Hillary Clinton: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(6 revisi perantara oleh 3 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 24:
|order2 =46
|president2 = [[Bill Clinton]]
|preceded2 = [[Barbara Pierce Bush]]
|succeeded2 = [[Laura Lane Welch Bush ]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1947|10|26}}
|birth_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]]
Baris 50:
 
== Biografi ==
Hillary Rodham dilahirkan di [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], dan dibesarkan dalam sebuah keluarga [[Methodist]] di [[Park Ridge, Illinois|Park Ridge]], [[Illinois]]. Ayahnya, [[Hugh Rodham, Sr.|Hugh Ellsworth Rodham]], seorang [[konvervatisme Amerika|konservatif]], adalah seorang eksekutif dalam industri tekstil, dan ibunya, [[Dorothy Emma Howell Rodham]], seorang [[ibu rumah tangga]]. Hillary mempunyai dua orang saudara lelaki, [[Hugh Rodham|Hugh]] dan [[Tony Rodham|Tony]]. Mantan [[duta besar]] AS untuk [[Britania Raya]], [[Philip Lader]], merujuk kepada minatnya yang mendalam kepada nenek moyangnya dari [[Wales]]<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.wales.gov.uk/assemblydata/390999540003C90C00000BBC00000000.html#Anerchiad%20gan%20Ei%20Ardderchowgrwydd%20Mr%20Philip%20Lader,%20Llysgennad%20Unol%20Daleithiau%20AmericaAddress%20by%20His%20Excellency%20Mr%20Philip%20Lader,%20Ambassador%20of%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America |title=Official Report of the Welsh Assembly 06/07/99] |access-date=2007-01-20 |archive-date=2005-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309050054/http://www.wales.gov.uk/assemblydata/390999540003C90C00000BBC00000000.html#Anerchiad%20gan%20Ei%20Ardderchowgrwydd%20Mr%20Philip%20Lader,%20Llysgennad%20Unol%20Daleithiau%20AmericaAddress%20by%20His%20Excellency%20Mr%20Philip%20Lader,%20Ambassador%20of%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
Lulus dari [[Sekolah Hukum Yale]] pada tahun 1973, ia pindah ke Arkansas pada tahun 1974 dan kemudian menikahi Bill Clinton pada 1975. Ia lalu menjadi rekan wanita pertama di Firma Hukum Rose pada tahun 1979 dan dua kali tercatat sebagai salah seorang dari 100 pengacara paling berpengaruh di Amerika. Dari tahun 1979 hingga 1981 dan 1981 hingga 1992 ia adalah Ibu Gubernur Arkansas dan aktif dalam sejumlah organisasi yang terkait dengan kesejahteraan anak-anak serta menjadi anggota direksi [[Wal-Mart]] dan beberapa perusahaan lainnya.
Baris 64:
{{main|Kampanye presiden Hillary Clinton 2016}}
{{Further information|Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat 2016|Calon presiden Partai Demokrat 2016|Pemilihan pendahuluan presiden Partai Demokrat 2016}}
Pada tanggal 12 April 2015, Clinton secara resmi mengumumkan pencalonan dirinya sebagai presiden di pemilu 2016.<ref name="nyt-2016-announ">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/13/us/politics/hillary-clinton-2016-presidential-campaign.html |title=Hillary Clinton Announces 2016 Presidential Bid |author=Chozick, Amy |work=The New York Times |date=April 12, 2015}}</ref> Dia memiliki kampanye yang sudah menunggu, termasuk jaringan donor yang besar, koperasi berpengalaman, dan komite aksi politik [[Ready for Hillary]] dan [[Priorities USA Action]], dan infrastruktur lainnya.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://time.com/933/can-anyone-stop-hillary/ |title=Can Anyone Stop Hillary? |author=Von Drehle, David |work=Time |date=January 27, 2014}}</ref> Markas kampanye didirikan di [[borough (Kota New York)|borough]] Kota New York [[Brooklyn]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/hillary-clinton-office-brooklyn-inside-look-120230|title=A peek inside Hillary Clinton's Brooklyn HQ|author=Karnie, Annie |work=Politico|date=July 16, 2015}}</ref> Fokus dari kampanyenya mencakup meningkatkan pendapatan kelas menengah, membuat [[prasekolah universal]] dan membuat kuliah lebih terjangkau, dan memperbaiki [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Undang-Undang Layanan Kesehatan Terjangkau]] (''Affordable Care Act'').<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hillary-clinton-mending-ties-liberals/ |title=This time around, Clinton aligns position with progressive Democrats |agency=Associated Press |publisher=PBS |date=April 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name="ap-pace"/> Awalnya dianggap sebagai favorit untuk memenangkan nominasi Partai Demokrat,<ref name="nyt-2016-announ"/> Clinton menghadapi tantangan tak terduga yang kuat dari Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] dari Vermont yang mengaku dirinya [[sosialisme demokratis|sosialis demokratis]], yang sikapnya selama ini menentang pengaruh perusahaan dan orang kaya dalam politik Amerika bergaung dengan warga yang tidak puas terganggu oleh efek [[ketimpangan pendapatan di Amerika Serikat]] dan kontras dengan hubungan Clinton dengan Wall Street.