Daftar teori konspirasi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Terdapat beberapa [[teori konspirasi]] yang tidak sah dengan berbagai tingkat ketenaran, yang biasanya dikaitkan namun tidak terbatas pada rencana pemerintah yang ditutup-tutupi, rencana pembunuhan terencana, pembuatan teknologi dan ilmu pengetahaun rahasia, dan skema tersembunyi lainnya yang berada di balik peristiwa sejarah, budaya dan politik tertentu. Beberapa teori terhalang oleh [[penyensoran]] dan bertentangan hukum seperti seperti [[penyangkalan Holocaust]].
Teori konspirasi biasanya berlawanan dengan konsensus atau tidak dapat disepakati menggunakan [[metode sejarah]] dan biasanya tidak sama dengan konspirasi terverifikasi seperti [[Insiden Gleiwitz|pretensi Jerman]] untuk meng[[invasi Polandia]] pada [[Perang Dunia II]].
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}}</ref> yang meliputi teori yang menyatakan bahwa perbankan dunia didominasi oleh [[keluarga Rothschild]],<ref name="Levy 2005 55">{{cite book
|title = Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice
|url = https://archive.org/details/antisemitismhist0002unse
|page=55
|first=Richard
Baris 26 ⟶ 25:
}}</ref> bahwa Yahudi mengkontrol [[Wall Street]],<ref name="Levy 2005 55"/> dan bahwa Yahudi mengkontrol U.S. [[Federal Reserve System]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=ADL report "Jewish "Control" of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth"
|url=http://www.adl.org/special_reports/control_of_fed/print.asp
|access-date=2016-08-23 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629070139/http://www.adl.org/special_reports/control_of_fed/print.asp |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sebuah teori terkait mengatakan bahwa Yahudi mengkontrol Sebagian besar [[penyangkalan Holocaust]] mengklaim secara tersirat, atau secara terbuka, bahwa Holocaust adalah sebuah hoax yang dikembangkan melalui persekongkolan Yahudi untuk meningkatkan perhatian bangsa-bangsa lain terhadap Yahudi,<!-- LONG FOOTNOTE FOLLOWS --><ref name="hoax">A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews:
* "The title of App's major work on the Holocaust, The Six Million Swindle, is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain." Mathis, Andrew E. [http://www.holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ Holocaust Denial, a Definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609180542/http://www.holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ |date=2011-06-09 }}, [[The Holocaust History Project]], July 2, 2004. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
* "Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as ‘truth’ and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel." [http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?] {{
* "Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. ''Denying History:: who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?'', University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 106.
* "Since its inception... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." [http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States] {{
* "The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They 'stole' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany's good name by spreading the 'myth' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world's sympathy to 'displace' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument." [[Deborah Lipstadt]]. ''Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory'', Penguin, 1993, ISBN 0-452-27274-2, p. 27.
* "They [Holocaust deniers] picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel." [http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020743/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |date=2011-06-04 }}, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", [[Anti-Defamation League]], 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
* "Deniers argue that the manufactured guilt and shame over a mythological Holocaust led to Western, specifically United States, support for the establishment and sustenance of the Israeli state—a sustenance that costs the American taxpayer over three billion dollars per year. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled..." [http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020743/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |date=2011-06-04 }}, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", [[Anti-Defamation League]], 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
* "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, ''Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana'', University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.<!-- END OF LONG FOOTNOTE --></ref> dan untuk membenarkan pembuatan [[Negara Israel]]. Karena itu, penyangkalan Holocaust dianggap sebagai teori konspirasi<!-- FOOTNOTE --><ref name="conspiracy">Conspiracy theory:
* "While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups..." [http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020743/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |date=2011-06-04 }}, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", [[Anti-Defamation League]], 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
* "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial.'" Mathis, Andrew E. [http://www.holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ Holocaust Denial, a Definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609180542/http://www.holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ |date=2011-06-09 }}, [[The Holocaust History Project]], July 2, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
* "Since its inception... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." [http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184616/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm |date=2011-06-28 }}, [[Stephen Roth Institute]], 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
{{wayback|url=http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |date=20110604020743 }}</ref> antisemitik.<!--
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* "It would elevate their antisemitic ideology—which is what Holocaust denial is—to the level of responsible historiography—which it is not." [[Deborah Lipstadt]], ''Denying the Holocaust'', ISBN 0-14-024157-4, p. 11.
