Peradaban Maya: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Orang-orang Maya membangun kota-kota mereka dengan teknologi [[Neolitikum]];{{sfn|Foster|2002|pp=238}} bahan-bahan bangunan mereka terdiri dari bahan-bahan yang tidak tahan lama dan juga dari batu. Jenis batu yang dipakai untuk membangun berbeda-beda, tergantung pada sumber daya yang tersedia di daerah sekitar, dan hal ini juga kadang memengaruhi gaya bangunan. Di wilayah-wilayah Maya, batu [[gamping]] merupakan sumber daya yang melimpah.{{sfn|Hohmann-Vogrin|2011|pp=195}} Batu gamping di wilayah tersebut relatif lunak jika baru dipotong, tetapi kemudian mengeras setelah terpapar dengan udara. Mutu batu gamping yang tersedia juga bermacam-macam. Batu bermutu tinggi tersedia di wilayah Sungai Usumacinta, sementara di Yukatan utara, batu gamping yang dipakai untuk membangun memiliki mutu yang kurang baik.{{sfn|Foster|2002|pp=238}} Batu [[tuf]] vulkanik digunakan di Copán, sementara orang-orang Maya di Quiriguá memakai [[batupasir]].{{sfn|Hohmann-Vogrin|2011|pp=195}} Di [[Comalcalco]], batu yang cocok tidak tersedia di wilayah setempat,{{sfn|Foster|2002|pp=239}} sehingga [[batu bata|bata api]]-lah yang digunakan.{{sfn|Hohmann-Vogrin|2011|pp=195}} Batu gamping dibakar dengan suhu yang tinggi untuk menghasilkan semen, plaster, dan stuko.{{sfn|Foster|2002|pp=239}} Semen yang terbuat dari gamping dipakai untuk merekatkan bangunan-bangunan batu, dan balok-balok batu dibentuk dengan teknik abrasi "tali dan air" dan juga dengan alat-alat obsidian. Orang-orang Maya tidak mengenal [[roda]], sehingga semua muatan diangkut dengan tandu, tongkang, atau didorong dengan kayu gelondongan di bawahnya. Muatan yang berat diangkat dengan menggunakan tali, tetapi kemungkinan tanpa menggunakan katrol.{{sfn|Foster|2002|pp=238}}
Kayu dipakai sebagai balok dan [[ambang (arsitektur)|ambang]], termasuk di struktur-struktur batu.{{sfn|Foster|2002|pp=238–39}} Dalam sejarah Maya, gubuk rakyat jelata dan beberapa kuil dibangun dengan menggunakan tonggak kayu dan jerami. [[Bata jemuran]] juga digunakan, yang terdiri dari lumpur yang diperkuat dengan jerami dan dipakai sebagai lapisan pada tembok gubuk hasil anyaman. Seperti kayu dan jerami, bata jemuran sering digunakan oleh orang-orang Maya, bahkan setelah munculnya struktur-struktur batu. Di wilayah Maya selatan, bata jemuran digunakan untuk mendirikan bangunan monumental apabila batu yang cocok tidak tersedia di wilayah setempat.{{sfn|Foster|2002|pp=239}}
=== Jenis bangunan utama ===
Baris 250:
==== Istana dan akropolis ====
[[Berkas:Sayil1.jpg|jmpl|ka|Kompleks istana dari zaman Klasik Terminal di [[Sayil]], Yukatan utara{{sfn|Sharer dan Traxler|2006|pp=546}}]]
Gugus istana dan akropolis biasanya terletak di pusat kota, tepatnya di sebelah alun-alun utama. Istana Maya terdiri dari landasan yang menopang struktur dengan banyak ruangan. Sementara itu, istilah "[[akropolis]]" dalam konteks Maya mengacu kepada gugus bangunan yang didirikan di atas landasan dengan tinggi yang berbeda-beda. Istana dan akropolis pada dasarnya adalah daerah tempat tinggal elit. Kawasan ini biasanya terbentang secara horizontal, dan sering kali tidak dapat dimasuki oleh semua orang. Beberapa struktur di akropolis Maya menopang atap khas yang disebut ''[[
Istana-istana biasanya tertata di sekitar satu lapangan atau lebih, dan tampak depannya menghadap ke arah dalam; beberapa contoh yang ada juga dihiasi dengan pahatan-pahatan.{{sfn|Christie|2003|pp=316}} Beberapa istana memiliki deskripsi-deskripsi hieroglif yang menyatakan bangunan tersebut sebagai kediaman penguasa yang disebutkan namanya. Terdapat banyak sekali bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa istana tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai tempat tinggal elit, dan banyak pula kegiatan istana yang berlangsung di dalamnya, termasuk pertemuan, penerimaan tamu secara resmi, dan ritual-ritual penting.{{sfn|Christie|2003|pp=315}}
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==== Piramida dan kuil ====
[[Berkas:Guatemala 074.jpg|jmpl|ka|[[Kuil I Tikal|Kuil I]] di [[Tikal]], pernah menjadi kuil pemakaman untuk menghormati raja [[Jasaw Chan K'awiil I]].{{sfn|Sharer dan Traxler|2006|pp=395, 397}}]]
Kuil-kuil kadang-kadang disebut ''k'uh nah'' dalam teks-teks hieroglif, yang berarti "rumah dewa". Kuil-kuil didirikan di atas landasan, dan landasan ini biasanya berupa piramida. Kuil-kuil paling awal yang dibangun kemungkinan merupakan gubuk jerami yang berdiri di atas landasan dengan ketinggian rendah. Pada zaman Praklasik Akhir, tembok-temboknya sudah terbuat dari batu, dan perkembangan [[Pelengkung Korbel|pelengkung korbel]] memungkinkan penggunaan atap batu untuk menggantikan jerami. Pada zaman Klasik, yang menjadi atap kuil adalah atap ''
==== Kelompok-kelompok E dan observatorium ====
Baris 276:
==== Petén Tengah ====
Langgam arsitektur Petén Tengah didasarkan pada kota Tikal. Langgam ini memiliki ciri berupa piramida-piramida yang menjulang tinggi dengan tempat pemujaan di puncaknya yang dihiasi dengan ''
==== Puuc ====
Salah satu contoh kota dengan langgam arsitektur Puuc adalah Uxmal. Langgam ini dikembangkan di wilayah perbukitan Puuc di Yukatan barat laut; pada zaman Klasik Terminal, langgam ini menyebar ke wilayah Yukatan utara.{{sfn|Foster|2002|pp=224}} Situs-situs Puuc menggantikan pecahan-pecahan batu dengan semen gamping, sehingga temboknya menjadi lebih kuat, dan mereka juga memperkuat pelengkung korbel mereka;{{sfn|Foster|2002|pp=224-25}} maka dari itu, kota-kota berlanggam Puuc dapat memiliki gerbang lengkung yang berdiri sendiri tanpa ditopang struktur lain. Tampak depan bagian atas pada bangunan dihiasi dengan batu-batuan dengan gaya mosaik, dan membentuk perpaduan dewa-dewi berhidung panjang seperti dewa hujan [[Chaac]] dan [[Dewa Burung Utama]]. Motif-motifnya juga meliputi pola geometri, jeruji, dan kumparan, kemungkinan dipengaruhi oleh langgam dari Dataran Tinggi [[Oaxaca]] di luar kawasan itu. Namun, tampak depan bagian bawah sama sekali tidak dihiasi. Di sisi lain, ''
