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[[Berkas:indusvalleyexcavation.jpg|jmpl|350px|Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus berada sepanjang [[Sungai Indus]] di [[Pakistan]] sekarang ini. Puing [[Mohenjo-daro]] difoto di atas merupakan pusat dari masyarakat kuno ini.]]
[[Berkas:CiviltàValleIndoMappa.png|jmpl|Lokasi kota-kota kuno di [[Lembah]] [[Sungai Indus]]]]
[[Berkas:Alfabeto Harappa o Vallindo.jpg|jmpl|Daftar penuh Indus Script.]]
'''Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus''',<ref>For example, in the titles of the works used to reference this article by Habib (''Indus2015), ValleyMarshall Civilization'';(ed., '''IVC'''1931 and 1996), Parpola (2015), Possehl (2002), and Sullivan (1964)</ref> [[abad ke-28 SM|2800 SM]]–[[abad ke-18 SM|1800 SM]], merupakan sebuah peradaban kuno yang hidup sepanjang [[Sungai Indus]] yang sekarang merupakan wilayah [[Pakistan]] dan [[India]] barat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Indus Valley Civilization|url=https://www.ancient.eu/Indus_Valley_Civilization/|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> Peradaban ini juga dikenal sebagai peradaban yang berpusat di kota Mohenjo Daro dan Harrapa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cybernews|title=Sejarah Peradaban India Kuno Halaman all|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/05/29/113000769/sejarah-peradaban-india-kuno|websitework=KOMPAS[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=2020-08-30|editor-last=Welianto|editor-first=Ari|first=Ari|last=Welianto}}</ref> Keruntuhan peradaban ini ditengarai disebabkan [[Sungai Saraswati Weda|Sungai Saraswati Veda]] yang mengalami kekeringan pada sekitar akhir 1900 SM akibat tingkat radiasi matahari yang cukup tinggi sehingga memengaruhi curah hujan di sekitar lembah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marris|first=Emma|title=Two-hundred-year drought doomed Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.nature.com/news/two-hundred-year-drought-doomed-indus-valley-civilization-1.14800|journal=Nature News|language=en|doi=10.1038/nature.2014.14800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate change led to collapse of ancient Indus civilization, study finds|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120528154943.htm|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> Para penelitiarkeolog mengungkapkan peradaban Lembah Indus merupakan peradaban kuno paling luas yang ditemukan setelah situs peradaban Mesopotamia dan Mesir. Pada tahun 1980 peradaban Lembah Indus ditetapkan sebagai situs warisan dunia oleh UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indus civilization {{!}} History, Location, Map, Art, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indus-civilization|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref>
[http://www.archaeologyonline.net/indology/sarasvati-map-crop.jpg]
[http://www.archaeologyonline.net/indology/sarasvati-map-crop.jpg] <ref>{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507143339/http://archaeologyonline.net/indology/sarasvati-map-crop.jpg |date=2006-05-07}}</ref>
[[Berkas:IVC-major-sites-2.jpg|jmpl|ka|350px|Sejumlah situs utama Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus]]
 
== Masyarakat ==
Orang-orang Dravida atau penutur bahasa Proto-Dravida (leluhur dari Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, dan Malayalam) yang diperkirakan merupakan pendiri kota kuno ini sendiri masih menjadi perdebatan dikalangan para arkeolog.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Tony|date=2017-12-23|title=Who built the Indus Valley civilisation?|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-built-the-indus-valley-civilisation/article22261315.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> Riwayat mereka tak dapat ditelusuri hingga sekarang. Bahasa dan aksara yang mereka gunakan dalam artefak-artefak yang ditemukan di sana masih belumsedikit yang dapat dipecahkan hingga sekarang. Uniknya di kota tersebut tidak ditemukan bangunan untuk kegiatan religius dan tanda-tanda sistem kasta seperti kuil-kuil dan monumen besar yang megah.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|datelast=2009-10-09M. A.|first=Anthropology|last2=B. Ed.|first2=Illinois State University|title=LostArchaeological CityEvidence offor MohenjoIndus DaroCivilization PuzzlesScript and ArchaeologistsSeals|url=https://www.nationalgeographicthoughtco.com/history/archaeology/mohenjoseals-and-the-daro/indus-civilization-script-171330|website=ScienceThoughtCo|language=en|access-date=2020-08-31|last3=Twitter|first3=Twitter}}</ref> Uniknya di kota tersebut tidak ditemukan bangunan untuk kegiatan religius dan tanda-tanda sistem kasta seperti kuil-kuil dan monumen besar yang megah.