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[[Image:SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Salus Populi Romani]] dimahkotai demi Tahun Maria 1954]]▼
'''Ratu Surga''' adalah sebuah gelar yang diberikan kepada Perawan Suci Maria oleh umat Kristiani, terutama umat Katolik dan Ortodoks. Gelar ini merupakan konsekwensi dari [[Konsili Efesus]] dimana Sang Perawan Maria dinyatakan sebagai Bunda Allah. Umat Kristen Ortodoks dan Katolik juga percaya bahwa Maria diangkat ke surga, sesuatu yang menjadi dogma dalam [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] semenjak tahun 1950.▼
{{about|salah satu gelar Maria|doa atau [[Antifon Maria]]|Doa Ratu Surga}}
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▲'''Ratu Surga''' adalah sebuah gelar yang diberikan kepada Perawan Suci Maria oleh umat Kristiani, terutama umat Katolik dan Ortodoks. Gelar ini merupakan konsekwensi dari [[Konsili Efesus]] dimana Sang Perawan Maria dinyatakan sebagai Bunda Allah. Umat [[Kekristenan|Kristen]] Ortodoks dan Katolik juga percaya bahwa [[Maria Diangkat ke Surga|Maria diangkat ke surga]], sesuatu yang menjadi dogma dalam [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] semenjak tahun 1950.
Dogma Katolik menyatakan bahwa Maria berada di surga, Bunda Allah yang Tak Bernoda, Sang Perawan Abadi Maria, setelah menyelesaikan perjalan kehidupan duniawinya, yang tubuh dan jiwanya diangkat ke dalam kemegahan surgawi<ref> Constitution Munificentissimus Deus, no 44</ref> Gelar ''Ratu Surga'' telah menjadi sebuah tradisi Katolik, termasuk di dalam doa-doa dan karya sastra devosi, dan terlihat di dalam kesenian Barat yang bertemakan Pemahkotaan Sang Perawan, mulai dari Abad Pertengahan Tinggi, jauh sebelum hal ini diberikan status resmi oleh Gereja. Gelar ini dimasukkan oleh [[Paus Pius XII]] di dalam ensiklik-nya mengenai Ratu Surga, ''[[Ad Caeli Reginam]]''.<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_11101954_ad-caeli-reginam_en.html Encyclical '''''Ad Caeli Reginam''''' on the Vatican website] </ref> Selama berabad-abad, umat Katolik, saat mengucapkan devosi Litani Loreto, merujuk Maria sebagai ratu surga.
Gereja Ortodoks Timur tidak mendukung dogma Katolik ini, tetapi memiliki dalam dirinya sendiri sejarah liturgi yang kaya (berbagai himne, khotbah, patung) mengenainya. Tema-tema yang dipakai antara lain naiknya Maria ke surga bersama para malaikat, berkumpulnya para rasul di sekeliling Perawan Maria yang sedang sekarat, prosesi pemakamannya, makamnya yang kosong dan, Maria di surga.<ref>Kallinikos, Koimesis, Marienlexikon, 598</ref> Umat Ortodoks juga memiliki sebuah sejarah kepercayaan devosi yang kebanyakan berasal dari ''Liber de Transitu Mariae'' (Buku peralihan Maria) yang diperkirakan dibuat di akhir abad ke-4.<ref>Kallinikos, 598</ref>
Agama Protestan dan tokoh reformasi gereja pada masa-masa awal seperti [[Martin Bucer]], Johannes Brenz dan Bullinger menerima keberadaan Maria di surga sebagai sesuatu yang terbukti sendiri seperti halnya perihal iman.<ref>Bäumer, Marienlexikon, 200.</ref> Johannes Oecolampadius menganggap Maria sebagai leher dari Tubuh Mistis Kristus dan ''Ratu Semua Kuasa Surgawi''<ref>Bäumer 673</ref> [[Martin Luther]], dalam sebuah khotbahnya pada tahun 1522 pada ''Pesta Pengangkatan Maria ke Surga'' menyatakan bahwa Maria berada di surga, tetapi menolak untuk membahas bagaimana ia bisa berada di sana karena ketiadaan bukti dari Kitab Suci.<ref>Bäumer, Marienlexikon, 200.</ref> Dalam perkembangan teologi berikutnya di dalam agama Protestan, penghormatan kepada Maria ditentang secara luas. [[Mariologi]], ''"sebuah hal asing bagi teologi Protestan, menjadi suatu sarana untuk mengajarkan perbedaan.''<ref>Bäumer, 200</ref> Dalam konteks ini, pertanyaan mengenai Maria sebagai Ratu Surga tidak pernah muncul.
