Agama asli Nusantara: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Aliran kepercayaan di Indonesia}}{{Konsep Tuhan}}

'''Agama asli Nusantara''' atau '''kepercayaanKepercayaan adat''' adalah [[agama|kepercayaan]]-agama suku (agama bersahaja atau etnis) [[pribumi]] yangsebelum telah ada sebelumadanya [[agama impor|agama-agama asing]] masuk ke [[Nusantara]].{{refn|group=catatan|name="Nusantara"|Gagasan "Nusantara" melingkupi wilayah [[Indonesia]], [[Timor Leste]], [[Brunei]], [[Singapura]], dan [[Malaysia Timur]].}}

Agama-agama asli Nusantara adalah agama/kepercayaan nenek moyangleluhur [[suku bangsa Austronesia]] serta [[Daftar suku bangsa di Papua|bangsa Papua]] yang telah ada di Nusantara sebelum masuk agama-agama asing dari [[subbenua India]] ([[Agama Hindu|Hindu]] dan [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]]), [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] ([[Islam]]), [[Portugis]] ([[Katolik|Kristen Katolik]]), [[Belanda]] ([[Kristen Protestan]]), dan [[Tiongkok]] ([[Agama Konghucu|Konghucu]]).{{sfnm|1a1=Subagya|1y=1969|1p=|2a1=Popov|2y=2017|2p=96}}

Untuk melegalkan status mereka, beberapa agama asli ([[Aluk Todolo]], [[Kaharingan]], [[Pemena]], dan [[Tolotang]]) pada tahun 1970-an dan 80-an berada di bawah naungan agama resmi Hindu sebagai aliran-alirannya (lihat tentang [[agama Hindu di Sulawesi]]).

* '''[[Adat Papua|Adat]] [[daftar suku bangsa di Papua|Papua]]''' ([[suku Asmat]] dll, [[Papua]]){{sfn|Popov|2017|p=96}}

* '''[[Aluk Todolo]]''' ([[suku Toraja]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]){{sfnm|1a1=Nooy-Palm|1y=1979|1p=|2a1=Nooy-Palm|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Nooy-Palm|3y=1987|3pp=565–67|4a1=Volkman|4y=1985|4p=|5a1=Segara|5y=2023|5p=}}<ref>{{Cite webcite news|url=http://makassar.tribunnews.com/2017/06/04/aluk-todolo-agama-lokal-toraja-yang-hampir-punah|title=Aluk Todolo, Agama Lokal Toraja yang Hampir Punah |websitework=Tribun Timur[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|access-date=08-04-2019|last=Rante|first=Yultin|language=id}}</ref>

* '''[[Arat Sabulungan]]''' ([[suku Mentawai]], teristimewa subsuku [[Sakuddei]], [[SumatraSumatera Barat]]){{sfnm|1a1=Schefold|1y=1980|1p=|2a1=Schefold|2y=1988|2pp=5–22}}

* '''[[Fanömba adu]]Bungan''' (suku [[sukuSuku Dayak Kenyah|Dayak NiasKenyah]], dan [[SumatraSuku Dayak Kayan|Dayak UtaraKayan]])

* '''[[Kaharingan]]''' ([[suku Dayak]], teristimewa [[Kalimantan Tengah]])'''{{sfnm|1a1=Schärer|1y=1963|1p=|2a1=Metcalf|2y=1987|2pp=290–92|3a1=Rousseau|3y=1998|3p=|4a1=Weinstock|4y=1983|4p=|5a1=Winzeler|5y=1993|5p=}}'''

* '''[[Momolianisme]]''' ([[suku Dayak Kadazan]]dusun, [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia Timur]]){{sfn|Evans|1953|p=}}

* '''[[ParmalimPemena]]''' ([[suku Batak]], teristimewa [[Karo|suku Batak TobaKaro]], [[SumatraSumatera Utara]]){{sfnm|1a1=Rodgers|1y=1987|1pp=81–83|2a1=PopovTambun|2y=20171952|2p=98}}

* '''[[Lalang Rondor Malesung|Tonaas Walian]]''' ([[suku Minahasa]], [[Sulawesi Utara]]){{sfn|Ensiklopedi Kepercayaan|2010|pp=382–83}}