==== Chenes ====
Baris 286:
==== Río Bec ====
Langgam [[Río Bec]] sangat terkait dengan langgam Chenes,{{sfn|Foster|2002|pp=226}} dan juga memiliki unsur-unsur langgam Petén Tengah, seperti keberadaan ''
==== Usumacinta ====
Langgam Usumacinta berkembang di kawasan berbukit di [[daerah aliran sungai]] Usumacinta. Kota-kota memanfaatkan tepi bukit untuk menopang bangunan-bangunan besar mereka, seperti yang bisa dilihat di Palenque dan Yaxchilan. Kota-kota berlanggam Usumacinta memodifikasi lengkungan langit-langit korbel agar temboknya bisa lebih tipis dan juga supaya terdapat beberapa pintu masuk ke kuil. Seperti di Petén, ''
== Bahasa ==
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== Daftar pustaka ==
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:{{cite journal |author=Fisher, Chelsea |title=The role of infield agriculture in Maya cities |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=36 |date=Desember 2014 |pages=196–210 |issn=0278-4165 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416514000749 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2014.10.001 |ref={{sfnref|Fisher|2014}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Foias, Antonia E. |year=2014 |origyear=2013 |title=Ancient Maya Political Dynamics |isbn=978-0-8130-6089-7 |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville, Florida |oclc=878111565|ref={{sfnref|Foias|2014}}}}
:{{cite journal |author=Forsyth, Donald W. |year=1993 |title=La arquitectura Preclásica en Nakbe: Un estudio comparativo de dos periodos. |trans-title=The Preclassic Architecture of Nakbe: A Comparative Study of Two Periods |volume=VI (1992) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J. P. Laporte |editor2=H. Escobedo |editor3=S. Villagrán de Brady |pages=113–21 |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/08.92%20-%20Forsyth.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-07-21 |language=es |oclc=30671693 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904131853/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/08.92%20-%20Forsyth.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-04 |df= |ref={{sfnref|Forsyth|1993}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Foster, Lynn |title=Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World |url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein0000fost_z4c8 |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-518363-4 |oclc=57319740|ref={{sfnref|Foster|2002}}}}
:{{cite book|author=Fox, John W. |origyear=1987|year=2008 |title=Maya Postclassic state formation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK and New York |isbn=978-0-521-10195-0 |oclc=297146853|ref={{sfnref|Fox|2008}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Freidel, David A. |authorlink=David Freidel|author2=Linda Schele|author2-link=Linda Schele |author3=Joy Parker |year=1993 |title=Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path|url=https://archive.org/details/mayacosmosthreet0000frei |publisher=William Morrow & Co. |location=New York |isbn=978-0-688-10081-0 |oclc=27430287|ref={{sfnref|Freidel, Schele, dan Parker|1993}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Fuente, Beatriz de la |author2=Leticia Staines Cicero |author3=Alfonso Arellano Hernández |last-author-amp=yes |year=1999 |chapter=Art: Sentries of Eternity |editor=A. Arellano Hernández|title=The Mayas of the Classic Period |location=Mexico City, Mexico |publisher=Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes ([[National Council for Culture and the Arts|CONACULTA]]) |pages=141–226 |isbn=978-970-18-3005-5 |oclc=42213077|display-editors=etal|ref={{sfnref|Fuente, Staines Cicero, dan Arellano Hernández|1999}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Susan D.|authorlink=Susan D. Gillespie|year=1991 |chapter=Ballgames and Boundaries |editor1=Vernon Scarborough |editor2=David R. Wilcox |title=The Mesoamerican Ballgame |location=Tucson, Arizona |publisher=University of Arizona Press |pages=317–45 |isbn=978-0-8165-1360-4 |oclc=51873028|ref={{sfnref|Gillespie|1991}}}}
:{{Cite journal |author=Gillespie, Susan D.|authorlink=Susan D. Gillespie |date=September 2000 |title=Rethinking Ancient Maya Social Organization: Replacing "Lineage" with "House" |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_2000-09_102_3/page/467|journal=American Anthropologist |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=467–484 |jstor=683405 |issn=0002-7294 |oclc=1479294|subscription=y|ref={{sfnref|Gillespie|2000}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Guillemín, Jorge F. |year=1965 |title=Iximché: Capital del Antiguo Reino Cakchiquel |publisher=Tipografía Nacional de Guatemala |location=Kota Guatemala, Guatemala |oclc=1498320|language=es |trans-title=Iximche: Capital of the Ancient Kaqchikel Kingdom|ref={{sfnref|Guillemín|1965}}}}
:{{cite journal |author1=Hammond, Norman |author2=Duncan Pring |author3=Rainer Berger |author4=V. R. Switsur |author5=A. P. Ward |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v260/n5552/abs/260579a0.html |title=Radiocarbon chronology for early Maya occupation at Cuello, Belize |journal=Nature |issue=260 |doi=10.1038/260579a0 |date=1976-04-15 |issn=0028-0836 |accessdate=2010-08-01 |volume=260 |pages=579–81 |bibcode