[[Benedict XVI]] noted that Mary's acceptance of the divine will is the ultimate reason, she is Queen of Heaven. Because of her humble and unconditional acceptance of God's will "God exalted her over all other creatures, and Christ crowned her Queen of heaven and earth." <ref>[http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=47863&repos=4&subrepos=0&searchid=18645 Christ's Kingdom not based on human power, Pope says (Catholic World News Nov. 27, 2006)]</ref>▼
''Ratu Surga'' adalah sebuah gelar Maria yang menimbulkan penghormatan yang diwujudkan di dalam teologi, sastra dan liturgi seperti Ibadat Harian, musik dan karya seni. Semenjak [[Konsili Efesus]], kehadiran gambaran Maria didorong keberadaannya sehingga menghasilkan banyak penggambaran maria sebagai ''Regina'' (ratu) sepanjang masa. Kota-kota di Italia dan tempat-tempat lain menyatakan Ratu Surga sebagai Ratu Siena, ''Massa Marittima'', ''San Gimignano'' namun juga ratu bagi daerah [[Bavaria]].<ref>Marienlexikon 596</ref>
[[Image:Peter Paul Rubens 079.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Rubens]]The coronation of the Virgin Mary]]▼
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====Basis ====▼
[[Image:PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Coronation of the [[Salus Populi Romani]] by [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1954]]▼
{{Mariologi}}
====Queenship ====▼
== Agama Katolik ==
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=== Dasar Mariologi ===
Ratu Surga (Bahasa Latin ''Regina Caeli'') adalah salah satu dari sekian banyak gelar yang dianugerahkan kepada Sang Perawan Maria. Gelar ini sebagian lahir dari ajaran Katolik kuno bahwa Maria, di akhir hidup keduniawiannya, diangkat tubuh dan jiwanya ke surga, dan bahwa ia disana dihormati sebagai ratu.<ref> Dictionary of Mary, Catholic Book Publishing Co., New York, 1985, p283-284</ref>
Definisi dan dasar Mariologi pertama bagi gelar ''Maria Ratu Surga'' berkembang dalam [[Konsili Efesus]], dimana Maria diartikan sebagai Bunda Allah. Para pemimpin gereja di Konsili tersebut menyetujui bentuk pengertian ini dan menolak opini bahwa Maria "hanyalah" ibu Yesus. Tidak ada orang lain yang lebih banyak ikut serta dalam kehidupan putranya dibandingkan Maria yang melahirkan Putra Allah.<ref>Tschochner, Königtum Mariens Marienlexikon, Eos, St.Ottilien, 1988, 590 </ref>
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Gerakan untuk secara resmi menerima keratuan Maria diajukan oleh beberapa kongres [[Mariologi]] di [[Lyon]] [[Prancis]], [[Freiburg]] [[Jerman]], dan Einsiedelm [[Swiss]]. Gabriel Roschini mendirikan ''Pro Regalitate Mariae'' di Roma, Italia, sebagai sebuah perkumpulan internasional untuk memasyarakatkan Keratuan Maria.<ref>Tschochner 591</ref> Beberapa paus telah menggambarkan Maria sebagai Ratu dan Ratu Surga, yang terdokumentasi oleh Gabriel Roschini. [[Paus Pius XII]] berulang-kali menggunakan gelar tersebut di banyak ensiklik dan surat apostoliknya, terutama selama masa [[Perang Dunia II]].<ref>AAS 1942, 126,</ref><ref>AAS 1942 315,</ref><ref>AAS 1943, 248,</ref><ref>AAS 1943 38,</ref><ref>AAS 1946,266,</ref><ref>AAS 1950, 763,</ref><ref>AAS 1950 774.</ref> Pada akhir Tahun Maria yang mana ia dirikan, [[Paus Pius XII]] menciptakan sebuah pesta Maria baru, yaitu Keratuan Maria, yang dirayakan pada tiap tanggal 22 Agustus dan dengan cara memahkotai lukisan Sang Perawan Maria dari zaman [[Romawi kuno]], ''Salus Populi Romani''.<ref>Tschochner 591</ref>
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====Litany of Loreto ====
The [[Litany of Loreto]] includes several supplications to ''Mary as Queen.'' There are two types of statements about the Queen of Heaven.
