Kejatuhan Konstantinopel: Perbedaan antara revisi

* {{flagicon|Republic of Venice}} [[Girolamo Minotto]]<ref name="coursesa.matrix.msu.edu">[{{Cite web |url=http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/nicol.html |title=Donald Nicol. "Constantine XI and Mehmed II: the fall of Constantinople 1448-53"] |access-date=2014-10-02 |archive-date=2017-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517165055/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/nicol.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* 7,000<ref>{{cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |title=The Conquest of Constantinople, 1453 |url=https://archive.org/details/fallofconstantin0000runc |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1965 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fallofconstantin0000runc/page/85 85] |isbn=0-521-39832-0 }}</ref>

* 12,000<ref name="Military History">[{{Cite web |url=http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm# |title=Military History: Byzantine Ottoman Wars Fall of Constantinople] |access-date=2014-10-02 |archive-date=2015-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604120350/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

|url=https://archive.org/details/constantinopleen00nico |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2000 |page=[https://archive.org/details/constantinopleen00nico/page/n95 45] |isbn=1-84176-091-9 }}</ref>

|casualties1 = Total 4,000 terbunuh (termasuk militer dan sipil)<ref name="The Fall of Constantinople">{{cite book|last=Nicolle|first=David|title=The Fall of Constantinople: The Ottoman Conquest of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/fallconstantinop00nico_465|location=New York|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fallconstantinop00nico_465/page/n238 237], 238}}</ref><ref>Ruth Tenzel Fieldman, The Fall of Constantinople, Twenty-First Century Books, 2008, hlm. 99</ref>

* [[Berkas:CoatOfArmsOfJovanStefanovicBrankovic.png|22px]] [[Kedespotan Serbia]]<ref name="Military History">[http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm# Military History: Byzantine Ottoman Wars Fall of Constantinople]</ref>

* 70 kapal,<ref name="Nicolle 2000, hlm. 44">Nicolle 2000, hlm. &nbsp;44.</ref> 20 galley<ref>{{cite book |title=A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk |url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00uyar |first=Mesut |last=Uyar |first2=Edward J. |last2=Erickson |page=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00uyar/page/37 37] |year=2009 |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-98876-0 }}</ref><br />70 [[meriam]]<ref>Michael Lee Lanning: ''The Battle 100: The Stories Behind History's Most Influential Battles'', Sourcebooks, Inc., 2005, ISBN 1-4022-2475-3, pg&nbsp;139–140</ref> (14 kaliber besar dan 56 kaliber kecil)<ref>Saul S. Friedman: ''A history of the Middle East'', McFarland, 2006, ISBN 0-7864-5134-3, page 179</ref>

* 90 - 126 kapal <ref name="Military History">[http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm# Military History: Byzantine Ottoman Wars Fall of Constantinople]</ref>

|casualties2 = Tidak diketahui<ref name="coursesa.matrix.msu.edu">http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/nicol.html</ref>

'''JatuhnyaKejatuhan Konstantinopel''' ({{lang-gkm|Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως|Hálosis tís Konstantinoupóleos}}; {{lang-tr|İstanbul'un Fethi}}) adalah peristiwa jatuhnya ibu kota [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]]''', [[Konstantinopel]] ke tangan [[TurkiKesultanan Utsmaniyah]] yang dipimpin oleh [[Mehmed II]] (lebih dikenal dengan nama Muhammad al-Fatih)Sang Penakluk pada tanggal [[29 Mei]] [[1453]] ([[Kalender Julian]]), merupakan peristiwa penting yang merupakan salah satu penanda berakhirnya [[Abad Pertengahan]]. Pergantian kekuasaan dari Kekaisaran Romawi Timur kepada [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] ini menyebabkan jalur perdagangan antara [[Eropa]] dan [[Asia Barat]] di [[Laut Tengah]] terputus. Persediaan [[rempah-rempah]] untuk dunia [[Kristen]] yang dulunya bisa didapatkan di Konstantinopel tidak tersedia lagi karena konflik antar agama Kristen dan [[Islam]]. Para pedagang terpaksa mencari jalur lain ke sumber rempah-rempah dan hal tersebut membawa bangsa Eropa ke [[India]] dan kepulauan [[Nusantara]].

Mehmed membangun armada untuk mengepung kota dari laut (sebagian diawaki oleh pelaut [[Yunani]] dan [[Gallipoli]]).<ref name="Nicolle 2000"/> Menurut perkiraan kontemporer, kekuatan armada Turki Utsmani adalah terentang 100 kapal (Tedaldi), <ref name=Tedaldi/> 145 (Barbaro),<ref name=Barbaro/> 160 (Ubertino Pusculo),<ref name=Pusculo>Ubertino Pusculo, ''Constantinopolis'', 1464</ref> 200–250 (Isidore dari Kiev,<ref name=Isidoro/> Leonardo di Chio)<ref>Leonardo di Chio, ''Letter'', 930C.</ref> hingga 430 (Sphrantzes).<ref name=Sphrantzes/>Perkiraan modern yang lebih realistis memprediksikan kekuatan armada kapal adalah 126, khusus terdiri dari 6 kapal besar, kapal biasa 10, 15 kapal kecil, 75 perahu dayung besar, dan 20 kuda pengangkut.

Pasukan Utsmaniyah mendatangi [[Augusteum]], lapangan luas di depan gereja [[Hagia Sophia]] yang gerbang perunggunya dihalangi oleh kerumunan penduduk sipil di dalam bangunan yang mengharapkan bantuan dari Tuhan. Setelah pintunya didobrak, tentara Utsmaniyah memisahkan orang-orang berdasarkan kemungkinan harga mereka di pasar budak. [[Mehmed II]] mengizinkan pasukannya menjarah kota selama tiga hari sesuai adat.<ref name="runcimanfall">{{cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |title=The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 |url=https://archive.org/details/fallofconstantin0000unse |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge|year=1965|page=[https://archive.org/details/fallofconstantin0000unse/page/145 145]|edition=Canto|isbn=9780521398329}}</ref><ref>Smith, Michael Llewellyn, ''The Fall of Constantinople'', History Makers magazine No. 5, Marshall Cavendish, Sidgwick & Jackson (London).</ref> Para tentara memperebutkan sejumlah [[rampasan perang]].<ref name="Reinert283">{{cite book|last=Reinert|first=Stephen|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|location=New York|publisher= Oxford UP|year=2002|page=283}}&nbsp;..."the conquering sultan would quickly turn his attention to the more difficult task of rebuilding, repopulating and revitalizing the city."</ref> Menurut ahli bedah Venesia Nicolò Barbaro "sepanjang hari [[Bangsa Turki|pasukan Turk]] membantai banyak sekali orang Kristen di seluruh kota". Menurut Philip Mansel, ribuan penduduk sipil dibunuh dan 30.000 penduduk sipil [[perbudakan di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|diperbudak]] atau diusir.<ref name="mansel">{{cite book|last=Mansel|first=Philip|title=Constantinople: City of the World's Desire|year=1995|publisher=Hachette UK|isbn=0-7195-5076-9|page=79}}</ref><!--

== =Bacaan lanjutan lanjut===

[[Kategori:Sejarah TurkiKonstantinopel]]