Penggurunan: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif

← Revisi sebelumnya

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

VisualTeks wiki

Revisi per 14 November 2020 02.39 sunting Bebasnama (bicara \| kontrib) 4.173 suntingan Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 27 Juli 2023 07.34 sunting balikkan Future Changer ID (bicara \| kontrib) 720 suntingan →‎Penyebab: Pengubahan istilah Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan
(5 revisi perantara oleh 2 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 14: Penggurunan memainkan peran penting dalam sejarah manusia, yang menyumbang pada keruntuhan beberapa kerajaan besar seperti [[Kartagena]], [[Yunani]], dan [[kerajaan Romawi\|Romawi]], dan menyebabkan perpindahan penduduk dalam skala besar.<ref name="Geist-2005-p4" /><ref>{{cite book\|author=Whitford, Walter G.\|title=Ecology of desert systems\|publisher=Academic Press\|year=2002\|isbn=978-0-12-747261-4\|page=277\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OZ4hZbXS8IcC&pg=PA277}}</ref><ref>Bogumil Terminski (2011), Towards Recognition and Protection of Forced Environmental Migrants in the Public International Law: Refugee or IDPs Umbrella, Policy Studies Organization (PSO), Washington.</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Geist\|first=Helmut\|title=The causes and progression of desertification\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=acbWdynlU3cC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=desertification+and+its+effect+on+ancient+civilisations&source=bl&ots=5kLznD1bv-&sig=pd8eodCyZuBl_KH4MQHyfx9QKsY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gVHYUfnIM4bmigLAzoHwCw&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=desertification%20and%20its%20effect%20on%20ancient%20civilisations&f=false\|work=Antony Rowe Ltd\|publisher=Ashgate publishing limited\|accessdate=6 Juli 2013}}</ref> Lahan kering menutupi 40-41% luas lahan di bumi<ref>Bauer (2007), [http://books.google.com/books?id=mR3E4xJFNw0C&pg=PA78 p. 78]</ref><ref name="johnson-1">Johnson et al (2006), [http://books.google.com/books?id=da6vhzHEpf0C&pg=PA1 p. 1]</ref> dan menjadi rumah bagi 2 miliar penduduk.<ref name="johnson-1" /> Diperkirakan 10-20% lahan kering telah terdegradasi.<ref name="holtz">[{{Cite web \|url=http://www.unccd.int/cop/cop8/docs/parl-disc.pdf \|title=Holtz (2007)] \|access-date=2013-11-09 \|archive-date=2016-05-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509022901/http://www.unccd.int/cop/cop8/docs/parl-disc.pdf \|dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author=World Bank\|title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook\|publisher=World Bank Publications\|year=2009\|isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7\|page=454\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454}}</ref> Hingga tahun 1998, perluasan ke arah selatan Padang Pasir Sahara tidak diketahui karena kurangnya pengukuran perluasan ketika itu.<ref>[http://portal.iri.columbia.edu/~alesall/ouagaCILSS/articles/sen_bams1998.pdf IRI – International Research Institute for Climate and Society<!-- Judul yang dihasilkan bot -->]</ref> Tiga lokasi utama yang menjadi pusat peradaban pada zaman dahulu, yaitu Mediterania, Mesopotamia, dan dataran tinggi loessial di Tiongkok sebelumnya merupakan kawasan padat penduduk hingga penggurunan terjadi.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Dregne\|first=H.E.\|title=Desertification of Arid Lands\|url=http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html\|publisher=Columbia University\|accessdate=3 Desember 2013}}</ref> Baris 21: [[Berkas:Cabrasnortechico.JPG\|jmpl\|ka\|250px\|Sekawanan [[kambing]] di [[Norte Chico, Cili\|Norte Chico]], [[Cili]]. [[Penggembalaan hewan]] yang berlebihan merupakan salah satu penyebab utama penggurunan]] Penyebab utama penggurunan adalah menghilangnya vegetasi yang terjadi karena berbagai hal seperti kekeringan, perubahan iklim, aktivitas pertanian, penggembalaan hewan berlebih, dan [[~~pengawahutanan~~penggundulan hutan]]. Vegetasi memainkan peran penting dalam menentukan komposisi biologis dari tanah. Sebuah kajian menunjukan bahwa di berbagai lingkungan, laju pengikisan dan aliran air permukaan berkurang secara eksponensial dengan meningkatnya luas tutupan vegetasi.<ref>{{cite book\|authors=Geeson, Nichola et al\|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|year=2002\|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9\|page=58\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58}}</ref> Permukaan lahan kering yang tidak terlindungi akan tertiup oleh angin atau tersapu oleh banjir bandang, meninggalkan lapisan tanah yang tidak subur dan terpanggang oleh cahaya matahari dan tidak menjadi produktif. Namun, sebuah penelitian lain menunjukan bahwa pergerakan hewan ternak dan hewan liar menjadi faktor penentu utama dalam mempertahankan vegetasi dan kualitas tanah, dan menghilangnya hewan ternak dan hewan liar menjadi salah satu penyebab penggurunan.