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Early Civilization in the Indus Valley [ushistory.org]|url=https://www.ushistory.org/civ/8a.asp|website=www.ushistory.org|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> Hal ini mengakibatkan para peneliti berspekulasi kalau masyarakat Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa merupakan peradaban yang hidup bergantung sepenuhnya pada ilmu pengetahuan (sudah meninggalkan praktik keagamaan) dan memiliki filosofi hidup yang tinggi (terlihat dari ketiadaan sistem kasta dalam hierarki sosial).<ref>[http://www.merdeka.com/gaya/6-situs-misterius-dunia-yang-keberadaannya-nyaris-terlupakan/kota-kuno-mohenjo-daro-dan-harappa-india.html Kota kuno Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa, India]</ref> Berdasarkan dari peninggalan yang ditemukan, mereka merupakan salah satu peradaban yang sudah maju dengan adanya bukti timbangan dan ukuran yang sudah memiliki standar, ukiran cap, stempel perangko, tembikar dan sudahtelah mengenal teknik peleburan logam seperti tembaga, perunggu, dan timah.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indus River Valley civilizations (article)|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations|website=Khan Academy|language=en|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> Disamping itu Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa merupakan kota yang sangat berkembang, banyak rumah yang memiliki sumur dan kamar mandi serta sistem saluran air bawah tanah yang kompleks.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2009-10-09|title=Lost City of Mohenjo Daro Puzzles Archaeologists|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/mohenjo-daro/|website=Science|language=en|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan M|date=1991|title=The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Kenoyer1991%20Indus%20Valley%20Tradition.pdf|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|volume=5|issue=4|pages=353|doi=}}</ref>
 
== Keruntuhan ==
Keruntuhan peradaban ini diduga disebabkan oleh perubahan iklim. Perubahan iklim pada masa itu menyebabkan [[zaman es kecil]] yang mengakibatkan musim kemarau menjadi lebih kering yang berdampak negatif terhadap pertanian. Hal inilah yang membuat masyarakat peradaban tersebut pindah ke desa-desa kecil di kaki bukit [[Himalaya]]. Selain itu pada saat yang sama datang peradaban Indo-Arya dengan membawa peralatan yang lebih canggih.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/131243316/peradaban-lembah-sungai-indus-di-himalaya-runtuh-ini-penyebabnya?|title= Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus di Himalaya Runtuh, Ini Penyebabnya|acces date= 6 Agustus 2020}} </ref> . Bangsa Indo-Arya ini ditengarai menyerang masyarakat Lembah Sungai Indus karena di sekitar bekas kota ditemukan sisa kerangka yang seolah-olah menunjukkan bukti kuat adanya penyerbuan.<ref name="Welianto">{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cybernews|title=Peninggalan dan Runtuhnya Peradaban India Kuno Halaman all|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/05/29/141500269/peninggalan-dan-runtuhnya-peradaban-india-kuno|websitework=KOMPAS[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=2020-08-30|editor-last=Welianto|editor-first=Ari|first=Ari|last=Welianto}}</ref>. Dugaan lainnya dari keruntuhan peradaban ini adalah disebabkan oleh banjir karena kota ini nampaknyatampaknya begitu padat penduduk dan banjir telah terjadi berulang kali,<ref>{{Cite web|lastname=Media|first=Kompas"Welianto"/> Cyber|title=Peninggalannamun dansayangnya Runtuhnyabukti Peradabanini Indiadirasa Kunokurang Halamankuat all|urlkarena tidak seluruh kota hancur oleh banjir.<ref name=https":2" //www> Dugaan lainnya adalah karena perkembangan sosial budaya dari pertanian ke bidang lainnya sehingga kota ini kemudian ditinggalkan.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/05/29/141500269/peninggalan-dan-runtuhnya-peradaban-india-kuno|website<ref name=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2020-08-30}}<":2" /ref>,
 
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 30 ⟶ 33:
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="indusmilleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/121116/indus-civilization-2000-years-old-archaeologists|title=Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed, Jason Overdorf, Globalpost, 28 November 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="milleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/indus-valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/article1-954601.aspx|title=Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought|access-date=2018-06-13|archive-date=2015-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909090345/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/indus-valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/article1-954601.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
}}
