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'''Kulit putih''' (seringkali masih dirujuk sebagai [[Ras Kaukasia|Kaukasia]]) adalah [[Ras manusia|klasifikasi ras]] manusia yang pada umumnya digunakan pada orang-orang mayoritas [[Kelompok etnik di Eropa|keturunan Eropa]]. Ini juga merupakan penentu [[Warna kulit manusia|warna kulit]], meskipun definisinya bisa beragam tergantung konteks, kebangsaan, [[etnisitas]] dan sudut pandang.
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Orang kulit putih
| region1 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop1 = 197.181.177
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=united%20states&hidePreview=false&tid=ACSDP1Y2018.DP05&vintage=2018&cid=DP05_0001E|title=ACS Demographic and Housing Unit Estimates|date=December 2019|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 13, 2020}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| pop2 = 141.668.567
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14598/RS|title=Russian in Russia|publisher=Joshua Project|accessdate=August 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>Out of the total 129,297,527 million Europeans, 117,319,000 are ethnic [[Russians]], and the other 11,978,527 million people are other [[Ethnic groups of Europe|European minorities]] within the territory of the Russian Federation, however an enlarged European population of 141,668,567 million people include the [[Russian Jews]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Azerbaijanis|Azeris]], [[Armenians]], [[Peoples of the Caucasus]], and [[Tatars]].</ref>
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| pop3 = 91.051.646
| ref3 = <ref name="ibge.gov.br 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf|date=8 November 2011|title=Censo Demográfi co 2010 Características da população e dos domicílios Resultados do universo|accessdate=12 July 2014}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop4 = 67.119.000
| ref4 = <ref name="Démographie">{{cite web|title=Démographie – Population au début du mois – France|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=001641607|website=Insee.fr|publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| pop5 = 62.482.000
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/Tables/migrant-status-sex.html|date=2017|title=Population|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| pop6 = 55.551.000
| ref6 = <ref name="Instat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.istat.it/it/files/2017/03/Indicatori-Demografici.pdf|title=Indicatori demografici Istat (Italian)}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| pop7 = 51.736.290
| ref7 = <ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls 2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales], Accessed 13 June 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbtable2.xls Table 2 - Ethnic groups, Scotland, 2001 and 2011 Scotlands Census published 30 September 2013], Accessed 13 June 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/2011-census-key-statistics-northern-ireland|title=2011 Census - Key Statistics for Northern Ireland|date=11 January 2017|website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency}}</ref>
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
| pop8 = 59.000.000
| ref8 = <ref name=CIA-Factbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html|title=The World Factbook: North America: Mexico: People and Society|publisher=The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|quote=mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European)|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups|title=Mexico: Ethnic groups|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=23 August 2017|postscript=: Ethnic composition (2010): 64.3% mestizo; 15% Mexican white; 10.5% detribalized Amerindian; 7.5% other Amerindian; 1% Arab; 0.5% Mexican black; 1.2% other.}}</ref><ref name="conapred21Marzo">{{cite web|url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf|title=21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial|trans-title=21 March: International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|language=es|publisher=[[National Council to Prevent Discrimination|CONAPRED]]|location=Mexico|page=7|date=2017|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="conapredEncuesta">{{cite book|url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/userfiles/files/Enadis-2010-RG-Accss-002.pdf|title=Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico|trans-title=National Survey on Discrimination in Mexico|language=es|publisher=CONAPRED|location=Mexico|date=June 2011|accessdate=24 August 2017}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Spain}}
| pop9 = 41.539.400
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/prensa/padron_prensa.htm|title=Official Population Figures of Spain. Population on 1 January 2013|publisher=INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística}}</ref>
| region10= {{flagcountry|Poland}}
