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'''Vaksin penyakit koronavirus 2019''' merupakan [[vaksin]] yang nantinya akan digunakan untuk menangani [[penyakit koronavirus 2019]] (COVID-19). Belum ada vaksin yang telah melewati rangkaian [[uji klinis]]. Hingga Maret 2020, terdapat beberapa penelitian yang mengembangkan vaksin COVID-19. Pada akhir Februari 2020, [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) mengatakan bahwa vaksin untuk menangani virus penyebab COVID-19, [[SARS-CoV-2]] tidak akan tersedia dalam waktu kurang dari 18 bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|title=Here's Why It's Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus|last=Grenfell|first=Rob|last2=Drew|first2=Trevor|date=17 February 2020|website=ScienceAlert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228010631/https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|archive-date=28 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Hingga September 2020, terdapat 321 vaksin uji coba yang sedang dalam pengembangan.<ref name="thanh22">{{cite journal|last1=Le|first1=Tung Thanh|last2=Cramer|first2=Jakob P.|last3=Chen|first3=Robert|last4=Mayhew|first4=Stephen|date=2020-09-04|title=Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00151-8|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8|issn=1474-1776|pmid=32887942|s2cid=221503034}}</ref> Pada bulan September, 39 kandidat vaksin sedang dalam [[pengujian klinis]], 33 dalam [[Tahap-tahap pengujian klinis|pengujian tahap I–II]], dan 6 dalam [[Tahap-tahap pengujian klinis|pengujian tahap II–III]].<ref name="thanh22" />
[[Berkas:World_map_of_share_of_people_who_received_at_least_one_dose_of_COVID-19_vaccine_by_country.png|jmpl|Persentase penduduk yang telah menerima setidaknya satu dosis vaksin Covid-19 atau C19]]
[[Berkas:COVID-19_vaccine_map.svg|jmpl|Peta negara-negara menurut status persetujuan vaksin Covid-19
{{legend|Green|Disetujui untuk penggunaan umum, vaksinasi massal sedang berlangsung}}
{{legend|SpringGreen|Disetujui untuk penggunaan darurat, vaksinasi massal sedang berlangsung}}
{{legend|DarkOrange|Disetujui untuk penggunaan darurat, vaksinasi terbatas}}
{{legend|Blue|Disetujui untuk penggunaan umum, vaksinasi massal sedang direncanakan}}
{{legend|DodgerBlue|Disetujui untuk penggunaan darurat, vaksinasi massal sedang direncanakan}}
{{legend|Gold|Penggunaan darurat belum disetujui}}
{{legend|LightGrey|Tak ada data yang tersedia}}]]
{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar|expanded=medis}}
'''Vaksin COVID-19''' merupakan [[vaksin]] yang nantinya akan digunakan untuk menangani [[penyakit koronavirus 2019]] (COVID-19). Pada 20 Januari 2020, data ''sequence'' genetik [[Koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2|SARS-CoV-2]], virus penyebab COVID-19 (C19) , dibagikan melalui [[GISAID]], dan pada 19 Januari 2020, industri farmasi global mengumumkan komitmen untuk mengatasi COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Padilla|first=Teodoro|date=24 Februari 2021|title=No one is safe unless everyone is safe|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/no-one-is-safe-unless-everyone-is-safe/|website=BusinessWorld|language=en-US|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref> Hingga Maret 2020, terdapat beberapa penelitian yang mengembangkan vaksin COVID-19. Pada akhir Februari 2020, [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) mengatakan bahwa vaksin untuk menangani virus penyebab COVID-19, [[SARS-CoV-2]] tidak akan tersedia dalam waktu kurang dari 18 bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|title=Here's Why It's Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus|last=Grenfell|first=Rob|last2=Drew|first2=Trevor|date=17 February 2020|website=ScienceAlert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228010631/https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|archive-date=28 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Hingga September 2020, terdapat 321 vaksin uji coba yang sedang dalam pengembangan.<ref name="thanh22">{{cite journal|last1=Le|first1=Tung Thanh|last2=Cramer|first2=Jakob P.|last3=Chen|first3=Robert|last4=Mayhew|first4=Stephen|date=2020-09-04|title=Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00151-8|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8|issn=1474-1776|pmid=32887942|s2cid=221503034}}</ref> Pada bulan September, 39 kandidat vaksin sedang dalam [[pengujian klinis]], 33 dalam [[Tahap-tahap pengujian klinis|pengujian tahap I–II]], dan 6 dalam [[Tahap-tahap pengujian klinis|pengujian tahap II–III]].<ref name="thanh22" /> Pada pertengahan Desember 2020, 57 kandidat vaksin berada dalam [[Uji klinis vaksin|uji klinis]], dengan 40 kandidat vaksin dalam pengujian tahap I-II, dan 17 kandidat vaksin dalam pengujian tahap II-III. Pada pengujian tahap 3, beberapa vaksin COVID-19 menunjukkan efikasi setinggi 95% dalam mencegah infeksi simptomatik COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Branswell|first=Helen|date=19 Desember 2020|title=A side-by-side comparison of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/19/a-side-by-side-comparison-of-the-pfizer-biontech-and-moderna-vaccines/|website=STAT|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
 
Beberapa negara menerapkan rencana distribusi dengan memprioritaskan penduduk dengan risiko tinggi, seperti lansia dan tenaga kesehatan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|date=18 November 2020|title=Covid-19 vaccine: who are countries prioritising for first doses?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/18/covid-19-vaccine-who-are-countries-prioritising-for-first-doses|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref> Pada November 2020, lebih dari 20 miliar dosis vaksin telah dipesan oleh beberapa negara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mullard|first=Asher|date=30 November 2020|title=How COVID vaccines are being divvied up around the world|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03370-6|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03370-6}}</ref> Setengah dari dosis tersebut dipesan oleh negara berpenghasilan tinggi dengan jumlah populasi sekitar 14% populasi dunia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=So|first=Anthony D|last2=Woo|first2=Joshua|date=15 Desember 2020|title=Reserving coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7735431/|journal=The BMJ|volume=371|doi=10.1136/bmj.m4750|issn=0959-8138|pmc=7735431|pmid=33323376}}</ref>
 
== Penelitian vaksin COVID-19 yang lain ==
Beberapa jenis koronavirus lain yang menyebabkan penyakit pada hewan telah memiliki vaksin tersendiri, seperti [[koronavirus burung]], [[koronavirus anjing]], dan [[koronavirus kucing]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cavanagh|first=Dave|year=2003|title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: Experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus|journal=Avian Pathology|volume=32|issue=6|pages=567–582|doi=10.1080/03079450310001621198|pmid=14676007}}</ref>
 