: {{cite journal |author=Hansen, Richard D. |authorlink=Richard D. Hansen |year=1991 |title=Resultados preliminares de las investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio Nakbe, Petén, Guatemala |trans-title=Preliminary Results of the Archaeological Investigations of Nakbe, Peten, Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/23.88%20-%20Richard%20Hansen%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf |format=PDF |volume=II (1988) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=S. Villagrán |editor3=H. Escobedo |editor4=D. de González |editor5=J. Valdés |pages=163–78 |accessdate=2010-07-21 |language=es |oclc=27267772 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707182102/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/23.88%20-%20Richard%20Hansen%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-07 |df= |ref={{sfnref|Hansen|1991}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Hansen, Richard D. |year=1998 |chapter=Continuity and Disjunction: The Pre-Classic Antecedents of Classic Maya Architecture |editor=Stephen D. Houston |title=Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |pages=49–122 |isbn=978-0-88402-254-1 |oclc=318200121 |chapterurl=http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/classicmaya/maya02.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Hansen|1998}} |access-date=2018-11-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610081621/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/classicmaya/maya02.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
:{{cite book |author=Hohmann-Vogrin |origyear=2006 |year=2011 |chapter=Unidad de espacio y tiempo: la arquitectura Maya |language=es |pages=194–215 |trans-title=Unity of Space and Time: Maya Architecture |publisher=Tandem Verlag |location=Potsdam, Germany |isbn=978-3-8331-6293-0 |type=hardback |title=Los Mayas: Una Civilización Milenaria |editor=Nikolai Grube |oclc=828120761|ref={{sfnref|Hohmann-Vogrin|2011}}}}
:{{cite journal |author1=Houston, Stephen |author2=John Robertson |author3=David Stuart |title=The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_2000-06_41_3/page/321 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=41 |issue=3 |date=Juni 2000 |pages=321–56 |doi=10.1086/300142 |jstor=10.1086/300142 |issn=0011-3204 |pmid=10768879|subscription=y|ref={{sfnref|Houston, Robertson, dan Stuart|2000}}}}
:{{cite journal |author=Hutson, Scott R. |date=Desember 2011 |title=The Art of Becoming: The Graffiti of Tikal, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_latin-american-antiquity_2011-12_22_4/page/403 |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=403–26 |jstor=23072567 |issn=2325-5080 |doi=10.7183/1045-6635.22.4.403|subscription=y|ref={{sfnref|Hutson|2011}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Jackson, Sarah E. |title=Politics of the Maya Court: Hierarchy and Change in the Late Classic Period |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofmayaco0000jack |year=2013 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |isbn=978-0-8061-4341-5 |oclc=813300656|ref={{sfnref|Jackson|2013}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Jones, Grant D. |year=1998 |title=The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeOWl54Mt7UC&pg=RA2-PT82#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-3522-3 |ref={{sfnref|Jones|1998}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Justeson, John |year=2010 |title=The Archaeology of Measurement: Comprehending Heaven, Earth and Time in Ancient Societies |chapter=Numerical cognition and the development of 'zero' in Mesoamerica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=TzrNgAsJY1MC&pg=PA43 |pages=43–53 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York, US |isbn=978-0-521-11990-0 |oclc=501396677 |ref={{sfnref|Justeson|2010}} }}
:{{cite web |author1=Kettunen, Harri |author2=Helmke, Christopher |year=2008 |title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs: Workshop handbook |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/WH2008.pdf |format=PDF |work=Mesoweb articles |publisher=[[Mesoweb]]: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures |accessdate=2015-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808134017/http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/WH2008.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-08 |ref={{sfnref|Kettunen dan Helmke|2008}} }}
:{{cite web |author1=Kettunen, Harri |author2=Helmke, Christopher |year=2014 |title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs: Workshop handbook |edition=14 |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/handbook/WH2008.pdf |format=PDF |work=Mesoweb articles |publisher=[[Mesoweb]]: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures |accessdate=2015-03-08 |archiveurl=
:{{cite web |author=Kimbell Art Museum |year=2015 |title=Presentation of Captives to a Maya Ruler |publisher=Kimbell Art Museum |url=https://www.kimbellart.org/collection/search/view/675?text=maya&page=1 |location=Fort Worth, Texas |accessdate=2015-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307004136/https://www.kimbellart.org/collection/search/view/675?text=maya&page=1 |archivedate=2015-03-07 |ref={{sfnref|Kimbell Art Museum|2015}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Koch, Peter O. |title=John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood: Pioneers of Mayan Archaeology |publisher=McFarland |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7864-7107-2 |oclc=824359844 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina|ref={{sfnref|Koch|2013}}}}