* "The denial of the Holocaust is among the most insidious forms of anti-Semitism..." Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the ''Israel Yearbook on Human Rights'', Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, ISBN 0-7923-2581-8, p. 215.
* "Contemporary Holocaust deniers are not revisionists—not even neo-revisionists. They are ''Deniers''. Their motivations stem from their neo-nazi political goals and their rampant antisemitism." Austin, Ben S. [http://www.mtsu.edu/~baustin/revision.htm "Deniers in Revisionists Clothing"] {{
* "Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review)." [http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?] {{
* "This books treats several of the myths that have made antisemitism so lethal... In addition to these historic myths, we also treat the new, maliciously manufactured myth of Holocaust denial, another groundless belief that is used to stir up Jew-hatred." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. ''Anti-Semitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7, p. 3.
* "One predictable strand of Arab Islamic antisemitism is Holocaust denial..." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. ''Anti-Semitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7, p. 10.
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* "After the Yom Kippur War an apparent reappearance of antisemitism in France troubled the tranquility of the community; there were several notorious terrorist attacks on synagogues, Holocaust revisionism appeared, and a new antisemitic political right tried to achieve respectability." Howard K. Wettstein, ''Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity'', University of California Press, 2002, ISBN 0-520-22864-2, p. 169.
* "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism." Igounet, Valérie. [http://mondediplo.com/1998/05/08igou "Holocaust denial is part of a strategy"], ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'', May, 1998.
* "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy." [http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020743/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |date=2011-06-04 }}, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", [[Anti-Defamation League]], 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
* "In a number of countries, in Europe as well as in the United States, the negation or gross minimization of the Nazi genocide of Jews has been the subject of books, essay and articles. Should their authors be protected by freedom of speech? The European answer has been in the negative: such writings are not only a perverse form of anti-semitism but also an aggression against the dead, their families, the survivors and society at large." Roger Errera, "Freedom of speech in Europe", in Georg Nolte, ''European and US Constitutionalism'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-85401-6, pp. 39–40.
* "Particularly popular in Syria is Holocaust denial, another staple of Arab anti-Semitism that is sometimes coupled with overt sympathy for Nazi Germany." [[Efraim Karsh]], ''Rethinking the Middle East'', Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-7146-5418-3, p. 104.
* "Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs." Dinah Shelton, ''Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity'', Macmillan Reference, 2005, p. 45.
* "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, ''Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana'', University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.
* "Since its inception... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." [http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States] {{
* "The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened – indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?" Reich, Walter. [http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/11/books/erasing-the-holocaust.html?pagewanted=6 "Erasing the Holocaust"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 11, 1993.