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Savory\|first=Allan\|title=Allan Savory: How to green the world's deserts and reverse climate change\|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Savory\|first=Allan\|title=Holistic resource management: a conceptual framework for ecologically sound economic modelling\|url=http://www.savoryinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ISEE_economic_modeling_paper.pdf\|work=Ecological Economics\|publisher=Elsevier Science Publishers\|accessdate=10 Maret 2013\|archive-date=2013-05-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523200348/http://www.savoryinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ISEE_economic_modeling_paper.pdf\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last=Butterfield\|first=Jody\|title=Holistic Management Handbook: Healthy Land, Healthy Profits, Second Edition\|year=2006\|publisher=Island Press\|isbn=1559638850}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Savory\|first=Allan\|title=Response to request for information on the "science" and "methodology" underpinning Holistic Management and holistic planned grazing\|url=http://www.savoryinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Science-Methodology-Holistic-Mgt_Update_March.pdf\|work=Savory Institute\|accessdate=10 Maret 2013\|archive-date=2013-05-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523074713/http://www.savoryinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Science-Methodology-Holistic-Mgt_Update_March.pdf\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Mitigasi dan pencegahan == Baris 28: Metode untuk mitigasi atau membalikkan efek penggurunan telah diusulkan, tetapi terdapat halangan dalam menerapkannya. Salah satunya adalah praktik [[pertanian berkelanjutan]] yang diketahui mampu mengurangkan penggurunan, terkadang membutuhkan biaya melebihi keuntungan [[petani]]. Masalah lainnya adalah rendahnya motivasi politik dan pembiayaan dalam [[reklamasi lahan]] dan program antipenggurunan.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Briassoulis, Helen\|title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification\|publisher=Ashgate Publishing\|year=2005\|isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5\|page=237\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> Penggurunan dikenal sebagai masalah utama terhadap [[keanekaragaman hayati]]. Beberapa negara telah mengembangkan ''[[Biodiversity Action Plan\|Rencana Tindakan Keanekaragaman Hayati]]'' untuk mencegah efek tersebut, terutama demi melindungi spesies [[flora]] dan [[fauna]] yang terancam.<ref>Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie</ref><ref>[{{Cite web \|url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html \|title=Desert reclamation projects] \|access-date=2013-11-10 \|archive-date=2009-01-03 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Reforestasi\|Penghutanan kembali]] mampu mencegah penggurunan dari akar permasalahannya, yaitu [[pengawahutanan]]. Berbagai organisasi lingkungan seperti [[Eden Reforestation Projects]]<ref>[http://edenprojects.org/ Eden Reforestation Projects].</ref> bekerja pada ruang lingkup tempat pengawahutanan dan penggurunan menyumbang pada [[kemiskinan]]. Mereka fokus pada pembinaan masyarakat setempat mengenai pengawahutanan dan memberdayakan mereka untuk menumbuhkan [[bibit]] yang ditanam pada musim hujan di lahan yang telah ditebang habis.<ref>{{USGovernment\|sourceURL=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/}}</ref> Baris 67: * {{cite book\|authors=Hartman, Ingrid\|chapter=Desertification\|editor=Philander, S. George\|title=Encyclopedia of global warming and climate change, Volume 1\|publisher=SAGE\|year=2008\|isbn=978-1-4129-5878-3\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mNoW858izZcC&pg=PA312}} * {{Cite book\|authors=Hinman, C. Wiley & Hinman, Jack W.\|title=The plight and promise of arid land agriculture\|publisher=Columbia University Press\|year=1992\|isbn=978-0-231-06612-9\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dMmEjsySvrUC}} * Holtz, Uwe (2007) ''[http://www.unccd.int/cop/cop8/docs/parl-disc.pdf Implementing the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification from a parliamentary point of view - Critical assessment and challenges ahead] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509022901/http://www.unccd.int/cop/cop8/docs/parl-disc.pdf \|date=2016-05-09 }}'' * {{cite book\|editors=Johnson, Pierre Marc et al.