:{{cite book |author1=Kristan-Graham, Cynthia |author2=Jeff Karl Kowalski |year=2007 |chapter=Chichén Itzá, Tula, and Tollan: Changing Perspectives on a Recurring Problem in Mesoamerican Archaeology and Art History |pages=13–84 |title=Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World |publisher=Trustees for Harvard University |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-88402-323-4 |oclc=71243931 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=GZVUd9I0gpAC |ref={{sfnref|Kristan-Graham dan Kowalski|2007}} }}
:{{cite journal |author=Laporte, Juan Pedro |authorlink=Juan Pedro Laporte |author2=Vilma Fialko |year=1994 |title=Mundo Perdido, Tikal: Los enunciados actuales |trans-title=Mundo Perdido, Tikal: Current questions |volume=VII (1993) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor=J.P. Laporte |editor2=H. Escobedo |pages=335–48 |language=es |accessdate=2012-02-26 |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/31.93%20-%20Laporte%20y%20Fialko.pdf |oclc=33865804 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915002143/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/31.93%20-%20Laporte%20y%20Fialko.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-15 |df= |ref={{sfnref|Laporte dan Fialko|1994}} }}
:{{cite journal|author=Looper, Matthew G. |year=1999 |title=New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua, Guatemala |journal=Ancient Mesoamerica |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=263–80 |issn=0956-5361 |oclc=86542758|doi=10.1017/S0956536199101135|ref={{sfnref|Looper|1999}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Looper, Matthew G. |year=2003 |title=Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua |url=https://archive.org/details/lightningwarrior0000loop |series=Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies |location=Austin, Texas |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-70556-2 |oclc=52208614 |ref={{sfnref|Looper|2003}} }}
:{{Cite journal|author=Love, Michael |date=Desember 2007 |title=Recent Research in the Southern Highlands and Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica |journal=Journal of Archaeological Research |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=275–328 |issn=1573-7756 |doi=10.1007/s10814-007-9014-y|ref={{sfnref|Love|2007}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Lovell, W. George |year=2000 |chapter=The Highland Maya |editor1=Richard E.W. Adams |editor2=Murdo J. Macleod |title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 2 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=392–444|isbn=978-0-521-65204-9 |oclc=33359444|ref={{sfnref|Lovell|2000}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Lovell, W. George |year=2005 |title=Conquest and Survival in Colonial Guatemala: A Historical Geography of the Cuchumatán Highlands, 1500–1821 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal, Canada |edition=3 |isbn=978-0-7735-2741-6 |oclc=58051691 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05wSqQiu52MC |ref={{sfnref|Lovell|2005}} }}
:{{cite book |author1=Macri, Martha J. |author2=Matthew George Looper |year=2003 |title=The New Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs |volume=1: The Classic period inscriptions |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |series=The civilization of the American Indian series |isbn=978-0-8061-3497-0 |oclc=773482216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNO424luPRYC |ref={{sfnref|Macri dan Looper|2003}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Marcus, Joyce |year=2004a |title=Ancient Maya Commoners |location=Austin, Texas |publisher=University of Texas Press |chapterurl=http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780292797239/9780292797239-13.pdf |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780292797239 |isbn=978-0-292-70571-5 |oclc=60745417 |subscription=yes |via=[[Project MUSE]] |pages=255–84 |chapter=Maya Commoners: The Stereotype and the Reality |editor1=Jon C. Lohse |editor2=Fred Valdez Jr. |ref={{sfnref|Marcus|2004a}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Marcus, Joyce |year=2004b |chapter=The Maya and Teotihuacan |title=The Maya and Teotihuacan : reinterpreting early classic interaction |url=https://archive.org/details/mayateotihuacanr0000unse |pages=
:{{cite book|author=Martin, Simon|author2=Nikolai Grube |year=2000 |title=Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofmayak00mart|location=London, UK and New York, US |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-05103-0 |oclc=47358325|ref={{sfnref|Martin dan Grube|2000}}}}
:{{cite book |author1=Masson, Marilyn A. |author2=Carlos Peraza Lope |chapter=Commoners in Postclassic Maya society: Social versus economic class constructs |title=Ancient Maya Commoners |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmayacommo0000unse |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas |year=2004 |pages=
:{{cite journal |author=Masson, Marilyn A. |date=2012-11-06 |title=Maya collapse cycles |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=109 |issue=45 |pages=18237–38 |jstor=41829886 |issn=1091-6490 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1213638109|pmid=22992650 |subscription=y|bibcode = 2012PNAS..10918237M |pmc=3494883|ref={{sfnref|Masson|2012}}}}
:{{cite book |author1=Masson, Marilyn A. |author2=Carlos Peraza Lope |chapter=Militarism, Misery and Collapse |title=Kukulcan's Realm: Urban Life at Ancient Mayapán |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=580dBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT805 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=580dBQAAQBAJ |publisher=University Press of Colorado |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-60732-319-8 |oclc=
