah)|Dua Belas Imam]] dan [[Ismailisme]] yang berjumlah beberapa ribu.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time|url = http://news.sky.com/story/1107961/egypt-attack-on-shia-comes-at-dangerous-time|accessdate = 2015-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Four Egyptian Shi'ites killed in attack by Sunni Muslims|url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/23/us-egypt-protests-shiites-idUSBRE95M0HT20130623|newspaper = Reuters|date = 2013-06-23|access-date = 2015-10-06|archive-date = 2015-10-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006210952/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/23/us-egypt-protests-shiites-idUSBRE95M0HT20130623|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Egypt's Shiite Muslims saw the Sunni hatred grow under Morsi|url = http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/10/world/la-fg-egypt-sectarianism-20130810/2|newspaper = Los Angeles Times|date = 2013-08-10|access-date = 2015-10-07|issn = 0458-3035|first = Shashank|last = Bengali|archive-date = 2015-09-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150922054055/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/10/world/la-fg-egypt-sectarianism-20130810/2|dead-url = yes}}</ref>
Menurut [[Konstitusi Mesir]], legislasi yang baru harus sejalan dengan [[syariat Islam|hukum Islam]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web |url= http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt |title= Egypt |work= [[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] | publisher = George town |accessdate= 2011-12-14 |archive-date= 2011-12-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111220145046/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt |dead-url= yes }}</ref> Artikel 45 dari Konstitusi memberikan kebebasan beragama kepada tiga [[agama Abrahamik|agama Samawi]] ([[Islam]], [[Kekristenan|Kristen]] dan [[Agama Yahudi|Yudaisme]]), namun hanya untuk ketiganya.
Orang MesiirMesir lainnya, yang berjumlah antara 10% dan 20% populasi,<ref name="pewforum.org"/> kebanyakan menganut [[Gereja Ortodoks Koptik Aleksandria]], sebuah Gereja [[Kekristenan|Kristen]] [[Gereja Ortodoks Oriental|Ortodoks Oriental]].<ref name="The world factbook/Egypt/"/><ref name="U.S.Dept of State/Egypt"/><ref name="FCO/Egypt/"/><ref name="LOOKLEX Encyclopedia/Egypt/Religions&Peoples"/><ref name="msn encarta/Egypt"/> Deklarasi paling terkini, yang dibuat oleh [[Paus Shenouda III dari Aleksandria|Paus Shenouda III]] dan uskup Morkos dari [[Shubra]] pada 2008, menyatakan bahwa jumlah penganut [[Koptik]] Ortodoks di Mesir sebesar lebih dari 12 juta orang. Perkiraan lainnya yang dibuat oleh pihak gereja memperkirakan jumlahnya sampai 16 juta orang.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Egyptian Copts reject population estimate - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online|url = http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/53839/Egypt/Politics-/Egyptian-Copts-reject-population-estimate.aspx|website = english.ahram.org.eg|accessdate = 2015-11-27}}</ref> Gereja-gereja Protestan mengklaim keanggotaannya sekitar 550300,000 orang Mesir,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrGL7o69KBIC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=evangelical+church+egypt+synod+nile+-wiki&source=bl&ots=0ROIIX5xGt&sig=eal5ZcOkJ8WtjZvs33GBPLYioiU&hl=en&ei=ugg8StjjEIH-sQPm--j4Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7|title=Who are the Christians in the Middle East?|accessdate=June 19, 2009|publisher=Betty Jane Bailey}}</ref> dan [[Gereja Katolik Koptik]] mengklaimmemperkirakan keanggotaannyamemiliki sekitarjumlah 500.000anggota orangyang sama di Mesir.<ref name="Al Arabiya News"/><ref name="United Copts"/> Berdasarkan pada perkiraan tersebut, total jumlah umat Kristen di Mesir berkisar antara 15% dan 20% dari total populasi 80 juta orang Mesir. Meskipun beberapa sumber pemerintah mengklaim persentsenyapersentasenya berjumlah sekitar 6 sampai 10%,<ref name="HRW WORLD ATLAS/Egypt">{{cite web|url=http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_htm/egypt.htm|title=Egypt from "HRW WORLD ATLAS"|date=September 30, 2008 |publisher= [[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]]}}</ref><ref name="Egypt may allow first Islamist party">{{cite web | last = Abdelhadi | first = Magdi | title= Egypt may allow first Islamist party | publisher= [[BBC|BBC NEWS]]| date=October 6, 2005 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4316258.stm | accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref><ref name="Coptic Christians attacked in churches">{{cite web | last = Miles | first = Hugh| title= Coptic Christians attacked in churches| publisher= [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | date=April 15, 2006 | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/1515829/Coptic-Christians-attacked-in-churches.html|accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref><ref name="Christian-Muslim Gap">{{cite web | last = Cole | first = Ethan| title=Egypt's Christian-Muslim Gap Growing Bigger | publisher= [[The Christian Post]] | date=July 8, 2008 | url = http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080708/egypt-s-christian-muslim-gap-growing-bigger.htm | accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref><ref name="Cairo Religion and Faith">{{cite web|url=http://menic.utexas.edu/cairo/modern/religion/religion.html|title=Cairo – Religion and Faith in Modern Cairo|date= October 2, 2008 |publisher= [[University of Texas at Austin|The Center of Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Texas at Austin (MENIC)]]|access-date=2016-11-10|archive-date=2009-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211163309/http://menic.utexas.edu/cairo/modern/religion/religion.