Pada tahun 1980 umat agama ini berintegrasi dengan agama Hindu sebagai bagiannya ([[Majelis Besar Agama Hindu Kaharingan]], MBAHK). Akan tetapi, sebagian kecil mereka menentang integrasi dan berpaham Kaharingan sebagai agama mandiri, yaitu [[Majelis Agama Kaharingan Indonesia]] (MAKI) di Kalimantan Tengah {{sfn|Popov|2017|pp=76–77}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ombudsman.go.id/artikel/r/artikel--anggota-ombudsman-lakukan-pertemuan-dengan-sekda-kalteng-bahas-permohonan-pengurus-maki-agar-kaharingan-menjadi-agama-resmi-di-indonesia |title=Anggota Ombudsman Lakukan Pertemuan dengan Sekda Kalteng Bahas Permohonan pengurus (MAKI) Agar Kaharingan Menjadi Agama Resmi Di Indonesia |date=11-09-2019 |publisher=Ombudsman RI |access-date=09-12-2020}}</ref> serta [[Majelis Umat Kepercayaan Kaharingan Indonesia]] (MUKK Indonesia) di Kalimantan Selatan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://metro7.co.id/agama-kaharingan-diakui-mukk-kotabaru-kumpulkan-kepala-adat/ |title=Agama Kaharingan Diakui, MUKK Kotabaru Kumpulkan Kepala Adat |date=20-02-2019 |website=Metro7.co.id |access-date=09-12-2020 |archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227064115/https://metro7.co.id/agama-kaharingan-diakui-mukk-kotabaru-kumpulkan-kepala-adat/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

== ParmalimUgamo Malim dan Pemena ==

{{utama|ParmalimMitologi Batak|Ugamo Malim |Pemena}}

{{Further|Mitologi Bali|Agama Hindu Bali|Agama Hindu Jawa}}

Agama Hindu Bali (agama TurthaTirtha) serta agama Hindu Jawa, secara resmi sebagai ''agama Hindu Dharma'' berasal dari India, namun mengandung banyak kepercayaan dan upacara nenek moyangleluhur pribumi.{{sfnm|1a1=Belo|1y=1960|1p=|2a1=Geertz|2y=1973|2p=|3a1=LansingGonda|3y=19871975|3pp=45–491–54|4a1=HefnerLansing|4y=19891987|4p4pp=45–49|5a1=SuparyantoHefner|5y=20191989|5p=|6a1=Suparyanto|6y=2019|6p=}}

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Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een knielende man zit bij een stenen beeldje met een kris op de rug TMnr 10000889.jpg|Sembahyang, SumatraSumatera Utara

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* {{cite book|surname=SuparyantoSievers |given=Petrus A.|year=20191974 |title=Bhīma'sThe MisticalMystical Quest: As a ModelWorld of Javanese Spiritual GrowthIndonesia |place=[[Wien]]Baltimore; London|publisher=Lit[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|url=https://booksarchive.google.co.idorg/books?iddetails/mysticalworldofi0000siev|asin=k1atDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor B000Q1LA8E|isbn=978-3-643-90883-4 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|surname=VolkmanSuparyanto |given=Toby AlicePetrus |year=19852019 |title=FeastsBhīma's ofMistical HonorQuest: RitualAs anda ChangeModel inof theJavanese TorajaSpiritual HighlandsGrowth |place=Urbana[[Wien]] |publisher=[[Universitas Illinois|University of Illinois Press]]Lit |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=k1atDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor |isbn=978-3-643-90883-4 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|surname=WeinstockVolkman |given=JosephToby Alice |year=19831985 |title=KaharinganFeasts and the Luanganof DayaksHonor: ReligionRitual and IdentityChange in Centralthe EastToraja Borneo.Highlands Thesis (Ph.D.)|place=Urbana |publisher=[[Universitas CornellIllinois|Cornell University of Illinois Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/feastsofhonorrit0000volk|isbn= |ref=harv}}

* {{cite journalbook|last1surname=WessingWeinstock |first1given=RobertJoseph |last2year=Barendregt|first2=Bart1983 |title=TendingKaharingan and the Spirit’sLuangan ShrineDayaks: KanekesReligion and PajajaranIdentity in WestCentral JavaEast |date=2005Borneo. |pages=Thesis (Ph.D.) [[Universitas Cornell|volume=8|journal=MoussonsCornell University]] |url=http://moussons.revues.org/2199 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|editor-surname=Winzeler|editor-given=Robert L. |year=1993 |title=The Seen and the Unseen: Shamanism, Mediumship and Possession in Borneo |place=[[:en:Williamsburg, Va.|Williamsburg, Va.]] |publisher=Borneo Research Council|url= |isbn=978-0962956812 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|surname=Matthes |given=Benjamin F. |year=1872 |title=Over de bissoe’s of heidensche priesters en priesteessen der Boeginezen |trans-title=Tentang bissu atau pendeta pagan Bugis |language=nl |place=[[Amsterdam]] |publisher= |url= |ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |surname=Schefold |given=Reimar |authorlink=:en:Reimar Schefold |title=Spielzeug für die Seelen — Kunst und Kultur der Mentawai-Inseln (Indonesien) |trans-title=Mainan untuk Jiwa: seni dan budaya Mentawai (Indonesia) |year=1980 |place=Zürich |publisher=[[Museum Rietberg]] |language=de |isbn= |ref=harv}}