:{{cite book |author=Matthew, Laura E. |year=2012 |title=Memories of Conquest: Becoming Mexicano in Colonial Guatemala |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina, US |isbn=978-0-8078-3537-1 |oclc=752286995 |series=First Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVAFbknbo_EC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |format=hardback |ref={{sfnref|Matthew|2012}} }}
:{{cite journal |title=The "Mayanized" Mexicans |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-antiquity_1985-01_50_1/page/82 |author=McVicker, Donald |journal=American Antiquity |volume=50 |issue=1 |date=Januari 1985 |pages=82–101 |doi=10.2307/280635 |jstor=280635 |issn=2325-5080 |subscription=y|ref={{sfnref|McVicker|1985}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Milbrath, Susan |year=1999 |title=Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars |location=Austin, Texas |publisher=University of Texas Press |chapterurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780292797932/9780292797932-11.pdf |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780292797932 |isbn=978-0-292-75225-2 |oclc=40848420 |subscription=yes |via=[[Project MUSE]] |pages=249–93 |chapter=Stars, the Milky Way, Comets, and Meteors |ref={{sfnref|Milbrath|1999}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Miles, Susanna W. |chapter=An Analysis of the Modern Middle American Calendars: A Study in Conservation |title=Acculturation in the Americas |editor=Sol Tax |location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=University of Chicago Press |series=Proceedings and selected papers of the International Congress of Americanists |year=1952 |oclc=180504894 |pages=273–84|ref={{sfnref|Miles|1952}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Miller, Mary |authorlink=Mary Miller (sejarawan seni) |year=1999 |title=Maya Art and Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/mayaartarchitect00mill |location=London, UK and New York |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-20327-9 |oclc=41659173|ref={{sfnref|Miller|1999}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Miller, Mary |author2=Karl Taube |year=1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London, UK |isbn=978-0-500-05068-2 |oclc=901448866|ref={{sfnref|Miller dan Taube|1993}}}}
:{{cite book |author1=Oakley, Francis |author2=Rubin, Benjamin B. |title=Science and the World's Religions: Origins and Destinies |volume=1 |chapter=Sacral Kingship and the Origins of Religious, Social, and Political Orders |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3MK5u1_7CLYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA69 |pages=69–90 |oclc=768417915 |isbn=978-0-313-38732-6 |year=2012 |publisher=Praeger/ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |editor1=Patrick McNamara |editor2=Wesley J. Wildman |ref={{sfnref|Oakley dan Rubin|2012}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Olmedo Vera, Bertina |year=1997 |editor=A. Arellano Hernández|title=The Mayas of the Classic Period |location=Mexico City, Mexico |publisher=Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA) |pages=9–99 |isbn=978-970-18-3005-5 |oclc=42213077|display-editors=etal|ref={{sfnref|Olmedo Vera|1997}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Phillips, Charles |title=The Complete Illustrated History of the Aztecs & Maya: The definitive chronicle of the ancient peoples of Central America & Mexico – including the Aztec, Maya, Olmec, Mixtec, Toltec & Zapotec |origyear=2006 |year=2007 |publisher=Anness Publishing Ltd. |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1-84681-197-5 |oclc=642211652|ref={{sfnref|Phillips|2007}}}}
:{{cite journal |author=Popenoe de Hatch, Marion |author2=Christa Schieber de Lavarreda |year=2001 |title=Una revisión preliminar de la historia de Tak'alik Ab'aj, departamento de Retalhuleu |trans-title=A Preliminary Revision of the History of Takalik Abaj, Retalhuleu Department |volume=XIV (2000) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor=J.P. Laporte |editor2=A.C. Suasnávar |editor3=B. Arroyo |pages=990–1005 |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/77.00.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-02-01 |language=es |oclc=49563126 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211140452/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/77.00.pdf |archivedate=2009-12-11 |df= |ref={{sfnref|Popenoe de Hatch dan Schieber de Lavarreda|2001}} }}
:{{cite journal |author1=Pugh, Timothy W. |author2=Leslie G. Cecil |year=2012 |title=The contact period of central Petén, Guatemala in color |journal=Social and Cultural Analysis, Department of |volume=Paper 6 |series=Faculty Publications |url=http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/sca/6/ |ref={{sfnref|Pugh dan Cecil|2012}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Quezada, Sergio |year=2011 |title=La colonización de los mayas peninsulares |trans-title=The Colonisation of the Peninsula Maya |format=PDF |url=http://www.bibliotecabasica.yucatan.gob.mx/archivos_modulos/biblioteca/pdf_201106170236.pdf |isbn=978-607-7824-27-5 |oclc=796677890 |accessdate=2013-01-20 |series=Biblioteca Básica de Yucatán |location=Merida, Yucatan, Mexico |publisher=Secretaría de Educación del Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán |volume=18 |language=es |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104200933/http://www.bibliotecabasica.yucatan.gob.mx/archivos_modulos/biblioteca/pdf_201106170236.pdf |archivedate=2013-11-04 |df= |ref={{sfnref|Quezada|2011}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Recinos, Adrian |authorlink=Adrián Recinos |origyear=1952 |year=1986 |title=Pedro de Alvarado: Conquistador de México y Guatemala |trans-title=Pedro de Alvarado: Conqueror of Mexico and Guatemala |edition=2 |location=Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala |publisher=CENALTEX Centro Nacional de Libros de Texto y Material Didáctico "José de Pineda Ibarra" |oclc=243309954|language=es|ref={{sfnref|Recinos|1986}}}}