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Egyptian Court Allows Return to Christianity">{{cite web | last = Audi | first = Nadim | title= Egyptian Court Allows Return to Christianity | publisher= [[The New York Times|New York Times]] | date= February 11, 2008 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/11/world/africa/11egypt.html?ex=1360386000&en=03faf391c4592600&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss | accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref><ref name="International Religious Freedom Report 2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108481.htm|title= Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008|date=September 19, 2008|publisher=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]]}}</ref><ref name="Egypt and the Zionist plan of division">{{cite web | last = Nafaa | first = Hassan | title = Egypt and the Zionist plan of division | publisher = [[Al-Ahram Weekly]] | date = July 12, 2007 | url = http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/853/op2.htm | accessdate = 2008-10-04 | archive-date = 2008-10-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081018044747/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/853/op2.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref> jumlah dari sumber-sumber seperti [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy|Washington Institute]], selain beberapa sumber [[Koptik]], yang menyatakan bahwa umat Kristen mewakili lebih dari 10% dari total populasi dan mengklaim bahwa mereka benar-benar masih terdiri dari 15 atau bahkan 20% dari populasi Mesir.<ref name="Washington Institute">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2386|title=The Copts and Their Political Implications in Egypt|date=October 25, 2005|publisher=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=32988 IPS News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212154918/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=32988 |date=2012-02-12 }} (retrieved 09-27-2008)</ref><ref>[http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/1097/9710087.html]. ''The Washington Post''. "Estimates of the size of Egypt's Christian population vary from the low government figures of 6 to 7 million to the 12 million reported by some Christian leaders. The actual numbers may be in the 9 to 9.5 million range, out of an Egyptian population of more than 60 million." Retrieved 10-10-2008</ref><ref>[http://www.christianpost.com/article/20041207/thousands-protest-egypt-s-neglect-of-coptic-persecution.htm] The [[Christian Post]]. Accessed 28 September 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.nlgsolutions.com/packages/show_country.asp?countryid=EG NLG Solutions] <Online>. ''Egypt''. Accessed 28 September 2008.</ref><ref name="EGYPT: Attacks Raise Fear of Religious Discord">{{cite web | last = Morrow| first = Adam| title = EGYPT: Attacks Raise Fear of Religious Discord | publisher = [[Inter Press Service]] | date = April 24, 2006 | url = http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=32988 | accessdate = 2008-10-08| archive-date = 2012-02-12| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120212154918/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=32988| dead-url = yes}}</ref>
Terdapat sejumlah kecil namun signifikan dari populasi non-imigran [[Baha'i|Bahá'í]], yang diperkirakan berjumlah sekitar 2,000 orang,<ref name="International Religious Freedom Report 2008"/> dan sebuah komunitas kecil [[Agama Yahudi|Yahudi]] yang berjumlah sekitar 200 orang,<ref name="International Religious Freedom Report 2008" /><ref name="Bassatine News">{{Citation | publisher = Jewish Community Council (JCC) | place = Cairo | archivedate = 2009-10-28 | url = http://geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/5855/bassa20.htm | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091028204254/http://geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/5855/bassa20.htm | title = Bassatine News | year = 2006}}.</ref> tidak diketahui jumlah orang Mesir yang menyatakan diri sebagai [[ateisme|ateis]] dan [[agnostisisme|agnostik]] karena tanggapan publik terhadap tak beragama berisiko kekerasan. Komunitas non-Koptik dan non-Sunni berjumlah dari beberapa ratus sampai beberapa ribu. [[Agama Mesir kuno]] yang aslinya menghilang dari Mesir sebagai akibat dari agama-agama baru yang diperkenalkan ke Mesir.
Mesir memiliki dua lembaga keagamaan besar. [[Masjid Al-Azhar]], yang didirikan pada 970 [[Masehi]] oleh [[Kekhalifahan Fatimiyah]] sebagai Universitas Islam pertama di Mesir dan [[Gereja Ortodoks Koptik]] Aleksandria yang didirikan pada 50pertengahan [[Masehi]]abad ke-10 oleh [[Markus|Santo Markus]].