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=====''Queen conceived without original sin' ' =====
''Queen conceived without original sin'' refers to the [[Immaculate Conception]] of the Virgin Mary, a long held belief which became [[Dogma (Roman Catholic)|dogma]] in [[1854]]. It definitively solved the question, how Mary, fully human and in need of redemption like everybody else, was granted the fullness of God’s grace from her very beginning. The dogma teaches, that Mary
=====[[Assumption of Mary|Queen assumed into Heaven]]=====
{{Template:Roman Catholic Mariology (long format)}}
This is the reason she is [[Assumption of Mary|Queen assumed into Heaven]]. To Catholics, assumption into heaven refers to the elevation into the heavenly realm, where the saints are with God and his son.
===== Queen of the Rosary, =====
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=====Queen of Peace =====
To Christians Christ is peace. They pray: ”May the peace of Christ be with you” Mary is ''Queen of Peace,'' because she aided in the reconciliation of humanity with God like nobody else. With the fullness of her person she aided the entry of peace into this world. She is also considered Queen of Peace, because throughout her life, she lived by his will and not her own. Peace in the Catholic tradition means to do his will.
=====Queen of the Angels=====
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===Veneration===
'''{{seealso|Queenship of Mary}}'''
The Catholic faith states as a dogma, that Mary is assumed into heaven, and is with [[Jesus Christ]], her divine son. Mary should be called Queen, not only because of her [[Divine]] [[Motherhood]] of Jesus Christ, but also because God has willed her to have an exceptional role in the work of eternal [[salvation]]. The encyclical [[Ad Caeli Reginam]] argues, that Christ as redeemer is Lord and King. The [[Blessed Virgin]] is Queen, because of the unique manner in which she assisted in our [[redemption]], by giving of her own substance, by freely offering Him for us, by her singular desire and petition for, and active interest.
''
:''From the earliest ages of the Catholic Church a Christian people, whether in time of triumph or more especially in time of crisis, has addressed prayers of petition and hymns of praise and veneration to the '''Queen of Heaven''' And never has that hope wavered which they placed in the Mother of the Divine King, Jesus Christ; nor has that faith ever failed by which we are taught that Mary, the Virgin Mother of God, reigns with a mother's solicitude over the entire world, just as she is crowned in heavenly blessedness with the glory of a Queen.'' <ref>Ad caeli reginam 1</ref>
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The Roman Catholic Church also sees Mary crowned as queen in heaven in the [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] ''12, verses 1-5:'' "1 A great and wondrous sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve stars on her head. 2 She was pregnant and cried out in pain as she was about to give birth. 3 Then another sign appeared in heaven: an enormous red dragon with seven heads and ten horns and seven crowns on his heads."'' Catholics interpret ''Psalm 45'', "A Song Celebrating the King's Marriage," refers to the Messiah, to suggest in verse nine, that Jesus, the Messiah, would have a queen at his right hand. Although Mary was Jesus' mother, she is often portrayed as that queen. Other views are that Psalm 45 refers to the marriage of Jesus to His people -- i.e., the church which is called the "[[Bride of Christ (theology)|Bride of Christ]]" or that Psalms 45 is simply a celebration upon the marriage of an earthly king, giving thanks to God but not referring to the Messiah. It is also believed by those assigning a special significance to Mary, and believing in her Annunciation, that in ''Luke 1:26-35'' of the New Testament the [[Archangel Gabriel]] seems to praise Mary, although she would otherwise be inferior to him.