* "There is now a creeping, nasty wave of anti-Semitism ... insinuating itself into our political thought and rhetoric ... The history of the Arab world ... is disfigured ... by a whole series of outmoded and discredited ideas, of which the notion that the Jews never suffered and that the Holocaust is an obfuscatory confection created by the elders of Zion is one that is acquiring too much, far too much, currency." [[Edward Said]], "A Desolation, and They Called it Peace" in ''Those who forget the past'', Ron Rosenbaum (ed), Random House 2004, p. 518.<!-- LONG FOOTNOTE ENDS --></ref>
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==== Jihad Cinta ====
{{Main|Jihad Cinta}}
Pernikahan antar kepercayaan, khususnya antara [[Hindu]] dan [[Muslim]], sering kali menjadi titik ketegangan dan berakibat kerusuhan komunal di India. [[Jihad Cinta]], yang juga disebut Jihad Romeo, yang sebagian besar dianggap sebagai [[teori konspirasi]], merupakan sebuah kegiatan dimana pria atau lelaki Muslim muda dikabarkan menargetkan para gadis muda yang berasal dari komunitas non-Muslim untuk berpindah agama ke Islam atas dasar cinta.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muzaffarnagar-love-jihad-beef-bogey-sparked-riot-flames/article1-1120889.aspx |title=Muzaffarnagar: 'Love jihad', beef bogey sparked riot flames |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=12 Sep 2013 |accessdate=2014-04-18 |archive-date=2014-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405033728/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muzaffarnagar-love-jihad-beef-bogey-sparked-riot-flames/article1-1120889.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Stephen Brown |url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/2009/stephenbrown/the-%E2%80%9Clove-jihad%E2%80%9D-by-steven-brown/ |title=The "Love Jihad" |publisher=Front Page Mag |date=2009-10-16 |accessdate=2014-04-18 |archive-date=2014-03-23 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140323022051/http://www.frontpagemag.com/2009/stephenbrown/the-%E2%80%9Clove-jihad%E2%80%9D-by-steven-brown/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="Common">{{cite news|author=Ananthakrishnan G |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Love-Jihad-racket-VHP-Christian-groups-find-common-cause/articleshow/5117548.cms |title='Love Jihad' racket: VHP, Christian groups find common cause |publisher=Times of India |date=2009-10-13 |accessdate=2014-04-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url = http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/04/indias-fake-love-jihad/|title = India’s Fake ‘Love Jihad’|first = Siddhartha|last=Mahanta|date = 5 September 2014|work = [[Foreign Policy]]|accessdate = 24 November 2015}}</ref>
=== Teori konspirasi anti-Katolik ===
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Pada 1858, karya [[pseudo-sejarah]] [[Alexander Hislop]], ''[[The Two Babylons]]'' menuduh bahwa Gereja Katolik Roma bermula dari sebuah [[agama misteri]] [[Babilonia]] dan menyatakan bahwa upacara dan ritualnya merupakan sebuah kelanjutan dari [[Penyembahan berhala dalam Kekristenan|paganisme]] [[agama Babilonia|Babilonia]]. Pada masa yang sama, ''50 Years In The Church of Rome'' dan ''The Priest, the Woman and the Confessional'' (1885) karya [[Charles Chiniquy]] yang mengaku sebagai pendeta menjadi populer karena menyatakan Katolik sebagai [[pagan]] rahasia.