:{{cite journal |author=Reents-Budet, Dorie |author2=Antonia E. Foias |author3=Ronald L. Bishop |author4=M. James Blackman |author5=Stanley Guenter |year=2007 |title=Interacciones políticas y el Sitio Ik' (Motul de San José): Datos de la cerámica |trans-title=Political Interactions and the Ik' Site (Motul de San Jose): Ceramic Data |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/87_-_Reents_et_al.pdf |format=PDF |volume=XX (2006) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía |pages=1416–36 |accessdate=2009-11-14 |language=es |oclc=173275417 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914133722/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/87_-_Reents_et_al.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-14 |df= |ref={{sfnref|Reents-Budet et al.|2007}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Restall, Matthew |authorlink=Matthew Restall |author2=Florine Asselbergs |year=2007 |title=Invading Guatemala: Spanish, Nahua, and Maya Accounts of the Conquest Wars |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-0-271-02758-6 |oclc=165478850|ref={{sfnref|Restall dan Asselbergs|2007}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Rice, Prudence M. |author2=Don S. Rice |year=2009 |chapter=Introduction to the Kowoj and their Petén Neighbors |editor=Prudence M. Rice |editor2=Don S. Rice |title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice |location=Boulder, Colorado |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=
:{{cite book |author=Rice, Prudence M. |author2=Don S. Rice |author3=Timothy W. Pugh |author4=
:{{cite web |author=Ros, Narin |title=Maya Museum Database |url=http://www.famsi.org/research/museum_database.html |publisher=Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies |accessdate=2018-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930023210/http://www.famsi.org/research/museum_database.html |archivedate=2018-09-30 |ref={{sfnref|Ros}} }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150608160339/http://research.famsi.org/museum_list.php?name=&city=&state=&country=&focus=&x=13&y=19 Daftar lengkap dari FAMSI] diarsip dari [http://research.famsi.org/museum_list.php?name=&city=&state=&country=&focus=&x=13&y=19 versi aslinya] pada tanggal 2018-11-06.
:{{cite book |author=Rosenwig, Robert M. |year=2010 |title=The Beginnings of Mesoamerican Civilization: Inter-Regional Interaction and the Olmec |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMMaL4L_vMsC |isbn=978-0-521-11102-7 |oclc=402542556 |ref={{sfnref|Rosenwig|2010}} }}
:{{cite journal |author=Ross, Nanci J. |title=Modern tree species composition reflects ancient Maya 'forest gardens' in northwest Belize |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=21 |issue=1 |date=Januari 2011 |pages=75–84 |jstor=29779638 |issn=1051-0761 |doi=10.1890/09-0662.1|pmid=21516889 |subscription=y|ref={{sfnref|Ross|2011}}}}
:{{cite journal |author=Salisbury, David |author2=Mimi Koumenalis |author3=Barbara Moffett |date=19 September 2002 |title=Newly revealed hieroglyphs tell story of superpower conflict in the Maya world |url=http://exploration.vanderbilt.edu/print/pdfs/news/news_dospilas_feature.pdf |journal=Exploration: The Online Research Journal of Vanderbilt University |oclc=50324967 |accessdate=2015-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102134600/http://exploration.vanderbilt.edu/print/pdfs/news/news_dospilas_feature.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-02 |ref={{sfnref|Salisbury, Koumenalis, dan Barbara Moffett|2002}} }}
:{{cite journal |author1=Saturno, William A. |author2=David Stuart |author3=Boris Beltrán |title=Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-03-03_311_5765/page/1281 |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=311 |issue=5765 |date=2006-03-03 |pages=1281–83 |jstor=3845835 |issn=1095-9203 |oclc=863047799 |doi=10.1126/science.1121745 |pmid=16400112|subscription=y|bibcode = 2006Sci...311.1281S|ref={{sfnref|Saturno, Stuart, dan Beltrán|2006}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Schele, Linda |authorlink=Linda Schele |author2=Peter Mathews |year=1999 |title=The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs |url=https://archive.org/details/codeofkingslangu00lind |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-85209-6 |oclc=41423034 |ref={{sfnref|Schele dan Mathews|1999}} }}