\|title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation\|publisher=Ashgate Publishing\|year=2006\|isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=da6vhzHEpf0C}} * Lucke, Bernhard (2007): Demise of the Decapolis. Past and Present Desertification in the Context of Soil Development, Land Use, and Climate. Online at [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus-3431] * {{cite book\|author=Mensah, Joseph\|chapter=Desertification\|editor=Leonard, Thomas M.\|title=Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|year=2006\|isbn=978-0-415-97662-6\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&pg=PA452}} * [[Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]] (2005) [http://millenniumassessment.org//proxy/document.355.aspx ''Desertification Synthesis Report''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614063156/http://millenniumassessment.org/proxy/document.355.aspx \|date=2006-06-14 }} * [[William G. Moseley\|Moseley, W.G.]] and E. Jerme 2010. “Desertification.” In: Warf, B. (ed). Encyclopedia of Geography. Sage Publications. Volume 2, pp. 715–719. * {{cite book\|editor=Oliver, John E.\|chapter=Desertification\|title=Encyclopedia of world climatology\|publisher=Springer\|year=2005\|isbn=978-1-4020-3264-6\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-mwbAsxpRr0C&pg=PA319}} Baris 77: * Reynolds, James F., and D. Mark Stafford Smith (ed.) (2002) ''Global Desertification – Do Humans Cause Deserts?'' Dahlem Workshop Report 88, [[Berlin]]: Dahlem University Press * Stelt, Sjors van der (2012) ''Rise and Fall of Periodic Patterns for a Generalized Klausmeier-Gray-Scott Model'', PhD Thesis University of Amsterdam * UNCCD (1994) [http://www.unccd.int/convention/text/convention.php United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124002610/http://www.unccd.int/convention/text/convention.php \|date=2011-01-24 }} * {{USGovernment\|sourceURL=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/}} == Pranala luar == * Beyerlin, Ulrich. [http://www.mpepil.com/sample_article?id=/epil/entries/law-9780199231690-e1571&recno=5& Desertification], Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law * {{cite web \| title=City-swallowing Sand Dunes \| url=http://exploration.nasa.gov/articles/06dec_dunes.html \| first=Trudy \| last=Bell \| coauthors=Phillips, Tony, Dr. \| date=December 6, 2002 \| publisher=[[NASA]] \| accessdate=2006-04-28 \| archive-date=2006-06-19 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619162413/http://exploration.nasa.gov/articles/06dec_dunes.html \| dead-url=yes }} * [http://www.dri.edu/ Desert Research Institute] in Nevada, United States * [http://www.theenvironmentalblog.org/environmental-issues/ Environmental Issues] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111153436/http://www.theenvironmentalblog.org/environmental-issues/ \|date=2012-01-11 }} - Desertification in Africa, The Environmental Blog * [http://www.eden-foundation.org/project/desertif.html Eden Foundation article on desertification] * [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/drylands/index.htm FAO Information Portal - Properties and Management of Drylands] * [[UNEP]] (2006): [http://www.unep.org/geo/gdoutlook/ ''Global Deserts Outlook''] {{Webarchive\|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080317073608/http://www.unep.org/geo/gdoutlook/ \|date=2008-03-17 }} * [http://www.unep.org/desertification/successstories/ UNEP ''Programme on Success Stories in Land Degradation/ Desertification Control''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921214105/http://www.unep.org/desertification/successstories/ \|date=2010-09-21 }} * [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification]] - [http://www.unccd.int/ Secretariat] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the ''United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Dersertification, Particularly in Africa'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law] * [http://www.desertrestore.org/ A guide for desert and dryland restoration] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116170155/http://www.desertrestore.org/ \|date=2011-11-16 }} by David A. Bainbridge * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu French Scientific Committee on Desertification (CSFD)] * [http://nocamels.com/2013/01/olive-trees-may-be-the-cure-for-desertification Olive Trees May Be The Answer To Desertification ] * [http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36750 Fighting Desertification Through Conservation] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313210051/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36750 \|date=2007-03-13 }} Report on a project to stop the advance of the Sahara in [[Algeria]] - [[Inter Press Service\|IPS]], 27 February 2007 [[Kategori:Desertifikasi\| ]] [[Kategori:Ilmu tanah lingkungan]] [[Kategori:Sejarah ~~geologi~~geologis ~~bumi~~Bumi]] [[Kategori:Paleoklimatologi]]