Bencana Chernobyl: Perbedaan antara revisi

| image = [[Berkas:ChernobylIAEA Disaster02790015 (5613115146).jpg|267px]]

| caption = Reaktor nuklir4 setelah meledakbeberapa bulan. Reaktor 43 (tengah).dapat Bangunandilihat turbindi (kiribelakang bawah).tumpukan Reaktor 3 (kanan tengah).ventilasi

"'''Bencana Chernobyl'''", '''kecelakaan reaktor nuklir Chernobyl''', atau hanya "'''Chernobyl'''", adalah kecelakaan reaktor [[energi nuklir|nuklir]] terburuk dan terparah dalam sejarah. Pada tanggal 26 April 1986 pukul 01:23:40 pagi ([[UTC+3]]), reaktor nomor empat di [[Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Chernobyl]] yang terletak di [[Uni Soviet]] di dekat [[Pripyat, Ukraina|Pripyat]] di [[Ukraina]] meledak. Akibatnya, [[isotop radioaktif]] dalam jumlah besar tersebar ke atmosfer di seluruh kawasan Uni Soviet bagian barat dan Eropa. Bencana nuklir ini dianggap sebagai kecelakaan nuklir terburuk sepanjang sejarah, dan merupakan satu dari dua kecelakaan yang digolongkan dalam level 7 pada [[Skala Kejadian Nuklir Internasional]] (kecelakaan yang lainnya adalah [[Bencana nuklir Fukushima Daiichi]]).<ref name="BBCWorse">Black, Richard (12 April 2011) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13048916 ''Fukushima: As Bad as Chernobyl?''] BBC News.</ref> Jumlah pekerja yang dilibatkan untuk menanggulangi bencana ini sekitar 500.000 orang, dan menghabiskan dana sebesar 18 miliar rubel dan mempengaruhi ekonomi Uni Soviet.<ref>From interviews with [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[Hans Blix]] and [[Vassili Nesterenko]]. {{cite video |title=The Battle of Chernobyl |publisher=Discovery Channel}} Relevant video locations: 31:00, 1:10:00.</ref> Ribuan penduduk terpaksa diungsikan dari kotaKota iniChernobyl.

Sisa-sisa dari gedung reaktor No.4 ditutupi sebuah [[Sarkofagus Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Chernobyl|sarkofagus]] besar ([[pelindung radiasi]]) pada bulan Desember 1986, ketika bahan yang berada dalam reaktor telah memasuki fasafase [[Shutdown (reaktor nuklir)|''shut-down'']];. pelindung ini dibuat secepat mungkin sebagai ''[[occupational safety]]'' untuk pekerja reaktor lainnya di pembangkit listrik tersebut.<ref>[http://chernobylgallery.com/chernobyl-disaster/timeline/ Chernobyl Gallery timeline]</ref><ref name="Чернобыль, Припять, Чернобыльская АЭС и зона отчуждения">{{cite web |author=Чернобыль, Припять, Чернобыльская АЭС и зона отчуждения |url=http://www.chornobyl.in.ua/en/shelter.htm |title="Shelter" object description |publisher=Chornobyl.in.ua |accessdate=8 May 2012 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722200757/http://www.chornobyl.in.ua/en/shelter.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Bencana ini memicu [[RBMK#Perbaikan sejak insiden Chernobyl|peningkatan keamanan pada semua reaktor Soviet sisanya]]yang tersisa diseperti [[RBMK]] (Chernobyl No.4), di mana 11 diantaranya terus menyediakan listrik hingga tahun 2013.<ref>http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/appendices/rbmk-reactors.aspx RBMK Reactors

== UlasanIkhtisar ==

[[Berkas:ViewTschernobyl of2013 Chernobyl taken from Pripyat1.JPGjpg|kiri|jmpl|Kota hantu [[Pripyat, Ukraina|Pripyat]] dengan pembangkitPembangkit Chernobyl yangpada letaknyatahun tidak jauh.2013]]