Upaya-upaya terdahulu dalam pengembangan vaksin virus famili ''[[Coronaviridae]]'' yang dapat menginfeksi manusia difokuskan untuk penanganan [[sindrom pernapasan akut berat]] (SARS) dan [[sindrom pernapasan Timur Tengah]] (MERS). Vaksin terhadap SARS <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=Wentao|last2=Tamin|first2=Azaibi|last3=Soloff|first3=Adam|last4=d'Aiuto|first4=Leonardo|last5=Nwanegbo|first5=Edward|last6=Robbins|first6=Paul D.|last7=Bellini|first7=William J.|last8=Barratt-Boyes|first8=Simon|last9=Gambotto|first9=Andrea|year=2003|title=Effects of a SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys|journal=The Lancet|volume=362|issue=9399|pages=1895–1896|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14962-8|pmid=14667748}}</ref> dan MERS <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Eun|last2=Okada|first2=Kaori|last3=Kenniston|first3=Tom|last4=Raj|first4=V. Stalin|last5=Alhajri|first5=Mohd M.|last6=Farag|first6=Elmoubasher A.B.A.|last7=Alhajri|first7=Farhoud|last8=Osterhaus|first8=Albert D.M.E.|last9=Haagmans|first9=Bart L.|year=2014|title=Immunogenicity of an adenoviral-based Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine in BALB/C mice|journal=Vaccine|volume=32|issue=45|pages=5975–5982|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.058|pmid=25192975}}</ref> telah diuji pada [[Organisme model|hewan]]. Per tahun 2020, tidak ada vaksin untuk pengobatan atau pencegahan SARS terbukti aman dan efektif pada manusia.<ref name="JiangFutureVirology">{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Shibo|last2=Lu|first2=Lu|last3=Du|first3=Lanying|year=2013|title=Development of SARS vaccines and therapeutics is still needed|journal=[[Future Virology]]|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.2217/fvl.12.126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sars/|title=SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)|date=5 March 2020|publisher=[[National Health Service]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309174230/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sars/|archive-date=9 March 2020|access-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Menurut [[Jurnal akademik|jurnal ilmiah]] yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2005 dan 2006, identifikasi dan pengembangan vaksin dan obat-obatan baru untuk mengobati SARS menjadi prioritas bagi pemerintah di seluruh dunia.<ref name="PMID 15655773">{{Cite journal|last=Greenough|first=Thomas C.|last2=Babcock|first2=Gregory J.|last3=Roberts|first3=Anjeanette|last4=Hernandez|first4=Hector J.|last5=Thomas, Jr.|first5=William D.|last6=Coccia|first6=Jennifer A.|last7=Graziano|first7=Robert F.|last8=Srinivasan|first8=Mohan|last9=Lowy|first9=Israel|displayauthors=4|date=15 February 2005|title=Development and Characterization of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus–Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody That Provides Effective Immunoprophylaxis in Mice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2005-02-15_191_4/page/507|journal=[[The Journal of Infectious Diseases]]|volume=191|issue=4|pages=507–14|doi=10.1086/427242|pmid=15655773}}</ref><ref name="PMID 15885812">{{Cite journal|last=Tripp|first=Ralph A.|last2=Haynes|first2=Lia M.|last3=Moore|first3=Deborah|last4=Anderson|first4=Barbara|last5=Tamin|first5=Azaibi|last6=Harcourt|first6=Brian H.|last7=Jones|first7=Les P.|last8=Yilla|first8=Mamadi|last9=Babcock|first9=Gregory J.|displayauthors=4|date=September 2005|title=Monoclonal antibodies to SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV): Identification of neutralizing and antibodies reactive to S, N, M and E viral proteins|deadurl=Smith|journal=[[Journal of Virological Methods]]|volume=128|issue=1–2|pages=21–8|doi=10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.021|pmid=15885812}}</ref><ref name="PMID 16453264">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Anjeanette|last2=Thomas|first2=William D.|last3=Guarner|first3=Jeannette|last4=Lamirande|first4=Elaine W.|last5=Babcock|first5=Gregory J.|last6=Greenough|first6=Thomas C.|last7=Vogel|first7=Leatrice|last8=Hayes|first8=Norman|last9=Sullivan|first9=John L.|displayauthors=4|date=March 2006|title=Therapy with a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus–Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Reduces Disease Severity and Viral Burden in Golden Syrian Hamsters|journal=[[The Journal of Infectious Diseases]]|volume=193|issue=5|pages=685–92|doi=10.1086/500143|pmid=16453264}}</ref>
 
Selain itu, tidak terdapat vaksin yang terbukti dapat menangani MERS.<ref>Shehata, M.M., Gomaa, M.R., Ali, M.A. et al. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11684-016-0430-6 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review.] Front. Med. 10, 120–136 (2016). {{DOI|10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6}}</ref> Ketika pasien MERS mulai meningkat, awalnya peneliti yakin bahwa penelitian SARS terdahulu dapat memberikan gambaran untuk pengembangan pengobatan terhadap MERS-CoV.<ref name="JiangFutureVirology"/><ref name="Butler3oct2013">{{Cite journal|last=Butler|first=Declan|date=October 2012|title=SARS veterans tackle coronavirus|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=490|issue=7418|pages=20|bibcode=2012Natur.490...20B|doi=10.1038/490020a|pmid=23038444}}</ref> Hingga Maret 2020, terdapat satu vaksin MERS (berbasis DNA) yang telah selesai uji klinis fase I (uji coba pada manusia sehat).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial.|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30266-X|pmid=31351922}}</ref> Kemudian terdapat tiga vaksin lainnya sedang dalam pengembangan. Ketiga vaksin tersebut adalah vaksin dengan vektor virus, dua vektor adenovirus (ChAdOx1-MERS,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03399578|title=Safety and Immunogenicity of a Candidate MERS-CoV Vaccine (MERS001)|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04170829|title=Safety and Immunogenicity of a Candidate MERS-CoV Vaccine (MERS002)|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref> BVRS-GamVac <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04130594|title=Study of Safety and Immunogenicity of BVRS-GamVac|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref> ), dan satu vektor MVA (MVA-MERS-S<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03615911|title=Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Vaccine Candidate MVA-MERS-S|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Recent Advances in the Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.01781|pmid=31428074}}</ref>
 
== Jenis-Jenis Vaksin ==
Mulai sejak 2021, sembilan teknologi berbeda dengan beberapa teknologi lainnya yang belum terdefinisikan sudah mulai dalam fase riset dan pengembangan untuk menciptakan vaksin yang efektif melawan COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 vaccine tracker|url=https://vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io/ncov_vaccine_landscape/|website=vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krammer|first=Florian|date=2020-10|title=SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2798-3|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=586|issue=7830|pages=516–527|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Beberapa dari kandidat vaksin ini memfokuskan tujuannya pada ujung runcing pada virus yang terbuat dari protein dan variannya sebagai antigen utama dalam infeksi COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Le|first=Tung Thanh|last2=Cramer|first2=Jakob P.|last3=Chen|first3=Robert|last4=Mayhew|first4=Stephen|date=2020-09-04|title=Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00151-8|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|language=en|volume=19|issue=10|pages=667–668|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8}}</ref> Teknologi yang dikembangkan antara lain teknologi asam nukleat ([[RNA Duta dengan nukleosida yang termodifikasi|RNA duta dengan nukleosida yang termodifikasi)]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Piotr S.|last2=Rudra|first2=Arnab|last3=Miao|first3=Lei|last4=Anderson|first4=Daniel G.|date=2019-04-10|title=Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6453548/|journal=Molecular Therapy|volume=27|issue=4|pages=710–728|doi=10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.012|issn=1525-0016|pmc=6453548|pmid=30846391}}</ref> vektor virus yang tidak bereplikasi, peptida, protein rekombinan, virus yang dilemahkan, dan virus yang diinaktivasi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Diamond|first=Michael S.|last2=Pierson|first2=Theodore C.|date=2020-05-13|title=The Challenges of Vaccine Development against a New Virus during a Pandemic|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7219397/|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=27|issue=5|pages=699–703|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.021|issn=1931-3128|pmc=7219397|pmid=32407708}}</ref>
 