The Catholic Church generally reasons, that the [[bible]] speaks of the mother of Jesus as: "a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars" - ([[Revelation]] 12:1). Orthodox and some Protestants interpret this verse to be a metaphor for the Christian church.
===[[Liturgy of the Hours|Queen of Heaven in the Liturgy of the Hours]] ===
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=====[[Salve Regina]] =====
{{main|Salve Regina}}
The ''Queen of Heaven'' is praised in the [[Salve Regina]] (Hail Queen), which is sung in the time from Trinity Sunday until the Saturday before the first Sunday of Advent. In the vernacular as a prayer to the Virgin Mary, the Hail Holy Queen is the final prayer of the Rosary. A German [[Benedictine]] monk [[Hermann of Reichenau]] (1013-1054) allegedly composed it, and originally it appeared in Latin, the prevalent language of the Catholic Church until [[Vatican II]]. Traditionally it has been sung in Latin, though many translations exist. These are often used as spoken prayers. In the Middle Ages, Salve Regina offices were held every Saturday <ref>Marienlexikon, 648</ref> In the 13th century, the custom developed, to greet the [[Queen of Heaven]] with the Salve Regina, which is considered the oldest of the four Marian antiphons. Several Protestant reformes strongly objected to the Salve and the title Queen of Heaven. As a part of the [[Catholic Reformation]]
===== [[Ave Regina Caelorum]] =====
{{main|Ave Regina Caelorum }}
[[Ave Regina Caelorum]] (Hail, Queen of Heaven) is a early Marian antiphon, praising Mary, the Queen of Heaven It is traditionally said or sung after each of the canonical hours of the Liturgy of the Hours. The prayer is used especially after [[Compline]], the final canonical hour of prayer before going to sleep. It is said from the [[Feast of the Presentation]] (February 2) through Wednesday of Holy Week. It used to be sung at the feast of the [[Assumption of Mary]]. Ave Regina Caelorum dates back in a different musical intonation to the 12th century.
=====[[Alma Redemptoris Mater]]=====
{{main|Alma Redemptoris Mater}}
[[
[[Alma Redemptoris Mater]] ("Loving Mother of our Savior)
::''Alma Redemptoris Mater, quae pervia caeli'',
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{{main|Regina Coeli}}
''Regina Coeli'' (''Queen of Heaven'') is an anthem of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] which replaces the [[Angelus]] at [[Easter]]tide (from Holy Saturday until the Saturday after Pentecost); it is named for its opening words in [[Latin]]. Regina Coeli was subject of numerous intonations throughout th centuries by known and unknown composers. Not all attributions are correct however, as an often quoted Regina Coeli by Joseph Haydn had other authors.
===Queen of Heaven in art===
{{main|Coronation of the Virgin|Roman Catholic Marian art}}
[[
Early Christian art show Mary in an elevated position. She carries her devine son in her hands, or holds him. After he ascended into heaven, he reigns in devine glory. Mary, his mother, assumed into heaven by her son, participates in his heavenly glory. The Second Council of Nicaea decreed
After the [[Council of Trent]], which confirmed the veneration of Marian paintings, Mary was often painted as a Madonna with crown, surrounded by stars, standing on top of the world or the partly visible moon. After the victory against the Turks at Lepanto, Mary is depicted as the Queen of Victory, sometimes wearing the crown of the Habsburg empire.
Artworks, including paintings, mosaics and carvings of the coronation of Mary as Queen of Heaven, became increasingly popular from the 13th century onward. Works follow a set pattern, showing Mary kneeling in the heavenly court, and being crowned either by Jesus alone, or else by Jesus and God the Father together, with the Holy Spitit, usually in the form of a dove, completing the [[Trinity]]. The Coronation of Mary is almost entirely a theme of western art. In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], although Mary is often shown wearing a crown, the coronation itself never became an accepted artistic subject.
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== Galeri ==
=== Hingga tahun 1500 === <gallery>
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=== Trinitas yang tidak umum ===
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=== Paska tahun 1500 ===
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==== Referensi ====
{{reflist|2}}
== Pranala luar ==
* ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', 1912.
* ''Dictionary of Mary'', Catholic Book Publishing Co., New York, 1985
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[[Kategori:Maria]]
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