| pop10 = 38.080.000
| ref10 = <ref name="stat">{{cite web|title=The national-ethnic affiliation in the population – The results of the census of population and housing in 2011|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf|accessdate=6 March 2013|author=Central Statistical Office|page=1|language=pl| date=January 2013 |author-link=Central Statistical Office (Poland)}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<!-- Empty references <ref name="gudaszewski"/><ref name="NSP 2011"/><ref name="Ludność"/-->
Pendeskripsian populasi sebagai "Kulit putih" yang dihubungkan dengan warna kulitnya kadang-kadang dapat ditemukan dalam etnografi Yunani-Romawi dan sumber kuno lain atau sumber dari Abad Pertengahan, namun masyarakat ini tidak memiliki gagasan apapun mengenai ras Kulit putih atau identitas pan-Eropa. Istilah "ras Kulit putih" atau "orang Kulit putih", didefinisikan dengan [[warna kulit terang|kulit terang]]nya di antara ciri-ciri fisik lain, istilah ini memasuki [[Bahasa di Eropa|bahasa-bahasa besar dari Eropa]] pada akhir abad ketujuh belas, di saat konsep "Kulit putih yang bersatu" memperoleh pengakuan lebih luas di [[Eropa]], dalam konteks [[perbudakan]] [[rasialisasi|ras]] dan [[status sosial]] di koloni-koloni Eropa. Ahli di bidang [[Ras manusia|ras]] membedakan konsep modern dari deskripsi pra-modern, yang berfokus pada ciri fisik daripada gagasan ras. Sebelum [[era modern]], tidak ada orang Eropa yang mengakui dirinya sebagai "Kulit putih", tetapi sebagai gantinya mendefinisikan rasnya berdasarkan garis keturunan, etnisitas, atau [[kebangsaan]].<ref>{{Cite book |quote=On both sides of the chronological divide between the modern and the pre-modern (wherever it may lie), there is today a remarkable consensus that the earlier vocabularies of difference are innocent of race. |last=Nirenberg |first=David |author-link=David Nirenberg|title=The Origins of Racism in the West |chapter=Was there race before modernity? The example of 'Jewish' blood in late medieval Spain |pages=232–264 |editor1-first=Miriam |editor1-last=Eliav-Feldon |editor2-first=Benjamin H. |editor2-last=Isaac |editor3-first=Joseph |editor3-last=Ziegler |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |date=2009 |chapter-url=http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521888554_frontmatter.pdf |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227110913/http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521888554_frontmatter.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| langs = [[Bahasa-bahasa di Eropa]] <small>({{bhs|Inggris}}, {{bhs|Prancis}}, {{bhs|Jerman}}, {{bhs|Italia}}, {{bhs|Spanyol}}, {{bhs|Portugis}}, {{bhs|Rusia}}, dll) </small>
Ahli [[antropologi]] kontemporer dan ilmuwan lainnya, sembari mengakui variasi nyata biologi manusia antara populasi manusia yang berbeda, mengakui konsep "ras Kulit putih" yang bersatu dan dapat dibedakan sebagai [[Konstruksionisme sosial|konstruksi sosial]] tanpa basis ilmiah.
| rels = [[File:P christianity.svg|18px]] Mayoritas [[Kristen]]<br><small>([[Katolik]], [[Protestan]], dan [[Orthodoks]])<br>[[Tidak beragama]]</small>
| related = [[Orang Eropa]], [[Indo-Eropa]], [[orang Asia Tengah]]
}}
== Lihat pula ==
'''Orang kulit putih''' atau '''orang Kaukasian''' merupakan istilah yang biasanya merujuk pada [[manusia]] yang memiliki ciri, setidaknya sebagian, dengan [[warna kulit manusia|pigmentasi kulit]] putih. Namun, daripada deskripsi terus terang tentang [[warna kulit]], istilah ''kulit putih'' lebih mengacu kepada [[kelompok etnis]] tertentu dan lebih berfungsi sebagai [[metafor]] untuk suatu "[[ras manusia]]". "Orang Kulit Putih" juga kadang-kadang disebut "[[ras Kaukasoid|orang Kaukasian]]".
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Kaukasoid]]
* [[Orang Criollo]]
* [[Demografi Eropa]]
* [[Kelompok etnik di Eropa]]
* [[Kelompok etnik di Asia Barat]]
* [[Diaspora Eropa]]
* [[Nasionalisme kulit putih]]
* [[Kebanggaan kulit putih]]
* [[Hak istimewa kulit putih]]
* [[Penurunan demografi kulit putih]]
* [[Teori konspirasi genosida kulit putih]]
* [[Supremasi kulit putih]]
* [[White flight]]
* [[Rasa bersalah orang kulit putih]]
* [[Identitas kulit putih]]
{{Div col end}}
==Pranala luar==
Definisi "orang Kulit putih" yang paling sering digunakan adalah orang yang memiliki tampang keturunan Eropa yang jelas. Namun, definisi "orang Kulit putih" berbeda-beda menurut konteks geografis dan historis, dan sejumlah konsep ''warna putih'' berdampak pada identitas nasional, [[konsanguitas]], [[doktrin kebijakan publik (konflik hukum)|kebijakan publik]], [[agama]], [[sensus|statistik populasi]], [[pemisahan ras]]/[[tindakan persetujuan]], [[egenika]], [[marginalisasi]] [[ras]], dan [[pembagian kuota|kuota rasial]]. Konsep ini telah diterapkan dengan sekian derajat formalitas dan konsistensi internal dalam berbagai [[bidang ilmu]], seperti [[sosiologi]], [[politik]], [[genetika]], [[biologi]], [[kedokteran]], [[biomedik]], [[bahasa]], [[budaya]], dan [[hukum]].