Banyak teknologi vaksin yang dikembangkan untuk COVID-19 bukanlah vaksin yang mirip dengan vaksin influenza, namun menggunakan strategi "masa depan" agar dapat menyerang mekanisme infeksi COVID-19 secara presisi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-08|title=Here's How the COVID-19 Vaccines Stack Up Against the Flu Vaccine|url=https://www.healthline.com/health-news/think-the-covid-19-vaccine-isnt-good-enough-it-may-be-more-effective-than-the-flu-shot|website=Healthline|language=en|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> Teknologi vaksin yang masih dalam pengembangan juga dapat meningkatkan fleksibilitas dari manipulasi antigen dan efektifitasnya<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanekiyo|first=Masaru|last2=Ellis|first2=Daniel|last3=King|first3=Neil P|date=2019-04-15|title=New Vaccine Design and Delivery Technologies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6452296/|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=219|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S88–S96|doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy745|issn=0022-1899|pmc=6452296|pmid=30715361}}</ref> dalam melawan mekanisme infeksi COVID-19 pada sub-populasi yang rawan terinfeksi, seperti tenaga kesehatan, manula, anak-anak, wanita hamil, dan orang yang memiliki sistem imun yang lemah.
 
=== Vaksin RNA ===
{{main|Vaksin RNA}}
[[Berkas:RNA vaccine illustration (en).jpg|jmpl|196x196px|Diagram dari cara kerja vaksin RNA. [[RNA duta]] yang dilindungi dalam vaksin akan memasuki sel dan [[Translasi (genetik)|ditranslasikan]] menjadi protein. [[Protein]] ini akan menginduksi [[Sistem imun adaptif|respon kekebalan tubuh.]]]]
Vaksin RNA mengandung RNA yang nantinya akan dimasukkan kedalam sel dari [[jaringan]] manusia, seperti [[RNA duta]]. RNA duta yang dimasukkan ini akan ditranslasikan oleh sel untuk membangun protein yang mirip partikel virus dan protein tersebut akan menstimulasi respon imun adaptif. Hal ini memungkinkan sistem imun tubuh untuk mengenali virus dan mengetahui cara untuk menghancurkannya bahkan sebelum terinfeksi virus sesungguhnya. Vaksin RNA seringnya, walaupun tidak selalu, menggunakan [[RNA Duta dengan nukleosida yang termodifikasi|RNA duta dengan nukleosida yang termodifikasi]]. Memasukkan RNA duta kedalam sel dapat dilakukan dengan koformulasi molekul ini menjadi [[nanopartikel]] lemak yang nantinya akan melindungi untai RNA dari kerusakan dan mendukung proses absropsinya.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014-01-09|title=Nanoparticle vaccines|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X13016319|journal=Vaccine|language=en|volume=32|issue=3|pages=327–337|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.069|issn=0264-410X}}</ref>
 
Vaksin RNA merupakan vaksin yang pertama kali digunakan sebagai vaksin COVID-19 di Amerika Serikat dan Uni Eropa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-02|title=ACIP COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/vacc-specific/covid-19.html|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Safe COVID-19 vaccines for Europeans|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/safe-covid-19-vaccines-europeans_en|website=European Commission - European Commission|language=en|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> Sejak 2021, vaksin yang sudah diizinkan adalah vaksin [[Vaksin COVID-19 Pfizer–BioNTech|Pfizer-BioNtech]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drug Details|url=https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00730|website=covid-vaccine.canada.ca|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> dan [[Vaksin COVID-19 Moderna|vaksin Moderna]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Heads To Widespread Testing In U.S.|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/27/895672859/us-vaccine-candidate-heads-to-widespread-testing-in-people|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>
 
=== Vaksin vektor adenovirus ===
Vaksin-vaksin ini merupakan contoh dari penggunaan vaksin dari virus yang tidak bereplikasi dengan menggunakan cangkang dari adenovirus yang memiliki DNA yang mengkodekan protein SARS-CoV-2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What are viral vector-based vaccines and how could they be used against COVID-19?|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-viral-vector-based-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19|website=www.gavi.org|language=en|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> Virus dari vaksin ini tidaklah bereplikasi, yang berarti bahwa mereka tidak membuat partikel virus baru, melainkan hanya memproduksi antigen yang akan menginduksi respon sistem imun.<ref>{{Cite web|last=White|first=Mike|date=2020-09-17|title=What are Adenovirus-Based Vaccines?|url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Adenovirus-Based-Vaccines.aspx|website=News-Medical.net|language=en|access-date=2021-03-25|quote="Because adenoviruses ... and their viral replication can be inhibited by genetic modifications"}}</ref>
 
Pada Januari 2021, vaksin jenis ini yang sudah diotorisasi oleh pemerintah adalah [[Vaksin COVID-19 Oxford–AstraZeneca|vaksin inggris Oxford-AstraZeneca]], [[Gam-COVID-Vac|Sputnik V]], Cinvodecia dari China, dan [[Vaksin COVID-19 Johnson & Johnson|vaksin Johnson & Johnson]]. Vaksin Cinvodecia dan Johnson & Johnson merupakan vaksin sekali suntik sehingga tidak terlalu merumitkan sistem logistik.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It’s not just Johnson & Johnson: China has a single-dose COVID-19 vaccine that’s 65% effective|url=https://fortune.com/2021/02/09/china-covid-vaccine-single-dose-cansino-johnson-johnson/|website=Fortune|language=en|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> Kedua vaksin ini juga dapat disimpan dalam lemari es biasa untuk beberapa bulan.
 