Di Mesir, [[Muslim]] dan [[Kekristenan|Kristen]] hidup bertetangga, berbagi [[Sejarah Mesir|sejarah]], [[identitas nasional]], [[kelompok etnik|suku bangsa]], [[ras (klasifikasi manusia)|ras]], [[budaya]], dan [[bahasa Arab|bahasa]] umum.<ref name = "International Religious Freedom Report 2008" />
[[Kairo]] dikenal karena sejumlah [[menara|minaret]] [[masjid]]nya dan dijuluki "kota 1,000 minaret".<ref name="The Independent on Cairo">{{cite news|title= Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets|url= http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/cairo-welcome-to-the-city-of-1000-minarets-692635.html| work = [[The Independent]]|location= London| first = Robin | last = Barton|date= 2001-02-19|access-date= 2016-11-10|archive-date= 2015-09-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150925234721/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/cairo-welcome-to-the-city-of-1000-minarets-692635.html|dead-url= yes}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Kairo Hanging Church BW 1.jpg|jmpl|lurus|[[Gereja Gantung]] [[Kairo]], yang dibangun pada abad ketiga atau keempat Masehi, adalah salah satu Gereja [[Koptik]] paling terkenal di [[Mesir]].]]
Pada 2002, di bawah pemerintahan [[Hosni Mubarak|Mubarak]], [[Natal]] Koptik (7 Januari) diakui sebagai hari libur resmi,<ref>{{Citation | newspaper = Arabic News | url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/021220/2002122025.html | title = Copts welcome Presidential announcement on Eastern Christmas Holiday | date = December 20, 2002 | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | archive-date = 2007-09-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211738/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/021220/2002122025.html | dead-url = yes }}.</ref> meskipun umat Koptik mempermasalahkan minimnya penegakan hukum, keamanan negara dan layanan publik, dan diskriminasi di tempat kerja atas dasar agama mereka.<ref name="HRW">{{Citation | publisher = Human Rights Watch | url = http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/egypt12212.htm | date = 2006-01-18 | title = Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. 2005 | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | archive-date = 2008-11-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081114115428/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/egypt12212.htm | dead-url = yes }}.</ref> [[Naguib Sawiris]], salah satu pengusaha sukses Mesir dan salah satu dari 400 orang terkaya di dunia<ref>{{Citation | newspaper = Forbes | url = http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Naguib-Sawiris_4MRK.html | title = The World's Billionaires | date = Oct 2010}}.</ref> adalah orang [[Koptik]].
== Praktik dan tradisi keagamaan yang unik di Mesir ==
Berikut adalah beberapa praktik dan tradisi keagamaan yang unik dilakukan Mesir<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-25|title=Ancient Egyptian religion {{!}} History, Rituals, Gods, Beliefs, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ancient-Egyptian-religion|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Goodman|first=Patrick|title=Religious Beliefs and Practices of the Ancient Egyptians|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/103/religious-beliefs-and-practices-of-the-ancient-egy/|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en|access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>.
# '''Agama Mesir Kuno''': Agama ini berpusat pada interaksi antara manusia dan dewa-dewi, yang diyakini muncul dan mengendalikan kekuatan alam<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-25|title=Ancient Egyptian religion {{!}} History, Rituals, Gods, Beliefs, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ancient-Egyptian-religion|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>. Firaun, sebagai penguasa Mesir, memiliki peran penting dalam agama ini. Mereka dipandang memiliki kekuatan suci dan bertindak sebagai perantara antara rakyat dan dewa-dewi<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-25|title=Ancient Egyptian religion {{!}} History, Rituals, Gods, Beliefs, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ancient-Egyptian-religion|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>.
# '''Heka dan Ma’at''': Dari raja Firaun yang paling perkasa hingga petani yang panen gandum melimpah, keyakinan akan sihir ''(Heka)'' dan keseimbangan ''(Ma’at)'' membantu orang Mesir kuno memahami tempat mereka di alam semesta<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goodman|first=Patrick|title=Religious Beliefs and Practices of the Ancient Egyptians|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/103/religious-beliefs-and-practices-of-the-ancient-egy/|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en|access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>.
# '''Shah’et El Mulukhiya''': Sebuah tradisi unik di Mesir adalah bahwa setiap kali mereka memasak Mulukhiya, mereka diharuskan melakukan Shah’et El Mulukhiya. Shah’et El Mulukhiya berarti “''El Mulukhiya Gasp''” dalam bahasa Inggris. Tradisi ini menuntut mereka untuk menghirup tiba-tiba dengan mulut terbuka saat menambahkan bawang putih ke panci mereka<ref>{{Cite web|last=egyptm49|date=2018-05-07|title=5 Unique Egyptian Traditions|url=https://egyptmonth.com/2018/05/07/5-unique-egyptian-traditions/|website=egypt month|language=en-US|access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>.
Harap dicatat bahwa praktik dan tradisi ini mungkin berbeda tergantung pada wilayah dan komunitas di Mesir.
== Lihat pula ==
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