Buku [[Avro Manhattan]] ''Vatican Moscow Alliance'' (1982), ''The Vatican Billions'' (1983) dan ''The Vatican's Holocaust'' (1986) memberikan pandangan bahwa Gereja menrancang peperangan demi men[[dominasi dunia]]. Karya Avro Manhattan menjadi dasar serangkaian [[traktat (sastra)|traktat]] karya evangelis buku komik dan anti-Katolik modern terkenal [[Jack Chick]] yang juga menuduh kepausan mendukung [[Komunisme]], dengan menggunakan [[Serikat Yesus|Yesuit]] untuk melakukan revolusi, dan mendalangi [[Holocaust]]. Menurut Chick, Gereja Katolik adalah "[[Pelacur Besar]]" yang disebutkan pada Kitab Wahyu, dan akan mengirim [[Tatanan Dunia Baru (konspirasi)|Tatanan Dunia Baru]] Satanik sebelum dihancurkan oleh Yesus Kristus. Chick mengklaim bahwa Gereja Katolik berencana dan berupaya untuk menghancurkan atau merusak seluruh agama dan gereja lainnya, dan membuat berbagai peristiwa yang meliputi perpecahan, penutup-nutupan, dan pembunuhan para kritikusnya secara diam-diam. Berdasarkan pada gagasan [[Alberto Rivera (aktivis)|Alberto Rivera]], Chick juga mengklaim bahwa Gereja Katolik membantu mendirikan Islam sebagai sebuah alat unbtuk menjauhkan orang-orang dari Kekristenan dalam apa yang ia sebut ''Konspirasi Vatikan Islam''. Menurut Alberto Rivera, [[Muhammad]] dimanipulasi oleh Gereja Katolik untuk membuat [[Islam]] dan menghancurkan [[Yahudi]] dan kelompok [[Kristen]] lainnya, dan istri pertama Muhammad, [[Khadijah binti Khuwailid]], sebenarnya adalah seorang [[biarawati Katolik]] di sebuah biara Arab yang disuruh oleh seorang uskup untuk menikahinya dan menabur benih-benih yang kemudian menjadi Islam.<ref name=CATHOLICCOM /> Rivera juga menuduh bahwa Vatikan membuat [[Tiga Rahasia Fátima|penampakan di Fatima]] (mengambil nama dari [[Fatimah az-Zahra|putri Muhammad]]) untuk menyanjung kaum Muslim.<ref name=CATHOLICCOM /> Ia kemudian menyatakan bahwa Gereja Katolik telah mengadakan [[upaya pembunuhan Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] pada 1981 dengan menggunakan seorang Muslim sebagai penyamaran "untuk memberitahu dunia Muslim bahwa mereka masih dekat dengan kepercayaan Katolik..."<ref name=CATHOLICCOM /> Rivera juga menyakini bahwa Yesuit bertanggung jawab atas pembuatan Komunisme dan [[Nazisme]], sebab dari kedua [[Perang Dunia]], [[Pembantaian Jonestown]], dan [[pembunuhan]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] dan [[John F. Kennedy]]; bahwa Gereja Katolik ingin menyebarkan [[homoseksualitas]] dan [[aborsi]]; bahwa [[Gerakan Karismatik]] adalah sebuah front untuk Gereja Katolik; bahwa para Paus adalah Anti-Kristus; dan bahwa Gereja Katolik adalah Pelacur Besar.<ref name=CATHOLICCOM>
Pengarang [[David Yallop]] menerbitkan buku buatannya dengan penjualan terbaik, ''In God's Name'' (1984), yang mengklaim bahwa [[Paus Yohanes Paulus I]] dibunuh oleh para pembuat skema Vatikan yang korup (lihat [[teori konspirasi Paus Yohanes Paulus I]]) dengan novel konspirasi lainnya, ''The Power and the Glory: Inside the Dark Heart of John Paul II's Vatican'' (2007), yang mengklaim bahwa [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] bersekongkol dengan [[Uni Soviet|para penguasa Soviet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/05/17/boyal13.xml|title=Culture|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=6 May 2016|archive-date=2007-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015105918/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2007%2F05%2F17%2Fboyal13.xml|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
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origyear = 2005, 2008 |
year = 2008 |
title = The Rough Guide to Conspiracy Theories | url = https://archive.org/details/roughguidetocons0000mcco |
publisher = Rough Guide |
isbn = 1-85828-281-0
}}
* {{Cite book| last = Hodapp | first = Christopher |author2=Alice Von Kannon | title = Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470184080 | publisher = Wiley | location = Hoboken, NJ | year = 2008 | isbn = 0-470-18408-6 | authorlink=Christopher Hodapp}}
* {{Cite book|
last = Gray |
Baris 120 ⟶ 124:
first = William T. |
year = 1990 |
title = New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies | url = https://archive.org/details/newworldorderanc00stil |
publisher = Huntington House Publishers |
isbn = 0-910311-64-1
Baris 156 ⟶ 160:
authorlink = Jim Marrs |
year = 2001 |
title = Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids | url = https://archive.org/details/rulebysecrecy00jimm |
publisher = [[HarperCollins]] |
isbn = 0-06-093184-1 |
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