=== Vaksin dengan virus yang diianktivasi ===
Vaksin ini terdiri dari partikel virus yang dikembangkan dalam kultur lalu dibunuh dengan cara seperti dipanaskan atau menggunakan fromaldehida sehingga virus tersebut kehilangan kemampuannya untuk menyebabkan penyakit, namun tetap dapat menstimulasi sistem imun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrovsky|first=Nikolai|last2=Aguilar|first2=Julio César|date=2004|title=Vaccine adjuvants: Current state and future trends|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01272.x|journal=Immunology & Cell Biology|language=en|volume=82|issue=5|pages=488–496|doi=10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01272.x|issn=1440-1711}}</ref>
 
Pada januari 2021, vaksin jenis ini adalah CoronaVac dari China, BBIBP-CorV, Covaxin dari India, dan CoviVac.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ivanova|first=Polina|date=2021-02-20|title=Russia approves its third COVID-19 vaccine, CoviVac|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-idUSKBN2AK07H|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> Vaksin yang dalam uji klinis termasuk vaksin COVID-19 Valneva.
 
=== Vaksin subunit ===
Vaksin subunit merupakan vaksin yang hanya mengandung satu atau lebih antigen tanpa keseluruhan partikel patogennya. Antigen yang digunakan biasanya merupakan subunit protein, tapi dapat menjadi molekul apapun yang merupakan fragmen dari patogen tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MODULE 2 – Subunit vaccines - WHO Vaccine Safety Basics|url=https://vaccine-safety-training.org/subunit-vaccines.html|website=vaccine-safety-training.org|access-date=2021-03-25|archive-date=2021-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320163614/https://vaccine-safety-training.org/subunit-vaccines.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
Pada Januari 2021, satu-satunya vaksin jenis ini yang diotorisasi adalah vaksin peptida EpiVacCorona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector"|date=2021-02-20|title=Simple, Blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Study of the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Vaccine Based on Peptide Antigens for the Prevention of COVID-19 (EpiVacCorona), in Volunteers Aged 18-60 Years (I-II Phase)|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04527575}}</ref> Vaksin lainnya yang masih dalam uji klinis termasuk vaksin Novavax<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Novavax|date=2020-10-08|title=A 2-Part, Phase 1/2, Randomized, Observer-Blinded Study To Evaluate The Safety And Immunogenicity Of A SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine (SARS-CoV-2 rS) With Or Without MATRIX-M™ Adjuvant In Healthy Subjects|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988}}</ref> dan RBD-Dimer. Sebelumnya, terdapat vaksin V451 yang sedang diuji klinis, namun dihentikan karena vaksin tersebut dapat menyebabkan hasil yang salah ketika resipien vaksin ini dites HIV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 Vaccine Shelved After False HIV Positives Affirms Need for Multiple Vaccines|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/covid-19-vaccine-scrapped-in-australia-after-producing-false-hiv-positives/|website=BioSpace|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>
 
=== Jenis lainnya ===
Vaksin lain yang sedang dalam uji klinis termasuk beberapa vaksin plasmid DNA,<ref>{{Cite web|title=IVI, INOVIO, and KNIH to partner with CEPI in a Phase I/II clinical trial of INOVIO’s COVID-19 DNA vaccine in South Korea – IVI|url=https://www.ivi.int/ivi-inovio-and-knih-to-partner-with-cepi-in-a-phase-i-ii-clinical-trial-of-inovios-covid-19-dna-vaccine-in-south-korea/|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> dua vaksin vektor lentivirus,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-14|title=Covid-19: A vaccine candidate using a lentiviral vector|url=https://www.pasteur.fr/en/all-sars-cov-2-covid-19-institut-pasteur/research-projects/covid-19-vaccine-candidate-using-lentiviral-vector|website=Institut Pasteur|language=en-gb|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> vaksin konjugat, dan virus stomatitis vesikuler yang mengimitasi protein pada SARS-CoV-2.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR)|date=2021-01-04|title=A Phase I/II Randomized, Multi-Center, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity and Potential Efficacy of an rVSV-SARS-CoV-2-S Vaccine (IIBR-100) in Adults|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04608305}}</ref>
 
Ilmuwan saat ini sedang meneliti apakah vaksin yang tersedia namun bukan ditujukan untuk COVID dapat digunakan untuk menguatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh dan mengurangi keparahan gejala dari infeksi COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Johnson|first=Carolyn Y.|last2=Mufson|first2=Steven|title=Can old vaccines from science’s medicine cabinet ward off coronavirus?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/06/11/can-old-vaccines-sciences-medicine-cabinet-ward-off-coronavirus/|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> Ada bukti sementara yang menunjukkan kalau vaksin BCG untuk tuberkolosis dapat memiliki efek yang non-spesifik untuk tuberkolosis pada sistem imun, namun belum ada bukti apkaah efek tersebut efektif untuk melawan COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/bacille-calmette-guérin-(bcg)-vaccination-and-covid-19|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>
 
== Penelitian pada tahun 2020 ==
Baris 23 ⟶ 68:
* [[Farmasi Inovio|Inovio Pharmaceuticals]] bekerja sama dengan perusahaan di Tiongkok mengembangkan vaksin berbasis DNA. [[Uji klinis]] direncanakan dilakukan pada musim panas [[Belahan Bumi Utara|belahan bumi utara]] tahun 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mazumdar|first=Tulip|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51299735|title=Coronavirus: Scientists race to develop a vaccine|date=30 January 2020|access-date=3 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130184311/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51299735|archive-date=30 January 2020|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
* Di Australia, [[Universitas Queensland]] sedang meneliti potensi vaksin jenis [[penjepit molekular]] yang akan memodifikasi protein virus untuk merangsang reaksi imun.<ref name="Guardian_CEPI_16weeks">{{Cite news|last=Devlin|first=Hannah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/lessons-from-sars-outbreak-help-in-race-for-coronavirus-vaccine|title=Lessons from SARS outbreak help in race for coronavirus vaccine|date=24 January 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125203322/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/lessons-from-sars-outbreak-help-in-race-for-coronavirus-vaccine|archive-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
* Di Kanada, [[Organisasi Vaksin dan Penyakit Menular]] dan [[Universitas Saskatchewan]] menerima pendanaan dari pemerintah federal untuk mengembangkan vaksin. [[Uji coba hewan|Pengujian pada hewan]] akan dilakukan pada Maret 2020 dan pengujian pada manusia akan dilakukan pada 202.<ref name="CBC_Saskatch_6_8_weeks_nonhuman">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/vido-intervac-working-on-coronavirus-vaccine-1.5439118|title=Saskatchewan lab joins global effort to develop coronavirus vaccine|date=24 January 2020|access-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=httphttps://archive.today/jYfcU20200125205347/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/vido-intervac-working-on-coronavirus-vaccine-1.5439118|archive-date=25 January 2020-01-25|publisher=[[CBC News]]|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="sask">{{Cite news|last=Vescera|first=Zak|url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/u-of-s-team-gets-federal-dollars-to-develop-covid-19-vaccine|title=U of S team gets federal dollars to develop COVID-19 vaccine|date=6 March 2020|work=[[Saskatoon StarPhoenix]]|access-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309180736/https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/u-of-s-team-gets-federal-dollars-to-develop-covid-19-vaccine/|archive-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
* Pada Januari 2020, [[Perusahaan Farmasi Janssen|Janssen]] mulai mengembangkan vaksin.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mishra|first=Manas|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-johnson-johnson-idUSKBN1ZS1VW|title=Johnson & Johnson working on vaccine for deadly coronavirus|date=29 January 2020|access-date=19 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129231718/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-johnson-johnson-idUSKBN1ZS1VW|archive-date=29 January 2020|agency=[[Reuters]]|editor-last=Orr|editor-first=Bernard}}</ref> Janssen mengembangkan vaksin oral bekerja sama dengan perusahaan bioteknologi, [[Vaxart]].<ref name="nas">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/vaxart-vxrt-a-long-shot-or-perfect-shot-2020-02-25|title=Vaxart (VXRT) – A long shot or perfect shot?|date=25 February 2020|publisher=NASDAQ, RTTNews.com|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Emergent Biosolutions]] bekerja sama dengan [[Novavax]] Inc untuk mengembangkan. Mereka merencanakan untuk melakukan uji praklinis dan uji klinis fase 1 pada Juli 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gilgore|first=Sara|title=Novavax’s coronavirus vaccine program is getting some help from Emergent BioSolutions,|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2020/03/10/novavax-s-coronavirus-vaccine-program-is-getting.html|work=Washington Business Journal|publisher=American City Business Journals|date=10 March 2020|location=Charlotte NC}}</ref>
Baris 31 ⟶ 76:
* Para ilmuwan [[Institut Edward Jenner untuk Riset Vaksin]] dari [[Universitas Oxford]] sedang mengembangkan vaksin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/health/coronavirus-vaccine-uk-scientists-imperial-college-oxford-university-a4356406.html|title=Two groups of British scientists in race to develop coronavirus vaccine|last=Ross Lydall|date=February 7, 2020|website=Evening Standard|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref>
 