*{{Commons category-inline|White (human racial classification)}}
{{Authority control}}
== Sejarah istilah ==
Paham "orang Kulit putih" atau "ras Kulit putih" sebagai kelompok [[populasi]] yang dibedakan dari "orang Kulit berwarna" muncul pada abad ke-17. Namun deskripsi [[pragmatis]] yang mengatakan kelompok manusia sebagai "putih" dengan mengacu pada warna kulitnya adalah lebih dini dan ditemukan dalam naskah [[etnografi]]s Yunani dan Romawi kuno dan juga sumber-sumber kuno lain.
[[Category:Ras manusia]]
== Referensi ==
[[Category:Warna kulit manusia|Kulit putih]]
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kulit putih| ]]
== Bibliografi ==
* Allen, Theodore, ''The Invention of the White Race'', 2 vols. (London: Verso, 1994)
* Bonnett, Alastair ''White Identities: Historical and International Perspectives'' (Harlow, Pearson, 2000)
* Brodkin, Karen, ''How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America'', Rutgers, 1999, ISBN 0-8135-2590-X.
* Foley, Neil, ''The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)
* Gossett, Thomas F., ''Race: The History of an Idea in America,'' New ed. (New York: Oxford University, 1997)
* Guglielmo, Thomas A., ''White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago'', 1890-1945, 2003, ISBN 0-19-515543-2
* Hannaford, Ivan, ''Race: The History of an Idea in the West'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1996)
* Ignatiev, Noel, ''How the Irish Became White'', Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-91825-1.
* Jackson, F. L. C. (2004). Book chapter: ''[http://cshd.tamu.edu/pdfFiles/jackson.pdf Human genetic variation and health: new assessment approaches based on ethnogenetic layering]'' ''British Medical Bulletin 2004; 69: 215–235'' DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldh012. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
* Jacobson, Matthew Frye, ''Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race'', Harvard, 1999, ISBN 0-674-95191-3.
* Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). ''The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story''. Constable and Robinson Ltd., London. ISBN 978-1-84529-185-7.
* Rosenberg NA, Mahajan S, Ramachandran S, Zhao C, Pritchard JK, et al. (2005) ''Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure. PLoS Genet'' ''1(6):'' e70 {{doi|10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070}}
* Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, Kidd KK, et al. (2002) ''Genetic structure of human populations. Science'' ''298:'' 2381–2385.[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/5602/2381 Abstract]
* Segal, Daniel A., ''[http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/ae.2002.29.2.470 review of Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit]'' [[American Ethnological Society|American Ethnologist]] May 2002, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 470-473 doi:10.1525/ae.2002.29.2.470
* Smedley, Audrey, ''Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview,'' 2nd ed. (Boulder: Westview, 1999).
* Sweet, Frank W., ''Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule'', Backintyme, 2005, ISBN 0-939479-23-0.
* Tang, Hua., Tom Quertermous, Beatriz Rodriguez, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Xiaofeng Zhu, Andrew Brown,7 James S. Pankow,8 Michael A. Province,9 Steven C. Hunt, Eric Boerwinkle, Nicholas J. Schork, and Neil J. Risch (2005) ''Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' '''76:'''268–275.
* "The United Independent Compensatory Code/System/Concept" A textbook/workbook for thought, speech and/or action for victims of racism (White supremacy) Neely Fuller Jr. 1984
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[[Kategori:Ras manusia|Kulit]]
[[Kategori:Sosiologi]]
[[cs:Europoidní rasa]]
[[de:Europide]]
[[et:Europiidne rass]]
[[ro:Rasa europoidă]]
[[sk:Europoidná rasa]]
[[sl:Bela (kavkazijska) rasa]]
[[vi:Đại chủng Âu]]
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