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* {{cite journal|last=Srinivasan|first=Doris|title=The So-Called Proto-śiva Seal from Mohenjo-Daro: An Iconological Assessment|journal=Archives of Asian Art|year=1975 |volume=29|pages=47–58|authorlink=Doris Meth Srinivasan|jstor=20062578|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=Doris Meth|title=Many Heads, Arms and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art|year=1997|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004107588|authorlink=Doris Meth Srinivasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sullivan|first=Herbert P.|title=A Re-Examination of the Religion of the Indus Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-religions_summer-1964_4_1/page/115|journal=History of Religions|year=1964|volume=4|issue=1|pages=115–125|jstor=1061875|doi=10.1086/462498|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|authorlink=Romila Thapar|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=FA85|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8|ref=harv}}
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* {{Cite journal|ref={{harvid|Underhill|2009}}|last1=Underhill|first1=Peter A|last2=Myres|year=2009|first2=Natalie M|last3=Rootsi|first3=Siiri|last4=Metspalu|first4=Mait|last5=Zhivotovsky|first5=Lev A|last6=King|issue=4|first6=Roy J|last7=Lin|first7=Alice A|last8=Chow|first8=Cheryl-Emiliane T|last9=Semino|first9=Ornella|last10=Battaglia|first10=Vincenza|last11=Kutuev|first11=Ildus|last12=Järve|first12=Mari|last13=Chaubey|first13=Gyaneshwer|last14=Ayub|first14=Qasim|last15=Mohyuddin|first15=Aisha|last16=Mehdi|first16=S Qasim|last17=Sengupta|first17=Sanghamitra|last18=Rogaev|first18=Evgeny I|last19=Khusnutdinova|first19=Elza K|last20=Pshenichnov|first20=Andrey|last21=Balanovsky|first21=Oleg|last22=Balanovska|first22=Elena|last23=Jeran|first23=Nina|last24=Augustin|first24=Dubravka Havas|last25=Baldovic|first25=Marian|last26=Herrera|first26=Rene J|last27=Thangaraj|first27=Kumarasamy|last28=Singh|first28=Vijay|last29=Singh|first29=Lalji|last30=Majumder|first30=Partha|title=Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a|volume=18|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.194|pmid=19888303|pmc=2987245|pages=479–84|display-authors=8}}
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* {{Citation | last =Underhill | first =Peter A. | display-authors =etal | year = 2015 | title =The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a | journal =European Journal of Human Genetics | volume =23 | pages =124–131 | url =http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v23/n1/pdf/ejhg201450a.pdf | doi =10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 | pmid =24667786 | pmc =4266736 }}
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* {{Citation | last =Wells | first =R.S. | year =2001 | title =The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity | journal =Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=18 |pages=10244–10249 | doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098| bibcode =2001PNAS...9810244W | pmid=11526236 | pmc=56946}}
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{{Commons category|Indus Valley Civilization}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125125109/http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/index.html An invitation to the Indus Civilization (Tokyo Metropolitan Museum)]
* [http://www.upenn.edu/researchatpenn/article.php?674&soc Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629091226/http://www.upenn.edu/researchatpenn/article.php?674&soc |date=2011-06-29 }}
* [http://www.harappa.com/ Photos and descriptions of archaeological excavations — 90 page intro to Indus] (Harappa and Indus Valley Civilization at harappa.com)
* [http://www.harappa.com/script/ The Indus Script] (harappa.com)
* http://www.safarmer.com/fsw2.pdf 'Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis' by Farmer, Sproat, and Witzel (2004)
* [http://www.flonnet.com/fl1720/17200040.htm Horseplay in Harappa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050620073752/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1720/17200040.htm |date=2005-06-20 }} article debunking claims of decipherment of the "Indus script"
** [http://micheldanino.voiceofdharma.com/frontline.html A reply to Frontline’s cover story by Michael Danino] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305121336/http://micheldanino.voiceofdharma.com/frontline.html |date=2005-03-05 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1272010.stm Prehistoric dentistry evidence found in Indus - BBC News]
* [http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/artefacts.htm Indus artefacts]
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101164930/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html |date=2007-01-01 }}
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[[Kategori:Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus| ]]
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