== RumorStatus danpengembangan misinformasivaksin ==
 
Unggahan di media sosial mendorong penyebaran [[teori konspirasi]] yang mengklaim bahwa vaksin sudah tersedia. Padahal hingga saat ini, vaksin masih dikembangkan dan belum tersedia untuk masyarakat. Beberapa nomor paten yang dikutip di beberapa unggahan [[media sosial]] sebenarnya merupakan paten untuk [[Sekuens DNA|sekuens genetik]] dan vaksin untuk koronavirus jenis lain seperti [[SARS-CoV]] dan bukan untuk [[SARS-CoV-2]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/jan/23/facebook-posts/there-outbreak-china-wuhan-coronavirus-there-not-v/|title=No, there is no vaccine for the Wuhan coronavirus|last=Kertscher|first=Tom|date=23 January 2020|website=[[PolitiFact]]|publisher=[[Poynter Institute]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207133056/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/jan/23/facebook-posts/there-outbreak-china-wuhan-coronavirus-there-not-v/|archive-date=7 February 2020|access-date=7 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="20200124factcheckA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/01/social-media-posts-spread-bogus-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory/|title=Social Media Posts Spread Bogus Coronavirus Conspiracy Theory|last=McDonald|first=Jessica|date=24 January 2020|website=[[FactCheck.org]]|publisher=[[Annenberg Public Policy Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206102802/https://www.factcheck.org/2020/01/social-media-posts-spread-bogus-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory/|archive-date=6 February 2020|access-date=8 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Vaksin yang disetujui ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vaksin yang disetujui untuk penggunaan darurat dan/atau penggunaan penuh
!Kandidat vaksin, pengembang, dan sponsor
!Izin penggunaan darurat
!Izin penuh
|-
|'''[[Tozinameran]]''' (Comirnaty)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 Desember 2020|title=Regulatory Decision Summary - Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine|url=https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00730|website=Health Canada, Government of Canada|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
 