<ref name="nytap-wall-tiespace">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimesusnews.com/2016/01/22/usnews/politics/inarticles/2016-race01-defined30/america-byand-incomeits-gappolitics-hillaryin-clintonsflux-wallas-street2016-tiesvoting-incite-rivals.htmlbegins |title=HillaryFor Clintonsome Americans, politicians's Paidpromises Speechesof tochange Walland Streetdisruption Animatehave Hercome Opponentstoo slowly, or failed altogether |author=ConfessorePace, NicholasJulie |author2agency=Horowitz,Associated JasonPress |work=TheUSA New York TimesToday |date=January 2130, 2016}}</ref><ref name="apnyt-pacewall-ties">{{cite news |url=http://www.usnewsnytimes.com/news2016/politics01/articles22/2016us/politics/in-01race-30/americadefined-andby-itsincome-politicsgap-inhillary-fluxclintons-aswall-2016street-votingties-beginsincite-rivals.html |title=ForHillary some Americans, politiciansClinton's promisesPaid ofSpeeches changeto andWall disruptionStreet haveAnimate comeHer too slowly, or failed altogetherOpponents |author=PaceConfessore, JulieNicholas |agencyauthor2=AssociatedHorowitz, PressJason |work=USAThe TodayNew York Times |date=January 3021, 2016}}</ref>
 
Dalam kontes awal musim pendahuluan, Clinton memenangkan [[Kaukus Partai Demokrat Iowa 2016|kaukus Iowa Demokrat]] dengan sangat tipis, diadakan tanggal 1 Februari terhadap Sanders yang semakin populer,<ref name="whotv.com">{{cite news|url=http://whotv.com/2016/02/02/hillary-clinton-narrowly-defeats-bernie-sanders-in-iowa-democratic-caucuses/|title=All Precincts Reported: Clinton Defeats Sanders By Historically Small Margin|publisher=[[WHO-TV]]|author=Hepker, Aaron|date=February 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/bernie-sanders-iowa-results-gain-error-recount-hillary-clinton |title=Clinton hangs on in revised Iowa caucus results |work=The Hill |author=Richardson, Bradford |date=February 7, 2016}}</ref> membuatnya wanita pertama yang memenangkan kaukus Iowa.<ref name="whotv.com"/> Dalam pemilihan pendahuluan pertama, [[Pemilihan pendahuluan Partai Demokrat New Hampshire 2016|diadakan di New Hampshire]] pada 9 Februari, ia kalah dari Sanders dengan selisih yang besar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/09/politics/new-hampshire-primary-highlights/index.html |title=Outsiders sweep to victory in New Hampshire |author=Collison, Stephen |publisher=CNN |date=February 10, 2016}}</ref> Sanders adalah ancaman yang meningkat dalam kontes berikutnya, [[Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat 2016 di Nevada#Kaukus Partai Demokrat|kaukus Nevada]] pada tanggal 20 Februari,<ref name="pol-saved"/> tetapi Clinton berhasil memenangkan lima poin persentase, dibantu oleh berkampanye pada hari-hari akhir di kalangan pekerja kasino.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/20/politics/nevada-caucus-democrats-2016/index.html |title=Hillary Clinton takes Nevada in victory over Bernie Sanders |author=Reston, Maeve |publisher=CNN |date=February 21, 2016}}</ref> Clinton mengikuti itu dengan kemenangan telak di [[Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat 2016 di South Carolina#Pemilihan pendahuluan Partai Demokrat|pemilihan pendahuluan South Carolina]] pada tanggal 27 Februari.<ref name="pol-saved"/> Kedua kemenangan tersebut menstabilkan kampanyenya dan menunjukkan Clinton menghindari gejolak manajemen yang merugikan usahanya tahun 2008.<ref name="pol-saved">{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/03/how-clinton-saved-her-campaign-220165 |title=How Clinton hit the reset button on 2016 |author=Thrush, Glenn |author2=Karni, Annie |work=Politico |date=March 3, 2016}}</ref>
Baris 120:
{{Refbegin|22em|indent=yes}}
: {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Jonathan |last2=Parnes |first2=Amie |title=[[HRC: State Secrets and the Rebirth of Hillary Clinton]] |publisher=[[Crown Publishers]] |location=New York |year=2014 |isbn=0-8041-3675-0}}
: {{cite book|first=Dan |last=Balz |authorlink=Dan Balz |first2=Haynes |last2=Johnson |authorlink2 = Haynes Johnson |title=The Battle for America, 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election |url=https://archive.org/details/battleforamerica00balz_0 |publisher=[[Viking Penguin]] |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=0-670-02111-3}}