Karena debu terus menerus dihasilkan, [[zona eksklusi|zona evakuasi]] diperbesar dari 10 menjadi 30&nbsp;km sekitar seminggu setelah insiden, mengakibatkan 68.000 penduduk lagi harus dievakuasi, termasuk dari [[Chernobyl|kota Chernobyl]] sendiri.<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55"/> Survei dan deteksi dari zona terisolasi menyebutkan bahwa total ada sekitar 135.000 orang pengungsi "jangka panjang".<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55"/> Jumlah ini naik hampir 3 kali lipat menjadi 350.000 orang pada dekade setelahnya, 1986-2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |format=PDF |title=Table 2.2 Number of people affected by the Chernobyl accident (to December 2000) |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=32 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 |archive-date=2017-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201120932/https://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |format=PDF |title=Table 5.3: Evacuated and resettled people |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=66 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 |archive-date=2017-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201120932/https://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Rusia, Ukraina, dan Belarusia terbebani dengan [[dekontaminasi]] terus menerus dan biaya kompensasi bulanan<ref name="spectrum.ieee.org"/><ref name="fee.org">[https://fee.org/articles/chernobyl-in-perspective/ Chernobyl in Perspective, James Peron, 2006]</ref><ref>[http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2006/4/article/liquidators-battle-death-and-apathy/205350.html/ "Now, liquidators must go to court routinely to get their monthly payments adjusted so that they keep up with inflation. While there are laws dictating that liquidators are entitled to cost-of-living adjustments, the Federal Employment Service does not increase compensation payments until ordered to do so by a court, liquidators said." By Anastasiya Lebedev Apr. 25 2006]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> akibat bencana Chernobyl.

Insiden ini juga meningkatkan perhatian mengenai [[budaya keamanan]] di industri tenaga nuklir Soviet, menurunkan pertumbuhan industri dan memaksa pemerintah untuk lebih terbuka mengenai prosedurnya.<ref name=Kagarlitsky>{{cite book |title=The New Detente: Rethinking East-West Relations |chapter=Perestroika: The Dialectic of Change|last=Kagarlitsky|first=Boris|editor=[[Mary Kaldor]] |editor2=Gerald Holden |editor3=[[Richard A. Falk]] |year=1989|publisher=United Nations University Press|isbn=0-86091-962-5}}</ref><ref name=Kagarlitsky group=notes>"No one believed the first newspaper reports, which patently understated the scale of the catastrophe and often contradicted one another. The confidence of readers was re-established only after the press was allowed to examine the events in detail without the original censorship restrictions. The policy of openness ([[glasnost]]) and 'uncompromising criticism' of outmoded arrangements had been proclaimed at the 27th Congress (of [[Communist Party of Soviet Union|KPSS]]), but it was only in the tragic days following the Chernobyl disaster that glasnost began to change from an official slogan into an everyday practice. The truth about Chernobyl that eventually hit the newspapers opened the way to a more truthful examination of other social problems. More and more articles were written about drug abuse, crime, corruption and the mistakes of leaders of various ranks. A wave of 'bad news' swept over the readers in 1986–87, shaking the consciousness of society. Many were horrified to find out about the numerous calamities of which they had previously had no idea. It often seemed to people that there were many more outrages in the epoch of [[perestroika]] than before although, in fact, they had simply not been informed about them previously." -Kagarlitsky pp. 333–334</ref> Pemerintah yang berusaha menutup-nutupi bencana ini menjadi "katalis" "catalyst" foruntuk [[glasnost]], yang "memuluskan jalan bagi reformasi yang berakhir pada kolapsnya Soviet".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chernobyl cover-up a catalyst for ‘glasnost’|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12403612/ns/world_news-europe/t/chernobyl-cover-up-catalyst-glasnost/|accessdate = 2015-06-21|date = 24 April 2006|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

== Catatan ==

* {{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Bernard Leonard|authorlink=Bernard Cohen (physicist)|title=The Nuclear Energy Option: An Alternative for the 90's|url=https://archive.org/details/nuclearenergyopt0000cohe|publisher=Plenum Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-306-43567-6|chapter=(7) The Chernobyl accident&nbsp;– can it happen here?}}

* {{Cite book|last=Medvedev|first=Zhores A.|authorlink=Zhores A. Medvedev|title=The Legacy of Chernobyl|url=https://archive.org/details/legacyofchernoby00medv|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1990|isbn=978-0-393-30814-3 |edition=Paperback. First American edition published in 1990}}

* {{Cite book|last=Read|first=Piers Paul|authorlink=Piers Paul Read|title=Ablaze! The Story of the Heroes and Victims of Chernobyl|url=https://archive.org/details/ablazestoryofher0000read|publisher=Random House UK (paperback 1997) |year=1993|isbn=978-0-7493-1633-4}}