 
[[BioNTech]], [[Pfizer]], [[Fosun Pharmaceutical|Fosun Pharma]]
|
* Albania<ref>{{Cite web|last=Petrushevska|first=Dragana|date=31 Desember 2020|title=Albania to start COVID-19 immunisation with Pfizer vaccine in Jan - report|url=http://seenews.com/news/albania-to-start-covid-19-immunisation-with-pfizer-vaccine-in-jan-report-726470|website=seenews.com|language=en|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Amerika Serikat<ref>{{Cite news|last=Howard|first=Jacqueline|date=12 Desember 2020|title=FDA issues emergency use authorization for Pfizer/BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/11/health/covid-vaccine-fda-eua/index.html|work=CNN|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Andorra<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=19 Januari 2021|title=Spain to send 30,000 doses of coronavirus vaccine to Andorra|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-spain-andorra-idUSKBN29O125|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Argentina<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 Desember 2020|title=Argentina extends emergency approval to the Pfizer anti Covid-19 vaccine|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2020/12/23/argentina-extends-emergency-approval-to-the-pfizer-anti-covid-19-vaccine|website=MercoPress|language=en|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Australia<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 Januari 2021|title=COMIRNATY|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/apm-summary/comirnaty|website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)|language=en|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Bahrain<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=4 Desember 2020|title=Bahrain becomes second country to approve Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/bahrain-becomes-second-country-to-approve-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Britania Raya<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2 Desember 2020|title=UK medicines regulator gives approval for first UK COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-medicines-regulator-gives-approval-for-first-uk-covid-19-vaccine|website=Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Government of the UK|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Chili<ref name="chile">{{cite web|date=17 December 2020|title=Chile approves Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine for emergency use|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/chile-approves-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use|website=The Straits Times|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Ekuador<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=17 Desember 2020|title=Ecuador prepares for COVID-19 vaccination campaign with private sector|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-ecuador/ecuador-prepares-for-covid-19-vaccination-campaign-with-private-sector-idUSKBN28Q2OO|work=Reuters|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Filipina<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 Januari 2021|title=PH authorizes Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use|url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/1/14/Pfizer-COVID-19-vaccine-Philippines-FDA-emergency-use-EUA.html|work=CNN Philippines|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Hong Kong<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hong|first=JInshan|date=21 Januari 2021|title=Hong Kong Set to Grant Approval of Pfizer Shot, SCMP Reports|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-21/hong-kong-set-to-grant-approval-of-pfizer-shot-scmp-reports|work=Bloomberg|language=en|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Irak<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iraq grants emergency approval for Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ae/news/other/iraq-grants-emergency-approval-for-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine/ar-BB1cgvD6|publisher=MSN|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Israel<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=12 Desember 2020|title=Israeli Health Minister ‘pleased’ as FDA approves Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/fda-approves-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-nyt-651871|work=Jerusalem Post|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Kanada<ref name=":0" />
*Kolombia<ref>{{cite news|date=6 January 2021|title=Colombia regulator approves Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for emergency use|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-colombia-vaccine/colombia-regulator-approves-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-emergency-use-idINL1N2JH00P/|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Korea Selatan<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jeong-yeo|first=Lim|date=3 Februari 2021|title=South Korea approves special import of Pfizer vaccine|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210203001122|website=Korea Herald|language=en|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Kosta Rika<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 Desember 2020|title=Costa Rica authorizes Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus vaccine|url=https://ticotimes.net/2020/12/16/costa-rica-authorizes-pfizer-biontech-coronavirus-vaccine|work=The Tico Times|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Kuwait<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=13 Desember 2020|title=Kuwait authorizes emergency use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1776666/middle-east|work=Arab News|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Meksiko<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=12 Deseber 2020|title=Mexico approves emergency use of Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-mexico/mexico-approves-emergency-use-of-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-idUSKBN28M019|work=Reuters|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Oman<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=15 Desember 2020|title=Oman issues licence to import Pfizer BioNTech Covid vaccine - TV|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-oman-vaccine-int-idUSKBN28P1RA|work=Reuters|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia<ref>{{cite press release|title=WHO issues its first emergency use validation for a COVID-19 vaccine and emphasizes need for equitable global access|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/31-12-2020-who-issues-its-first-emergency-use-validation-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-and-emphasizes-need-for-equitable-global-access|date=31 December 2020|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Panama<ref name="panama">{{cite web|title=Panama approves Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine – health ministry|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/panama-approves-pfizers-covid-19-010942802.html|publisher=Yahoo! Finance|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Qatar<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar, Oman to receive Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine this week|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-qatar/qatar-oman-to-receive-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-this-week-idUSKBN28U0VE|publisher=Reuters|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Saint Vincent dan Grenadine<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=11 Februari 2021|title=Public Health (Emergency Authorisation of COVID-19 Vaccine) Rules, 2021|url=https://www.gov.vc/images/pdf_documents/SRO-Public_Health_Emergency_Authorisation_of_Covid-19_Vaccine.pdf|website=Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|language=en|access-date=4 Maret 2021|archive-date=2021-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213124358/https://www.gov.vc/images/pdf_documents/SRO-Public_Health_Emergency_Authorisation_of_Covid-19_Vaccine.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
*Selandia Baru<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 Februari 2021|title=Robust assessment ahead of Medsafe approval of vaccine|url=https://www.health.govt.nz/news-media/media-releases/robust-assessment-ahead-medsafe-approval-vaccine|website=Ministry of Health NZ|language=en|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref>
* Singapura<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=14 Desember 2020|title=Singapore approves use of Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://apnews.com/article/science-singapore-coronavirus-pandemic-lee-hsien-loong-coronavirus-vaccine-5bf8461b9d2d32ec08d56fcf5958317a|work=AP NEWS|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Swiss<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 Desember 2020|title=Swissmedic grants authorisation for the first COVID-19 vaccine in Switzerland|url=https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/das-bag/aktuell/medienmitteilungen.msg-id-81761.html|website=Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic)|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Ukraina
*Uni Emirat Arab<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 2020|title=Dubai approves the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine which will be free of charge|url=https://emirateswoman.com/dubai-approves-the-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-free/|website=Emirates Woman|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Yordania<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=15 Desember 2020|title=Jordan approves Pfizer-BioNTech Covid vaccine|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201215-jordan-approves-pfizer-biontech-covid-vaccine|work=France 24|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
|
* Arab Saudi<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=10 Desember 2020|title=Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html#pfizer|website=New York Times|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Brazil<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brazil approves Pfizer COVID vaccine for widespread use|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-02-brazil-pfizer-covid-vaccine-widespread.html|website=medicalxpress.com|language=en|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref>
* Uni Eropa<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Comirnaty EPAR|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/comirnaty|website=European Medicines Agency|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=21 Desember 2020|title=EMA recommends first COVID-19 vaccine for authorisation in the EU|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-recommends-first-covid-19-vaccine-authorisation-eu|website=European Medicines Agency|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Norwegia
* Islandia
* Kepulauan Faroe
* Greenland
* Serbia
* Malaysia<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|via=MSN|title=Khairy: Malaysia can use Pfizer’s Covid-19 vaccine now as conditional registration granted|url=https://www.msn.com/en-my/news/national/khairy-malaysia-can-use-pfizer-e2-80-99s-covid-19-vaccine-now-as-conditional-registration-granted/ar-BB1czVUU|work=Malay Mail|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[mRNA-1273]]'''
 
 
[[Moderna]], [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease|NIAID]], [[Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority|BARDA]], [[Koalisi Inovasi Kesiapsiagaan Epidemi|CEPI]]
|
* Amerika Serikat<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=18 Desember 2020|title=FDA Takes Additional Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for Second COVID-19 Vaccine|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid|website=Food and Drug Administration|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Arab Saudi<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=18 Januari 2021|title=AstraZeneca and Moderna vaccines to be administered in Saudi Arabia|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/astrazeneca-and-moderna-vaccines-to-be-administered-in-saudi-arabia-1.76573439|work=Gulf News|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Britania Raya<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 Januari 2021|title=Conditions of Authorisation for COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-covid-19-vaccine-moderna/conditions-of-authorisation-for-covid-19-vaccine-moderna|website=Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Israel<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=4 Januari 2021|title=Israeli Ministry of Health Authorizes COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna for Use in Israel|url=https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/israeli-ministry-health-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-moderna-use|website=modernatx.com|access-date=14 Januari 2021|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122131221/https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/israeli-ministry-health-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-moderna-use|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* Kanada<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 November 2020|title=Regulatory Decision Summary - Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine - Health Canada|url=https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00736|website=Health Canada, Government of Canada|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Saint Vincent dan Grenadines<ref name=":7" />
*Singapura<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 Februari 2021|title=Singapore approves Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine in Asia first|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-singapore-idUSKBN2A30ZM|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Swiss<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 Januari 2021|title=Swissmedic grants authorisation for the COVID-19 vaccine from Moderna|url=https://www.swissmedic.ch/swissmedic/en/home/news/coronavirus-covid-19/zulassung-covid-19-impfstoff-moderna.html|website=Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic)|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Vietnam<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 Februari 2021|title=Vietnam approves Russian Sputnik V vaccine|url=https://tass.com/society/1260545|website=TASS|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
|
* Uni Eropa<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=6 Januari 2021|title=European Commission authorises second safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_3|website=European Commission|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Norwegia
* Islandia
* Kepulauan Faroe
* Greenland
|-
|'''[[Gam-COVID-Vac]]''' (Sputnik V)
 