:{{cite web |author=SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology |title=Featured Artifacts: Mayan Eccentric Flints |url=http://www.sfu.museum/hola/en/artifacts/featured/17/ |publisher=Simon Fraser University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology |location=Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada |accessdate=2015-03-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102160800/http://www.sfu.museum/hola/en/artifacts/featured/17/ |archivedate=2014-11-02 |ref={{sfnref|SFU Museum of Archaeology dan Ethnology}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Sharer, Robert J. |authorlink=Robert Sharer |year=2000 |chapter=The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Pacific Coast |editor1=Richard E.W. Adams |editor2=Murdo J. Macleod |title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=449–99|isbn=978-0-521-35165-2 |oclc=33359444|ref={{sfnref|Sharer|2000}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Sharer, Robert J. |author2=Loa P. Traxler |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar |edition=6 |location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446|ref={{sfnref|Sharer dan Traxler|2006}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Stuart, David |authorlink= David Stuart (ahli Maya) |author2=George Stuart |year=2008 |title=Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/palenqueeternalc0000stua |location=London, UK |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-05156-6|oclc=227016561|ref={{sfnref|Stuart dan Stuart|2008}}}}
:{{cite web |author=Szymanski, Jan |year=2013 |title=Between Death and Divinity. Rethinking the Significance of Triadic Groups in Ancient Maya Culture |url=https://depotuw.ceon.pl//bitstream/handle/item/358/Between%20Death%20and%20Divinity.pdf?sequence=1 |format=PDF |work=PhD Dissertation |publisher=University of Warsaw |location=Warsaw, Poland |accessdate=2014-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103025416/https://depotuw.ceon.pl//bitstream/handle/item/358/Between%20Death%20and%20Divinity.pdf?sequence=1 |archivedate=2014-11-03 |ref={{sfnref|Szymanski|2013}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Taladoire, Eric |author2=Benoit Colsenet |year=1991 |chapter="Bois Ton Sang, Beaumanoir": The Political and Conflictual Aspects of the Ballgame in the Northern Chiapas Area |editor=Vernon Scarborough |editor2=David R. Wilcox |others=|title=The Mesoamerican Ballgame|location=Tucson, Arizona|publisher=University of Arizona Press|pages=161–74|isbn=978-0-8165-1360-4 |oclc=51873028|ref={{sfnref|Taladoire dan Colsenet|1991}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Tanaka, Yuki |year=2008 |title=A Comparative Study of Maya Hieroglyphic Writing and Japanese Orthography in the Quirigua Hieroglyphic Corpus |isbn=978-0-549-99989-8 |publisher=ProQuest |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|ref={{sfnref|Tanaka|2008}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Taube, Karl A. |year=2004 |chapter=Tetitla and the Maya Presence at Teotihuacan |title=The Maya and Teotihuacan : reinterpreting early classic interaction |url=https://archive.org/details/mayateotihuacanr0000unse |pages=
:{{cite book |author=Tedlock, Barbara |year=1992 |title=Time and the Highland Maya |edition=Revised |origyear=1982 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-8263-1358-4 |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |oclc=45732799 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZnlFVVYe9sC |ref={{sfnref|Tedlock|1992}} }}
:{{cite book |title=The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel|translator-last1=Roys|translator-first1=Ralph L.|year=1933|location=Washington D.C.|publisher= Carnegie Institution|ref={{sfnref|Chilam Balam|1933}}}}
:{{cite journal |author=Thompson, J. Eric S. |authorlink=J. Eric S. Thompson |title=A Maya Calendar from the Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala |journal=American Anthropologist |series=New Series |volume=34 |issue=3 |date=Juli–September 1932 |pages=449–54 |jstor=661903 |issn=0002-7294 |oclc=1479294 |doi=10.1525/aa.1932.34.3.02a00090|subscription=y|ref={{sfnref|Thompson|1932}}}}
Baris 623:
:{{cite book |author=Thompson, J. Eric S. |title=Maya History and Religion |origyear=1970 |year=1990 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |isbn=978-0-8061-2247-2 |oclc=715926981|ref={{sfnref|Thompson|1990}}}}
:{{cite journal |author=Thompson, J. Eric S. |title=Maya Astronomy |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |series=Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences |volume=276 |issue=1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World |date=2 Mei 1974 |pages=83–98 |jstor=74276 |issn=0261-0523 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0011|bibcode = 1974RSPTA.276...83T|ref={{sfnref|Thompson|1974}}}}
:{{cite journal |author=Tiesler, Vera |author2=Andrea Cucina |date=Desember 2006 |title=Procedures in Human Heart Extraction and Ritual Meaning: A Taphonomic Assessment of Anthropogenic Marks in Classic Maya Skeletons |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_latin-american-antiquity_2006-12_17_4/page/493 |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=493–510 |issn=2325-5080 |jstor=25063069 |doi=10.2307/25063069|subscription=y|ref={{sfnref|Tiesler dan Cucina|2006}}}}
:{{cite web |author=Tobin, Thomas J. |title=The Construction of the Codex in Classic- and Postclassic-Period Maya Civilization |url=http://www.mathcs.duq.edu/~tobin/maya/ |year=2001 |publisher=Duquesne University |location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |accessdate=2015-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021017172935/http://www.mathcs.duq.edu/~tobin/maya/ |archivedate=2002-10-17 |ref={{sfnref|Tobin|2001}} }}
:{{cite journal |author=Valdés, Juan Antonio |year=1994 |title=El Grupo A de Uaxactun: Manifestaciones arquitectónicas y dinásticas durante el Clásico Temprano. |trans-title=Uaxactun Group A: Architectural Manifestations and Dynasties during the Early Classic |journal=I Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1987 |editor=J.P. Laporte |editor2=H. Escobedo |editor3=S. Villagrán |pages=98–111 |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/16.87%20-%20Juan%20Antonio%20Valdes%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103025416/https://depotuw.ceon.pl//bitstream/handle/item/358/Between%20Death%20and%20Divinity.pdf?sequence=1 |archivedate=2014-11-03 |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-07-21 |language=es |oclc=31177419 |ref={{sfnref|Valdés|1994}} }}