: {{Cite book |last=Bernstein |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Bernstein |title=A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton |url=https://archive.org/details/womaninchargelif0000bern_p6i0 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |location=New York |isbn=0-375-40766-9 |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Brock |first=David |authorlink=David Brock |title=The Seduction of Hillary Rodham |url=https://archive.org/details/seductionofhilla00broc |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|The Free Press]] |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=0-684-83451-0}}
: {{cite book |last=Brower |first=Kate Andersen |title=The Residence: Inside the Private World of The White House |url=https://archive.org/details/residenceinsidep0000brow |year=2015 |publisher=[[HarperCollins|Harper]] |location=New York |isbn=0-06-230519-0}}
: {{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Lisa M. |title=First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives |publisher=[[Northern Illinois University Press]] |location=DeKalb, Illinois |year=2008 |isbn=0-87580-391-1}}
: {{Cite book |last=Clinton |first=Hillary Rodham |title=[[Living History]] |location=New York|year=2003 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=0-7432-2224-5}}
: {{Cite book |last1=Gerth |first1=Jeff |authorlink1=Jeff Gerth |last2=Van Natta |first2=Don Jr. |authorlink2=Don Van Natta Jr. |title=Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton |url=https://archive.org/details/herwayhopesambit00gert |year=2007 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=New York |isbn=0-316-01742-6 |ref=harv}}
: {{cite book |last=Ghattas |first=Kim |authorlink=Kim Ghattas |title=The Secretary: A Journey with Hillary Clinton from Beirut to the Heart of American Power |url=https://archive.org/details/secretaryjourney0000ghat |publisher=[[Times Books]] |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=0-8050-9511-X}}
: {{Cite book |last1=Heilemann |first1=John |authorlink1=John Heilemann |last2=Halperin |first2=Mark |authorlink2=Mark Halperin |title=[[Game Change|Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=New York |year= 2010 |isbn=0-06-173363-6}}
: {{cite book |authorlink=Valerie M. Hudson|last=Hudson |first=Valerie M. |last2=Leidl |first2=Patricia |title=The Hillary Doctrine: Sex & American Foreign Policy |url=https://archive.org/details/hillarydoctrines0000huds|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |year=2015 |isbn=0-231-16492-0}}
: {{Cite book |last=Kornblut |first=Anne|authorlink=Anne Kornblut |title=Notes from the Cracked Ceiling: Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win |url=https://archive.org/details/notesfromcracked00korn |publisher=[[Crown Books]] |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=0-307-46425-3}}
: {{Cite book |last=Maraniss |first=David |authorlink=David Maraniss |title=First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton |url=https://archive.org/details/firstinhisclassb00mara |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=0-671-87109-9 |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Roger |authorlink=Roger Morris (American writer) |title=Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America |url=https://archive.org/details/partnersinpowerc00morrrich |year=1996 |location=New York|publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company|Henry Holt]] |isbn=0-8050-2804-8 |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book|last=Norton|first=Greg|title=Hillary For Prison: The Ugly Truth About Hillary Clinton Mainstream Media Does Not Want You to Know|date=2016|publisher=Greg Norton|url=https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=IrkXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PP6&dq=Hillary+for+prison&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY3P7Q7pzQAhWG1RoKHcyEB8wQ6AEIGTAA#v=onepage&q=Hillary%20for%20priso&f=false}}
: {{Cite book |last=Olson |first=Barbara |authorlink=Barbara Olson |title=Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton |url=https://archive.org/details/helltopayunfoldi00olso |location=Washington|publisher=[[Regnery Publishing]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-89526-197-9}}
: {{Cite book |last=Troy |first=Gil |authorlink=Gil Troy |title=Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady |url=https://archive.org/details/hillaryrodhamcli00gilt |location=Lawrence, Kansas|publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-7006-1488-5}}
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