 
[[Institut Riset Epidemiologi dan Mikrobiologi Gamaleya]]
|
* Aljazair<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=10 Januari 2021|title=Covid19: National Pharmaceuticals Agency registers Sputnik V vaccine|url=https://www.aps.dz/en/health-science-technology/37478-covid19-national-pharmaceuticals-agency-registers-sputnik-v-vaccine|work=Algeria Press Service|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Argentina<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=24 Desember 2020|title=UPDATE 1-Argentina approves Russia's Sputnik COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-vaccine-argentina-idUSL1N2J31RO|work=Reuters|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Armenia<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 Februari 2021|title=Armenia approves Russia's Sputnik V coronavirus vaccine - Russia's RDIF|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-arm-idUSKBN2A12PX|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Bahrain<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 Februari 2021|title=Bahrain authorises Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use - Bahrain TV|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-bahrain-vaccine-int-idUSKBN2AA1GW|newspaper=Reuters|language=en-US|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Belarus<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=21 Desember 2020|title=Belarus registers Sputnik V vaccine, in first outside Russia - RDIF|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-belarus/belarus-registers-sputnik-v-vaccine-in-first-outside-russia-rdif-idINKBN28V0ZG|work=Reuters|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Bolivia<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=7 Januari 2021|title=Bolivia has registered Sputnik V vaccine based on Russian clinical trial data|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/bolivia-registered-sputnik-v-vaccine-171300156.html|work=Yahoo Finance|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Gabon<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 Februari 2021|title=Russia’s Sputnik V authorized in Gabon|url=https://tass.com/world/1257681|website=TASS|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Ghana<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 Februari 2021|title=Ghana approves Russia's Sputnik V vaccine for emergency use - RDIF|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-gha-idUSKBN2AK0AC|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Guatemala<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menchu|first=Sofia|date=24 Februari 2021|title=Guatemala to receive Russia's Sputnik vaccine in coming weeks|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-guatemala-vaccine-idUSL4N2KU0D6|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Guinea<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=31 Desember 2020|title=Guinea Begins Administering Russia's Sputnik V Covid-19 Vaccine|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/12/31/guinea-begins-administering-russia-s-sputnik-v-covid-19-vaccine/|work=africanews|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Honduras<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 Februari 2021|title=Honduras approves use of Sputnik V vaccine against COVID-19|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-02/25/c_139764745.htm|website=Xinhua|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Hungaria<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Than|first=Krisztina|last2=Komuves|first2=Anita|date=21 Januari 2021|title=Hungary gives initial approval for AstraZeneca and Sputnik V vaccines|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-hungary-vaccine/hungarian-drug-regulator-approves-sputnik-v-vaccine-website-idUSKBN29P2DK|work=Reuters|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Irak<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 Maret 2021|title=Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine authorized in Iraq|url=https://tass.com/economy/1262891|website=TASS|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Iran<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 Januari 2021|title=Iran approves Russian coronavirus vaccine Sputnik V|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-iran-idUSKBN29V1A8|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Kazakhstan<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 Februari 2021|title=Kazakhstan approves Russia's Sputnik V vaccine for use - govt|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/healthcoronavirus-vaccine-russia-kazakhs-idUSS0N2IK00C|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Laos<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 maret 2021|title=Laos becomes 44th country to register Russian vaccine Sputnik V|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2021/03/07/laos-becomes-44th-country-to-register-russian-vaccine-sputnik-v|website=The Star|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Lebanon<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 Februari 2021|title=Lebanon authorises emergency use of Russia's Sputnik V vaccine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-lebanon-vaccine-int-idUSKBN2A522Z|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Meksiko<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 Februari 2021|title=Mexico, Germany warm to Russia's Sputnik V virus vaccine|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/02/03/mexico-germany-warm-to-russias-sputnik-v-virus-vaccine-.html|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
 
*Mesir<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 Februari 2021|title=COVID-19: Egypt authorises Sputnik V, AstraZeneca virus jabs|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/covid-19-egypt-authorises-sputnik-v-astrazeneca-virus-jabs-1.1614189861208|website=Gulf News|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Mongolia<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 Februari 2021|title=Mongolia approves Russia's Sputnik V vaccine against COVID-19|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-mongol-idUSL1N2KF1DC|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Montenegro<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 Februari 2021|title=Montenegro and St. Vincent approve Russia's Sputnik V vaccine - RDIF|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-mon-idUSKBN2AC0QZ|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Myanmar<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 Februari 2021|title=Myanmar registers Russia’s Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://tass.com/world/1253415|website=TASS|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Nikaragua<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 Februari 2021|title=Nicaragua approves Russia's Sputnik V vaccine against COVID-19 - TASS|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-russia-nicaragua-idUSR4N2JA011|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 Februari 2021|title=Pakistan approves Russia’s Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use|url=https://arab.news/zjrdm|website=Arab News|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Palestina<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rasgon|first=Adam|date=11 Januari 2021|title=The Palestinian Authority authorizes use of Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/world/the-palestinian-authority-authorizes-use-of-russias-sputnik-v-vaccine.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Paraguay<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 Januari 2021|title=Paraguay approves Russia's Sputnik V vaccine: RDIF|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-paragu/paraguay-approves-russias-sputnik-v-vaccine-rdif-idUSR4N2J303Y|work=Reuters|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Rusia<ref>{{Cite news|first=|date=5 Desember 2020|title=Covid: Russia begins vaccinations in Moscow|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55198166|work=BBC|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Saint Vincent dan Grenadines<ref name=":7" />
*San Marino<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 Februari 2021|title=Sputnik V vaccine registered in San Marino|url=https://tass.com/economy/1258499|website=TASS|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Serbia
*Slowakia<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 Maret 2021|title=Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine registered in Slovakia|url=https://tass.com/society/1261591|website=TASS|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Sri Lanka<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shri Bimo|first=Edwin|date=4 Maret 2021|title=Sri Lanka Beri Ijin Penggunaan Darurat Vaksin Sputnik V Rusia|url=https://www.kompas.tv/article/152390/sri-lanka-beri-ijin-penggunaan-darurat-vaksin-sputnik-v-rusia|website=KOMPAS.tv|language=id|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Tunisia<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ben Bouazza|first=Bouazza|date=6 Februari 2021|title=Tunisia looks to Russia, Pfizer for vaccination program|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/tunisia-russia-pfizer-vaccination-program-75712709|website=ABC News|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Turkmenistan<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=21 Januari 2021|title=Russia’s Sputnik vaccine gets its first approval in the EU, greenlight from UAE amid ongoing trials|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/21/russias-sputnik-vaccine-gets-its-first-approval-in-the-eu-uae.html|work=CNBC|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Uni Emirat Arab<ref name=":4" />
*Venezuela
*Vietnam<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 Februari 2021|title=Vietnam approves Russia's Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine - Ifax|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-vietna-idUSR4N2KQ00E|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|'''[[CoronaVac]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Phase III, observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SARS-COV-2 inactivated vaccine in healthy adults aged 18–59 years in Indonesia|url=https://www.ina-registry.org/index.php?act=registry_trial_detail&code_trial=16202009080721WXFM0YX|website=Registri Penyakit Indonesia|access-date=4 Maret 2021|archive-date=2020-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084814/https://www.ina-registry.org/index.php?act=registry_trial_detail&code_trial=16202009080721WXFM0YX%2F|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
 