:{{cite journal|author=Van Stone, Mark|journal=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union|volume=7|title=It's not the End of the World: emic evidence for local diversity in the Maya Long Count|year=2011|issue=278|pages=186–191|doi=10.1017/S1743921311012610|ref={{sfnref|Van Stone|2011}}}}
:{{cite book |author=Viqueira, Juan Pedro |year=2004 |origyear=1995 |chapter=Chiapas y sus regiones |trans-chapter=Chiapas and its Regions |editor=Juan Pedro Viqueira |editor2=Mario Humberto Ruz |title=Chiapas: los rumbos de otra historia |trans-title=Chiapas: The courses of a different history |location=Mexico City, Mexico |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Filológicas with Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhAI3Js9zWcC&pg=PA19 |pages=19–40 |isbn=978-968-36-4836-5 |oclc=36759921 |language=es |ref={{sfnref|Viqueira|2004}} }}
:{{cite web |author=WAYEB |publisher=European Association of Mayanists (WAYEB) |title=Museums & Collections |url=http://www.wayeb.org/resourceslinks/collections.php |accessdate=2015-06-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511132259/http://www.wayeb.org/resourceslinks/collections.php |archivedate=2015-05-11 |ref={{sfnref|WAYEB}} }}
:{{cite journal |author=Webster, David |title=The Not So Peaceful Civilization: A Review of Maya War |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=14 |issue=1 |date=Maret 2000 |pages=65–119 |issn=1573-7802 |jstor=25801154 |doi=10.1023/a:1007813518630|subscription=y|ref={{sfnref|Webster|2000}}}}
:{{cite book |author1=Webster, David |author2=William L. Fash Jr. |author3=Claude F. Baudez |author4=Berthold Riese |author5=William T. Sanders |jstor=41263469 |title=The House of the Bacabs, Copan, Honduras |url=https://archive.org/details/webster-house-of-the-bacabs |journal=Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology |issue=29 |date=1989 |pages=i–iv, 1–111, 113–16 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University |isbn=978-0-88402-177-3 |oclc=18557303|ref={{sfnref|Webster et al.|1989}}}}
:{{cite web |author=Williams, Josh |year=2010 |title=Mississippian and Maya Eccentric Flints |url=http://art.missouristate.edu/arthist/exhibit1.php?E=2&P=49 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102170643/http://apps.missouristate.edu/art/arthist/exhibit1.php?E=2&P=49 |archivedate=2014-11-02 |publisher=Board of Governors, Missouri State University |location=Springfield, Missouri |accessdate=2012-12-29 |ref={{sfnref|Williams|2010}} }}
:{{cite book |author=Wise, Terence |author2=McBride, Angus |title=The Conquistadores |series=Men-at-Arms |volume=101 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-0-85045-357-7 |oclc=12782941 |location=Oxford, UK and New York |origyear=1980 |year=2008|ref={{sfnref|Wise dan McBride|2008}}}}
:{{cite book |author1=Witschey, Walter R. T. |author2=Clifford T. Brown |title=Historical Dictionary of Mesoamerica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59jPo4mhrOcC |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Plymouth, Devon, UK |isbn=978-0-8108-7167-0 |oclc=754105610 |ref={{sfnref|Witschey dan Brown|2012}} }}
:{{cite magazine |author=Zorich, Zach |title=The Maya Sense of Time |magazine=Archaeology |volume=65 |issue=6 |date=November–Desember 2012 |pages=25–29 |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |jstor=41804605 |location=New York |issn=0003-8113 |oclc=1481828|subscription=y|ref={{sfnref|Zorich|2012}}}}
{{Refend}}
Baris 642:
|last=Braswell |first=Geoffrey E.
|title=The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction
|url=https://archive.org/details/mayateotihuacanr0000unse |year=2003 |publisher=University of Texas Press
|location=Austin, Texas
|isbn=978-0-292-70914-0
Baris 656:
|last=Christie |first=Jessica Joyce
|title=Maya Palaces and Elite Residences: An Interdisciplinary Approach
|url=https://archive.org/details/mayapalaceselite0000unse |year=2003
|publisher=University of Texas Press
|location=Austin, Texas
Baris 667:
|last-author-amp=yes
|title=The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation
|url=https://archive.org/details/terminalclassici00arth |year=2004
|publisher=University Press of Colorado
|location=Boulder, Colorado
Baris 701:
|last-author-amp=yes
|title=Ancient Maya Commoners
|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmayacommo0000unse |year=2004
|publisher=University of Texas Press
|location=Austin, Texas
Baris 709:
|last=Lucero |first=Lisa Joyce
|title=Water and Ritual: The Rise and Fall of Classic Maya Rulers
|url=https://archive.org/details/waterritualrisef00luce |year=2006
|publisher=University of Texas Press
|location=Austin, Texas
Baris 725:
|last=McKillop |first=Heather Irene
|title=Salt: White Gold of the Ancient Maya
|url=https://archive.org/details/saltwhitegoldofa0000mcki |year=2002
|publisher=University Press of Florida
|location=Gainesville, Florida
Baris 733:
|last=Rice |first=Prudence M.
|title=Maya Political Science: Time, Astronomy, and the Cosmos
|url=https://archive.org/details/mayapoliticalsci0000rice |year=2004 |edition=1st
|publisher=University of Texas Press
|location=Austin, Texas
Baris 752:
|year=2002
|title=The Fall of the Ancient Maya
|url=https://archive.org/details/fallofancientmay0000webs
|publisher=Thames & Hudson
|location=London
| |||