[[Sinovac Biotech|Sinovac]]
|
* Tiongkok (''awal'')<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=6 Desember 2020|title=China prepares large-scale rollout of domestically-produced coronavirus vaccines|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-china-prepares-large-scale-rollout-of-domestically-produced/|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Bolivia
* Indonesia<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=11 Januari 2021|title=BPOM Resmi Terbitkan Izin Darurat Vaksin Corona Sinovac|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20201221162146-20-584828/bpom-resmi-terbitkan-izin-darurat-vaksin-corona-sinovac|work=CNN Indonesia|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Turki<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=14 Januari 2021|title=Turki Restui Penggunaan Darurat Vaksin Sinovac|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20210114090942-120-593514/turki-restui-penggunaan-darurat-vaksin-sinovac|work=CNN Indonesia|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Brazil<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Fonseca|first=Jamie McGeever, Pedro|date=2021-01-18|title=Brazil clears emergency use of Sinovac, AstraZeneca vaccines, shots begin|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-idUSKBN29M0M3|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref>
*Chili<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 Januari 2021|title=Chile Beri Izin Penggunaan Darurat Vaksin Corona Sinovac|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20210121193352-134-596883/chile-beri-izin-penggunaan-darurat-vaksin-corona-sinovac|work=CNN Indonesia|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|'''[[AZD1222]]'''
 
 
[[Universitas Oxford]], [[AstraZeneca]], [[Koalisi Inovasi Kesiapsiagaan Epidemi|CEPI]]
|
* Britania Raya<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=30 Desember 2020|title=Oxford University/AstraZeneca vaccine authorised by UK medicines regulator|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-vaccine-authorised-by-uk-medicines-regulator|publisher=Department of Health and Social Care|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Argentina<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laing|first=Aislinn|date=31 Desember 2020|title=Argentine regulator approves AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccine -AstraZeneca|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-argentina-astrazen/argentine-regulator-approves-astrazeneca-oxford-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-idUSKBN29421P|work=Reuters|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* India<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Pasricha|first=Arjana|date=3 Januari 2021|title=India Approves AstraZeneca and Locally Developed Vaccine|url=https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/india-approves-astrazeneca-and-locally-developed-vaccine|work=VOA News|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Indonesia
* El Salvador<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=31 Desember 2020|title=El Salvador greenlights AstraZeneca, Oxford University COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-el-salvador-vaccin/el-salvador-greenlights-astrazeneca-oxford-university-covid-19-vaccine-idINKBN2942HQ|work=Reuters|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Republik Dominika
* Meksiko<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=5 Januari 2021|title=Mexico approves AstraZeneca vaccine for emergency use|url=https://apnews.com/article/health-coronavirus-pandemic-mexico-fc06d8d29aa28093488ccd6a40997d7d|work=AP News|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=4 Januari 2021|title=Oxford University-Astrazeneca vaccine: Bangladesh okays it for emergency use|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/oxford-university-astrazeneca-vaccine-bangladesh-okays-it-emergency-use-2022381|work=The Daily Star|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Brazil<ref name=":5" />
*Hungaria<ref name=":3" />
*Nepal<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pal|first=Gopal Sharma, Alasdair|date=2021-01-15|title=Nepal approves AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-nepal-idUSKBN29K140|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref>
*Irak<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=19 Januari 2021|via=Yahoo News|title=Iraq approves Sinopharm, AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines for emergency use|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/iraq-approves-sinopharm-astrazeneca-covid-132845094.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS91cmw_c2E9dCZyY3Q9aiZxPSZlc3JjPXMmc291cmNlPXdlYiZjZD0mdmVkPTJhaFVLRXdpYXdzX0ZoYV91QWhWbXhEZ0dIZFFTQmFnUUZqQUNlZ1FJQWhBQyZ1cmw9aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZpbi5uZXdzLnlhaG9vLmNvbSUyRmlyYXEtYXBwcm92ZXMtc2lub3BoYXJtLWFzdHJhemVuZWNhLWNvdmlkLTEzMjg0NTA5NC5odG1sJnVzZz1BT3ZWYXcySFB1ODZhWjFDczVkYVFZSWxpNUw0&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANExjQoPMKJkgeVeBa8NMeJsChMdl1jsjJZzTrFpTZkI2NI38jEMqTp5GIRLEKl_AdzpoNOLX7Q16j2QCVxi5nvHyzmRfrGKBbwWACv-lbl6gWFWDxXZQ6knFCXTFRyC3e8XWik0oNuFkQd_oPXxNk8BJQrj7_RcG64o6vH4UIL7|work=ANI|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Pakistan<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shahzad|first=Asif|date=2021-01-16|title=Pakistan approves AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-pakistan-astrazene-idUKKBN29L0DO|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref>
*Arab Saudi<ref name=":2" />
|
|-
|'''[[BBIBP-CorV]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Phase III clinical trial for inactivated novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) vaccine (Vero cells)|url=http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=56651|website=Chinese Clinical Trial Registry|access-date=4 Maret 2021|archive-date=2020-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084800/http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=56651%2F|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
 
[[China National Pharmaceutical Group|Sinopharm]]: Beijing Institute of Biological Products,
 
Wuhan Institute of Biological Products
|
* Mesir<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abu Zaid|first=Muhammad|date=3 Januari 2021|title=Egypt approves Chinese Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1786531/middle-east|work=Arab News|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Yordania<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 Januari 2021|title=Jordan approves China's Sinopharm Covid vaccine|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210109-jordan-approves-china-s-sinopharm-covid-vaccine|work=France 24|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Irak<ref name=":6" />
*Pakistan<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shahzad|first=Asif|date=2021-01-19|title=Pakistan approves Chinese Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-pakistan-sinopharm-idUSKBN29O049|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref>
*Serbia<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 Januari 2021|title=Serbia receives million doses of China's Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-serbia-china-vaccine/serbia-receives-million-doses-of-chinas-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-idUSL8N2JR06X|work=Reuters|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
|
* Uni Emirat Arab<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=14 September 2020|title=UAE announces emergency approval for use of COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-emirates-vaccine/uae-announces-emergency-approval-for-use-of-covid-19-vaccine-idUSKBN2652OM|work=Reuters|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref>
* Bahrain
* Tiongkok<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=31 Desember 2020|title=Covid-19: China approves Sinopharm vaccine for general use|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55498197|work=BBC|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[BBV152]]''' (Covaxin)
 
 
[[Bharat Biotech]], [[Dewan Penelitian Medis India]]
|
* India (''monitored'')<ref name=":1" />
|
|-
|'''[[Ad5-nCoV]]''' (Convidicea)
 
 
[[CanSino Biologics]],
 
Beijing Institute of Biotechnology of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences
|
* Tiongkok (''awal'')<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=29 Juni 2020|title=CanSino's COVID-19 vaccine approved for military use in China|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Pharmaceuticals/CanSino-s-COVID-19-vaccine-approved-for-military-use-in-China|work=Nikkei Asia|access-date=15 Januari 2021|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307024418/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Pharmaceuticals/CanSino-s-COVID-19-vaccine-approved-for-military-use-in-China|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
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== Referensi ==
Baris 42 ⟶ 275:
[[Kategori:Vaksin]]
[[Kategori:Penelitian medis]]
[[Kategori:Pandemi COVIDCovid-19]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Vaksin_Covid-19"